Move fmtReloptionsArray() from pg_dump.c to string_utils.c so that it
is available to other frontend code. In particular psql's \ev and \sv
commands need it to handle view reloptions. Also rename the function
to appendReloptionsArray(), which is a more accurate description of
what it does.

Author: Dean Rasheed
Reviewed-by: Peter Eisentraut
Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAEZATCWZjCgKRyM-agE0p8ax15j9uyQoF=qew7D2xB6cF76T8A@mail.gmail.com

Call out the major enhancements in this release as identified by
pgsql-advocacy discussion, and rearrange some of the entries to
make those items more prominent.  Other minor improvements per
advice from Vitaly Burovoy, Masahiko Sawada, Peter Geoghegan,
and Andres Freund.

DST law changes in Russia (Magadan, Tomsk regions) and Venezuela.
Historical corrections for Russia.  There are new zone names Europe/Kirov
and Asia/Tomsk reflecting the fact that these regions now have different
time zone histories from adjacent regions.

The similarity of the original names to SQL keywords seems like a bad
idea.  Rename them before we're stuck with 'em forever.

In passing, minor code and docs cleanup.

Discussion: <4875.1462210058@sss.pgh.pa.us>

Sync release notes through today, and incorporate some suggestions
from Robert Haas.

These functions behave like the backend's least/greatest functions,
not like min/max, so the originally-chosen names invite confusion.
Per discussion, rename to least/greatest.

I also took it upon myself to make them return double if any input is
double.  The previous behavior of silently coercing all inputs to int
surely does not meet the principle of least astonishment.

Copy-edit some of the other new functions' documentation, too.

These are just of beta quality, but we're only at beta ... the section
about parallel query, in particular, could doubtless use more work.

Somebody added pg_replication_origin, pg_replication_origin_status and
pg_replication_slots to catalogs.sgml without a whole lot of concern for
either alphabetical order or the difference between a table and a view.
Clean up the mess.

Back-patch to 9.5, not so much because this is critical as because if
I don't it will result in a cross-branch divergence in release-9.5.sgml,
which would be a maintenance hazard.

Commit 7d9a4737 greatly improved the
accuracy of the numeric transcendental functions, however it failed to
consider the case where the result from pow() is close to the overflow
threshold, for example 0.12 ^ -2345.6. For such inputs, where the
result has more than 2000 digits before the decimal point, the decimal
result weight estimate was being clamped to 2000, leading to a loss of
precision in the final calculation.

Fix this by replacing the clamping code with an overflow test that
aborts the calculation early if the final result is sure to overflow,
based on the overflow limit in exp_var(). This provides the same
protection against integer overflow in the subsequent result scale
computation as the original clamping code, but it also ensures that
precision is never lost and saves compute cycles in cases that are
sure to overflow.

The new early overflow test works with the initial low-precision
result (expected to be accurate to around 8 significant digits) and
includes a small fuzz factor to ensure that it doesn't kick in for
values that would not overflow exp_var(), so the overall overflow
threshold of pow() is unchanged and consistent for all inputs with
non-integer exponents.

Author: Dean Rasheed
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAEZATCUj3U-cQj0jjoia=qgs0SjE3auroxh8swvNKvZWUqegrg@mail.gmail.com
See-also: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAEZATCV7w+8iB=07dJ8Q0zihXQT1semcQuTeK+4_rogC_zq5Hw@mail.gmail.com

This reverts commits f07d18b6, 82c83b33, 3a3b3090, and
24c5f1a1.

This feature has shown enough immaturity that it was deemed better to
rip it out before rushing some more fixes at the last minute.  There are
discussions on larger changes in this area for the next release.

From: Alexander Law <exclusion@gmail.com>

Variable storing a position of lexeme, had a wrong type: char, it's
obviously not enough to store 2^14 possible positions.

Stas Kelvich

Unfortunately the segment size checks from 72a98a63 had the negative
side-effect of breaking a corner case in mdsync(): When processing a
fsync request for a truncated away segment mdsync() could fail with
"could not fsync file" (if previous segment < RELSEG_SIZE) because
_mdfd_getseg() now wouldn't return the relevant segment anymore.

The cleanest fix seems to be to allow the caller of _mdfd_getseg() to
specify whether checks for RELSEG_SIZE are performed. To allow doing so,
change the ExtensionBehavior enum into a bitmask. Besides allowing for
the addition of EXTENSION_DONT_CHECK_SIZE, this makes for a nicer
implementation of EXTENSION_REALLY_RETURN_NULL.

Besides mdsync() the only callsite that should change behaviour due to
this is mdprefetch() which now doesn't create segments anymore, even in
recovery. Given the uses of mdprefetch() that seems better.

Reported-By: Thom Brown
Discussion: CAA-aLv72QazLvPdKZYpVn4a_Eh+i4_cxuB03k+iCuZM_xjc+6Q@mail.gmail.com

From: Alexander Law <exclusion@gmail.com>

Conversion functions were previously marked as parallel-unsafe, since
that is the default, but in fact they are safe.  Parallel-safe
functions defined in pg_proc.h and redefined in system_views.sql were
ending up as parallel-unsafe because the redeclarations were not
marked PARALLEL SAFE.  While editing system_views.sql, mark ts_debug()
parallel safe also.

Andreas Karlsson

These adjustments adjust code and comments in minor ways to prevent
pgindent from mangling them.  Among other things, I tried to avoid
situations where pgindent would emit "a +b" instead of "a + b", and I
tried to avoid having it break up inline comments across multiple
lines.

Since this is a minor issue, no back-patch.

Julien Rouhaud

Pointed out by Andres Freund

Back in 3b02ea4f I added some comments in various places to explain
how logical decoding and other things worked.  Not all of the changes
were welcome, because they were misleading or wrong.  This changes them
a little bit to make them more accurate.

Some other comments are also changed to be more accurate.  Also, fix a
bunch of typos.

Author: Álvaro Herrera, Craig Ringer

Andres Freund reviewed some parts of this.

Fix typos, reword some overly general index entries.

awk's equality-comparison operator is "==" not "=".  We got this right
in many places, but not in configure's checks for supported version
numbers of flex and perl.  It hadn't been noticed because unsupported
versions are so old as to be basically extinct in the wild, and because
the only consequence is whether or not a WARNING flies by during
configure.

Daniel Gustafsson noted the problem with respect to the test for flex,
I found the other by reviewing other awk calls.

Commit 71176854 made pg_start_backup
parallel-restricted rather than parallel-safe, because it now relies
on backend-private state that won't be synchronized with the parallel
worker.  However, it didn't update pg_proc.h.  Separately, Andreas
Karlsson observed that system_views.sql neglected to reiterate the
parallel-safety markings whe redefining various functions, including
this one; so add a PARALLEL RESTRICTED declaration there to match
the new value in pg_proc.h.

This time, use the buildfarm-supplied contents for this file, instead
of trying to update it by eyeballing the pgindent output.

Per discussion with Tom and Bruce.

CHECK_PAGE_OFFSET_RANGE() has been unused forever.
CHECK_RELATION_BLOCK_RANGE() has been unused in pgstatindex.c ever since
bt_page_stats() and bt_page_items() functions were moved from pgstattuple
to pageinspect module. It still exists in pageinspect/btreefuncs.c.

Daniel Gustafsson

From: Guillaume Lelarge <guillaume@lelarge.info>

This has the inverse effect of --master-only.  It's needed to help find
cases where a commit should not be described in major release notes
because it was back-patched into older branches, though not at the same
time as the HEAD commit.

Commit 1bbd52cb didn't bother with such niceties.

Now that Paths have their own rows field, print that rather than
the parent relation's rowcount.

Show the relid sets associated with Paths using table names rather
than numbers; since this code is able to print simple Var references
using table names, it seems a bit silly that print_relids can't.

Print the cheapest_parameterized_paths list for a RelOptInfo, and
include information about a parameterized path's required_outer rels.

Noted while trying to use this feature to debug Alexander Kirkouski's
recent bug report.

We mustn't run generate_gather_paths() during add_paths_to_joinrel(),
because that function can be invoked multiple times for the same target
joinrel.  Not only is it wasteful to build GatherPaths repeatedly, but
a later add_partial_path() could delete the partial path that a previously
created GatherPath depends on.  Instead establish the convention that we
do generate_gather_paths() for a rel only just before set_cheapest().

The code was accidentally not broken for baserels, because as of today there
never is more than one partial path for a baserel.  But that assumption
obviously has a pretty short half-life, so move the generate_gather_paths()
calls for those cases as well.

Also add some generic comments explaining how and why this all works.

Per fuzz testing by Andreas Seltenreich.

Report: <871t5pgwdt.fsf@credativ.de>

If we're not going to reject such setups entirely, throwing a WARNING in
check_synchronous_standby_names() is unhelpful, because it will cause the
warning to be logged again every time the postmaster receives SIGHUP.
Per discussion, just remove the warning.

In passing, improve the documentation for synchronous_commit, which had not
gotten the word that now there can be more than one synchronous standby.

Given a three-or-more-way equivalence class, such as X.Y = Y.Y = Z.Z,
it was possible for the planner to omit one of the quals needed to
enforce that all members of the equivalence class are actually equal.
This only happened in the case of a parameterized join node for two
of the relations, that is a plan tree like

	Nested Loop
	  ->  Scan X
	  ->  Nested Loop
	    ->  Scan Y
	    ->  Scan Z
	          Filter: Z.Z = X.X

The eclass machinery normally expects to apply X.X = Y.Y when those
two relations are joined, but in this shape of plan tree they aren't
joined until the top node --- and, if the lower nested loop is marked
as parameterized by X, the top node will assume that the relevant eclass
condition(s) got pushed down into the lower node.  On the other hand,
the scan of Z assumes that it's only responsible for constraining Z.Z
to match any one of the other eclass members.  So one or another of
the required quals sometimes fell between the cracks, depending on
whether consideration of the eclass in get_joinrel_parampathinfo()
for the lower nested loop chanced to generate X.X = Y.Y or X.X = Z.Z
as the appropriate constraint there.  If it generated the latter,
it'd erroneously suppose that the Z scan would take care of matters.
To fix, force X.X = Y.Y to be generated and applied at that join node
when this case occurs.

This is *extremely* hard to hit in practice, because various planner
behaviors conspire to mask the problem; starting with the fact that the
planner doesn't really like to generate a parameterized plan of the
above shape.  (It might have been impossible to hit it before we
tweaked things to allow this plan shape for star-schema cases.)  Many
thanks to Alexander Kirkouski for submitting a reproducible test case.

The bug can be demonstrated in all branches back to 9.2 where parameterized
paths were introduced, so back-patch that far.

Without a few entries beyond old_snapshot_threshold, the lookup
would often fail, resulting in the more aggressive pruning or
vacuum being skipped often enough to matter.  This was very clearly
shown by a python test script posted by Ants Aasma, and was likely
a factor in an earlier but somewhat less clear-cut test case posted
by Jeff Janes.

This patch makes no change to the logic, per se -- it just makes
the array of mapping entries big enough to make lookup misses based
on timing much less likely.  An occasional miss is still possible
if a thread stalls for more than 10 minutes, but that does not
create any problem with correctness of behavior.  Besides, if
things are so busy that a thread is stalling for more than 10
minutes, it is probably OK to skip the more aggressive cleanup at
that particular point in time.

per gripe from Michael Paquier.

From: Dmitry Igrishin <dmitigr@gmail.com>

Author: Thomas Munro

reported by Christian Ullrich

Adjust the way we detect the locale. As a result the minumum Windows
version supported by VS2015 and later is Windows Vista. Add some tweaks
to remove new compiler warnings. Remove documentation references to the
now obsolete msysGit.

Michael Paquier, somewhat edited by me, reviewed by Christian Ullrich.

Backpatch to 9.5

Since 5a991ef8 we're explicitly asking for feedback from the receiving
side when shutting down walsender, if there's not yet replicated
data.

Unfortunately we didn't remember (i.e. set waiting_for_ping_response to
true) having asked for feedback, leading to scenarios in which replies
were requested at a high frequency.

I can't reproduce this problem on my laptop, I think that's because the
problem requires a significant TCP window to manifest due to the
!pq_is_send_pending() condition. But since this clearly is a bug, let's
fix it.  There's quite possibly more wrong than just this though.

While fiddling with WalSndDone(), I rewrote a hard to understand comment
about looking at the flush vs. the write position.

Reported-By: Nick Cleaton, Magnus Hagander
Author: Nick Cleaton
Discussion: CAFgz3kus=rC_avEgBV=+hRK5HYJ8vXskJRh8yEAbahJGTzF2VQ@mail.gmail.com
    CABUevExsjROqDcD0A2rnJ6HK6FuKGyewJr3PL12pw85BHFGS2Q@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch: 9.4, were 5a991ef8 introduced the use of feedback messages
    during shutdown.

Commit 23a41573 attempted to fix the DatumGetBool macro to ignore bits
in a Datum that are to the left of the actual bool value.  But it did that
by casting the Datum to bool; and on compilers that use C99 semantics for
bool, that ends up being a whole-word test, not a 1-byte test.  This seems
to be the true explanation for contrib/seg failing in VS2015.  To fix, use
GET_1_BYTE() explicitly.  I think in the previous patch, I'd had some idea
of not having to commit to bool being exactly 1 byte wide, but regardless
of what the compiler's bool is, boolean columns and Datums are certainly
1 byte wide.

The previous fix was (eventually) back-patched into all active versions,
so do likewise with this one.

This reverts commit c8e81afc.
That turns out to have been based on a faulty diagnosis of why the
VS2015 build was misbehaving.  Instead, we need to fix DatumGetBool().