This makes it possible to use the functions without getting errors, if there
is a chance that the file might be removed or renamed concurrently.
pg_rewind needs to do just that, although this could be useful for other
purposes too. (The changes to pg_rewind to use these functions will come in
a separate commit.)

The read_binary_file() function isn't very well-suited for extensions.c's
purposes anymore, if it ever was. So bite the bullet and make a copy of it
in extension.c, tailored for that use case. This seems better than the
accidental code reuse, even if it's a some more lines of code.

Michael Paquier, with plenty of kibitzing by me.

The unit of measure is microseconds, not milliseconds.

Backpatch to 9.3 where the function and its comment were added.

A few places assumed they could pass NULL for the argtypes array when
looking up functions known to have zero arguments.  At first glance
it seems that this should be safe enough, since memcmp() is surely not
allowed to fetch any bytes if its count argument is zero.  However,
close reading of the C standard says that such calls have undefined
behavior, so we'd probably best avoid it.

Since the number of places doing this is quite small, and some other
places looking up zero-argument functions were already passing dummy
arrays, let's standardize on the latter solution rather than hacking
the function lookup code to avoid calling memcmp() in these cases.
I also added Asserts to catch any future violations of the new rule.

Given the utter lack of any evidence that this actually causes any
problems in the field, I don't feel a need to back-patch this change.

Per report from Piotr Stefaniak, though this is not his patch.

test_decoding used fastgetattr() to extract column values. That's wrong
when decoding updates and deletes if a table's replica identity is set
to FULL and new columns have been added since the old version of the
tuple was created. Due to the lack of a crosscheck with the datum's
natts values an invalid value will be output, leading to errors or
worse.

Bug: #13470
Reported-By: Krzysztof Kotlarski
Discussion: 20150626100333.3874.90852@wrigleys.postgresql.org

Backpatch to 9.4, where the feature, including the bug, was added.

Commit b89e1510 added the
ResolveCminCmaxDuringDecoding declaration to tqual.h, which uses an
HTAB parameter, without declaring HTAB.  It accidentally fails to
fail to build with current sources because a declaration happens to
be included, directly or indirectly, in all source files that
currently use tqual.h before tqual.h is first included, but we
shouldn't count on that.  Since an opaque declaration is enough
here, just use that, as was done in snapmgr.h.

Backpatch to 9.4, where the HTAB reference was added to tqual.h.

Etsuro Fujita

VACUUM FREEZE generated false cancelations of standby queries on an
otherwise idle master. Caused by an off-by-one error on cutoff_xid
which goes back to original commit.

Backpatch to all versions 9.0+

Analysis and report by Marco Nenciarini

Bug fix by Simon Riggs

Commit b488c580, which added the DDL command collection feature,
neglected to update the code that commit cac76582 had previously
added two weeks earlier for the TRANSFORM feature.

Reported by Michael Paquier.

There was a confusion about which block number to use when storing an
item's pointer in the revmap -- the revmap page's blkno was being used,
not the data page's blkno.

Spotted-by: Jeff Janes

Reported by Peter Geoghegan.

Don't apply rmtree(), which will gleefully remove an entire subtree,
and don't even apply unlink() unless it's symlink or a directory,
the only things that we expect to find.

Amit Kapila, with minor tweaks by me, per extensive discussions
involving Andrew Dunstan, Fujii Masao, and Heikki Linnakangas,
at least some of whom also reviewed the code.

Peter Geoghegan and Robert Haas

Spotted by Coverity and reported by Michael Paquier.  Per discussion,
we don't necessarily care about making Coverity happy in all such
instances, but we can go ahead and change them where it otherwise
seems to improve the code.

Per suggestions from Amit Langote and Álvaro Herrera.

Warning people that no WAL-logging will be done doesn't make sense
in this case.

Michael Paquier

Per discussion, LOG is just too chatty for something that will happen
as routinely as this.

Pavel Stehule

This was essentially "broken" since 0c8eda62; but until more
recently (14e8803f) barriers usage in signal handlers was infrequent.

The failure to be reentrant was noticed because the test_shm_mq, which
uses memory barriers at a high frequency, occasionally got stuck on some
solaris buildfarm animals. Turns out, those machines use sun studio
12.1, which doesn't yet have efficient memory barrier support. A machine
with a newer sun studio did not fail.  Forcing the barrier fallback to
be used on x86 allows to reproduce the problem.

The new fallback is to use kill(PostmasterPid, 0) based on the theory
that that'll always imply a barrier due to checking the liveliness of
PostmasterPid on systems old enough to need fallback support. It's hard
to come up with a good and performant fallback.

I'm not backpatching this for now - the problem isn't active in the back
branches, and we haven't backpatched barrier changes for
now. Additionally master looks entirely different than the back branches
due to the new atomics abstraction. It seems better to let this rest in
master, where the non-reentrancy actively causes a problem, and then
consider backpatching.

Found-By: Robert Haas
Discussion: 55626265.3060800@dunslane.net

Allow CustomPath to have a list of paths, CustomPlan a list of plans,
and CustomPlanState a list of planstates known to the core system, so
that custom path/plan providers can more reasonably use this
infrastructure for nodes with multiple children.

KaiGai Kohei, per a design suggestion from Tom Lane, with some
further kibitzing by me.

1. Replay of the WAL record for setting a bit in the visibility map
contained an assertion that a full-page image of that record type can only
occur with checksums enabled. But it can also happen with wal_log_hints, so
remove the assertion. Unlike checksums, wal_log_hints can be changed on the
fly, so it would be complicated to figure out if it was enabled at the time
that the WAL record was generated.

2. wal_log_hints has the same effect on the locking needed to read the LSN
of a page as data checksums. BufferGetLSNAtomic() didn't get the memo.

Backpatch to 9.4, where wal_log_hints was added.

The documentation claims that this is supported, but it didn't
actually work.  Fix that.

Reported by Pavel Stehule; patch by me.

Commit f3b5565d was a couple of bricks shy
of a load; specifically, it missed putting pg_trigger_tgrelid_tgname_index
into the relcache init file, because that index is not used by any
syscache.  However, we have historically nailed that index into cache for
performance reasons.  The upshot was that load_relcache_init_file always
decided that the init file was busted and silently ignored it, resulting
in a significant hit to backend startup speed.

To fix, reinstantiate RelationIdIsInInitFile() as a wrapper around
RelationSupportsSysCache(), which can know about additional relations
that should be in the init file despite being unknown to syscache.c.

Also install some guards against future mistakes of this type: make
write_relcache_init_file Assert that all nailed relations get written to
the init file, and make load_relcache_init_file emit a WARNING if it takes
the "wrong number of nailed relations" exit path.  Now that we remove the
init files during postmaster startup, that case should never occur in the
field, even if we are starting a minor-version update that added or removed
rels from the nailed set.  So the warning shouldn't ever be seen by end
users, but it will show up in the regression tests if somebody breaks this
logic.

Back-patch to all supported branches, like the previous commit.

Of course, what it removes is leading zeroes.  Seems to have been a thinko
in commit ffe92d15.  Noted by Hubert Depesz
Lubaczewski.

Thomas Munro

Michael Paquier

Commit c03ad560 introduced a planner
performance regression for UPDATE/DELETE on large inheritance sets.
It required copying the append_rel_list (which is of size proportional to
the number of inherited tables) once for each inherited table, thus
resulting in O(N^2) time and memory consumption.  While it's difficult to
avoid that in general, the extra work only has to be done for
append_rel_list entries that actually reference subquery RTEs, which
inheritance-set entries will not.  So we can buy back essentially all of
the loss in cases without subqueries in FROM; and even for those, the added
work is mainly proportional to the number of UNION ALL subqueries.

Back-patch to 9.2, like the previous commit.

Tom Lane and Dean Rasheed, per a complaint from Thomas Munro.

Petr Jelinek, reviewed by Brendan Jurd

This supplements the GNU libc bug #6530 workarounds introduced in commit
54cd4f04.  On affected systems, a
tar-format pg_basebackup failed when some filename beneath the data
directory was not valid character data in the postmaster/walsender
locale.  Back-patch to 9.1, where pg_basebackup was introduced.  Extant,
bug-prone conversion specifications receive only ASCII bytes or involve
low-importance messages.

This was missed when transforms were added by commit cac76582.

Extracted from a larger patch
Author: Michael Paquier

Previously autovacuum was not necessarily triggered if space in the
members slru got tight. The first problem was that the signalling was
tied to values in the offsets slru, but members can advance much
faster. Thats especially a problem if old sessions had been around that
previously prevented the multixact horizon to increase. Secondly the
skipping logic doesn't work if the database was restarted after
autovacuum was triggered - that knowledge is not preserved across
restart. This is especially a problem because it's a common
panic-reaction to restart the database if it gets slow to
anti-wraparound vacuums.

Fix the first problem by separating the logic for members from
offsets. Trigger autovacuum whenever a multixact crosses a segment
boundary, as the current member offset increases in irregular values, so
we can't use a simple modulo logic as for offsets.  Add a stopgap for
the second problem, by signalling autovacuum whenver ERRORing out
because of boundaries.

Discussion: 20150608163707.GD20772@alap3.anarazel.de

Backpatch into 9.3, where it became more likely that multixacts wrap
around.

9a20a9b2 added a new elog(), enabled when WAL_DEBUG is defined. The
other WAL_DEBUG dependant messages check for the wal_debug GUC, but this
one did not. While at it replace 'upto' with 'up to'.

Discussion: 20150610110253.GF3832@alap3.anarazel.de

Backpatch to 9.4, the first release containing 9a20a9b2.

POSIX permits setlocale() calls to invalidate any previous setlocale()
return values, but commit 5f538ad0
neglected to account for setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL) doing so.  The effect
was to set the LC_CTYPE environment variable to an unintended value.
pg_perm_setlocale() sets this variable to assist PL/Perl; without it,
Perl would undo PostgreSQL's locale settings.  The known-affected
configurations are 32-bit, release builds using Visual Studio 2012 or
Visual Studio 2013.  Visual Studio 2010 is unaffected, as were all
buildfarm-attested configurations.  In principle, this bug could leave
the wrong LC_CTYPE in effect after PL/Perl use, which could in turn
facilitate problems like corrupt tsvector datums.  No known platform
experiences that consequence, because PL/Perl on Windows does not use
this environment variable.

The bug has been user-visible, as early postmaster failure, on systems
with Windows ANSI code page set to CP936 for "Chinese (Simplified, PRC)"
and probably on systems using other multibyte code pages.
(SetEnvironmentVariable() rejects values containing character data not
valid under the Windows ANSI code page.)  Back-patch to 9.4, where the
faulty commit first appeared.

Reported by Didi Hu and 林鹏程.  Reviewed by Tom Lane, though this fix
strategy was not his first choice.

This reverts commit b76e76be.  The
buildfarm yielded no related failures.

Some of the entries in the inclusion opclasses where missing operators,
and we had an entry for inet_inclusion_ops instead of
network_inclusion_ops.  Sort the operators within each opclass by
strategy number, just to make it easier to spot mistakes.

Also sort the rows by data type name, rather than OID.

This adjusts commit 82233ce7 so that the
postmaster does not exit until all its child processes have exited, even
if the 5-second timeout elapses and we have to send SIGKILL.  There is no
great value in having the postmaster process quit sooner, and doing so can
mislead onlookers into thinking that the cluster is fully terminated when
actually some child processes still survive.

This effect might explain recent test failures on buildfarm member hamster,
wherein we failed to restart a cluster just after shutting it down with
"pg_ctl stop -m immediate".

I also did a bit of code review/beautification, including fixing a faulty
use of the Max() macro on a volatile expression.

Back-patch to 9.4.  In older branches, the postmaster never waited for
children to exit during immediate shutdowns, and changing that would be
too much of a behavioral change.