Non-existent tablespace directory references can occur if user
tablespaces are created inside data directories and the data directory
is renamed in preparation for running pg_upgrade, and the symbolic links
are not updated.

Backpatch to 9.3.

Document problems when disconnection causes loss of hot_standby_feedback
and suggest adjusting max_standby_archive_delay and
max_standby_streaming_delay.

Initial patch by Marko Tiikkaja, adjustments by me

If we set the all-visible flag after writing WAL record, and XLogInsert
takes a full-page image of the page, the image would not include the flag.
We will then proceed to set the VM bit, which would then be set without the
corresponding all-visible flag on the heap page.

Found by comparing page images on master and standby, after writing/replaying
each WAL record. (There is still a discrepancy: the all-visible flag won't
be set after replaying the HEAP_CLEAN record, even though it is set in the
master. However, it will be set when replaying the HEAP2_VISIBLE record and
setting the VM bit, so the all-visible flag and VM bit are always consistent
on the standby, even though they are momentarily out-of-sync with master)

Backpatch to 9.3 where this code was introduced.

Now that EXPLAIN also outputs a "planning time" measurement, the use of
"total" here seems rather confusing: it sounds like it might include the
planning time which of course it doesn't.  Majority opinion was that
"execution time" is a better label, so we'll call it that.

This should be noted as a backwards incompatibility for tools that examine
EXPLAIN ANALYZE output.

In passing, I failed to resist the temptation to do a little editing on the
materialized-view example affected by this change.

In psql, both stdin and stdout must be terminals to get a client
encoding of 'auto'.

Patch by Albe Laurenz

Backpatch to 9.3.

Previously, 'int' was used for socket values in libpq, but socket values
are unsigned on Windows.  This is a style correction.

Initial patch and previous PGINVALID_SOCKET initial patch by Joel
Jacobson, modified by me

Report from PVS-Studio

Patch by Fujii Masao

Previously it wasn't clear from --help that -F, -R, -z, -0 only
controlled psql unaligned output.

Initial patch from Jov <amutu@amutu.com>, adjustments by me

We were neglecting to schema-qualify them.

Backpatch to 9.3, where object identities were introduced as a concept
by commit f8348ea3.

We were emitting "(SELECT null::typename)", which is usually interpreted
as a scalar subselect, but not so much in the context "x = ANY(...)".
This led to remote-side parsing failures when remote_estimate is enabled.
A quick and ugly fix is to stick in an extra cast step,
"((SELECT null::typename)::typename)".  The cast will be thrown away as
redundant by parse analysis, but not before it's done its job of making
sure the grammar sees the ANY argument as an a_expr rather than a
select_with_parens.  Per an example from Hannu Krosing.

Document abrupt streaming client disconnection might leave slots in use,
so max_wal_senders should be slightly higher than needed to allow for
immediate reconnection.

Per mention by Magnus

Now that we're pretty much feature-frozen, it's time to update the checks
on system catalog foreign-key references.

(It looks like we missed doing this altogether for 9.3.  Sigh.)

This has probably been broken for quite a long time. Buildfarm member
currawong's current results suggest that it's been broken since 9.1, so
backpatch this to that branch.

This only supports Python 2 - I will handle Python 3 separately, but
this is a fairly simple fix.

The files were already included by pg_upgrade.h.

According to the Single Unix Spec and assorted man pages, you're supposed
to use the constants named AF_xxx when setting ai_family for a getaddrinfo
call.  In a few places we were using PF_xxx instead.  Use of PF_xxx
appears to be an ancient BSD convention that was not adopted by later
standardization.  On BSD and most later Unixen, it doesn't matter much
because those constants have equivalent values anyway; but nonetheless
this code is not per spec.

In the same vein, replace PF_INET by AF_INET in one socket() call, which
wasn't even consistent with the other socket() call in the same function
let alone the remainder of our code.

Per investigation of a Cygwin trouble report from Marco Atzeri.  It's
probably a long shot that this will fix his issue, but it's wrong in
any case.

Bind attempts to an LDAP server should time out after two seconds,
allowing additional lines in the service control file to be parsed
(which provide a fall back to a secondary LDAP server or default options).
The existing code failed to enforce that timeout during TCP connect,
resulting in a hang far longer than two seconds if the LDAP server
does not respond.

Laurenz Albe

These are natural complements to the functions added by commit
0886fc6a, but they weren't included
in the original patch for some reason.  Add them.

Patch by me, per a complaint by Tom Lane.  Review by Tatsuo
Ishii.

Apparently, Windows can sometimes return an error code even when the
operation actually worked just fine.  Rearrange the order of checks
according to what appear to be the best practices in this area.

Amit Kapila

Report from rudolf <stu3.1@eq.cz>

Previously, in some places, socket creation errors were checked for
negative values, which is not true for Windows because sockets are
unsigned.  This masked socket creation errors on Windows.

Backpatch through 9.0.  8.4 doesn't have the infrastructure to fix this.

I mixed up BLCKSZ and XLOG_BLCKSZ when I changed the way the buffer is
allocated a couple of weeks ago. With the default settings, they are both
8k, but they can be changed at compile-time.

Missed in previous commit

In psql \d+, display oids only when they exist, and display replication
identity only when it is non-default.  Also document the defaults for
replication identity for system and non-system tables.  Update
regression output.

Add vacuumdb option --analyze-in-stages which runs ANALYZE three times
with different configuration settings, adopting the logic from the
analyze_new_cluster.sh script that pg_upgrade generates.  That way,
users of pg_dump/pg_restore can also use that functionality.

Change pg_upgrade to create the script so that it calls vacuumdb instead
of implementing the logic itself.

By default, lcov will call whatever gcov it can find in the path.  But
if the user has specified a different gcov to configure, this could be
incompatible.  So tell lcov explicitly with an option which gcov program
to call.

That way, when looking at Makefile.global, we don't get confused by the
comment that claims that this is Makefile.global.in.

Reviewed-by: Pavel Stěhule <pavel.stehule@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Erik Rijkers <er@xs4all.nl>

This allows squeezing out the unused space in full-page writes. And more
importantly, it can be a useful debugging aid.

In hindsight we should've done this back when GIN was added - we wouldn't
need the 'maxoff' field in the page opaque struct if we had used pd_lower
and pd_upper like on normal pages. But as long as there can be pages in the
index that have been binary-upgraded from pre-9.4 versions, we can't rely
on that, and have to continue using 'maxoff'.

Most of the code churn comes from renaming some macros, now that they're
used on internal pages, too.

This change is completely backwards-compatible, no effect on pg_upgrade.

Maybe we'll settle on another way of solving this problem, but for
now this is the recommended procedure.

Per discussion with Michael Paquier.

Etsuro Fujita

Make sure we throw an error instead of silently doing the wrong thing when
fed a strategy number we don't recognize.  Also, in the places that did
already throw an error, spell the error message in a way more consistent
with our message style guidelines.

Per report from Paul Jones.  Although this is a bug, it won't occur unless
a superuser tries to do something he shouldn't, so it doesn't seem worth
back-patching.

Apparently, the old text was written at a time when the only use of
constraint_name here was for a constraint to be dropped, but that's
no longer true.

Etsuro Fujita

Etsuro Fujita

Ian Barwick

In some places, the function assumes the left page is valid, and in others,
it checks if it is valid. Remove all the checks.

The entry B-tree pages all follow the standard page layout. The 9.3 code has
this right. I inadvertently changed this at some point during the big
refactorings in git master.

Repositioning the tuplestore seek pointer in window_gettupleslot() turns
out to be a very significant expense when the window frame is sizable and
the frame end can move.  To fix, introduce a tuplestore function for
skipping an arbitrary number of tuples in one call, parallel to the one we
introduced for tuplesort objects in commit 8d65da1f.  This reduces the cost
of window_gettupleslot() to O(1) if the tuplestore has not spilled to disk.
As in the previous commit, I didn't try to do any real optimization of
tuplestore_skiptuples for the case where the tuplestore has spilled to
disk.  There is probably no practical way to get the cost to less than O(N)
anyway, but perhaps someone can think of something later.

Also fix PersistHoldablePortal() to make use of this API now that we have
it.

Based on a suggestion by Dean Rasheed, though this turns out not to look
much like his patch.

MSVC doesn't seem to like it when a constant initializer loses
precision upon being assigned.

David Rowley

Given that ALTER TABLESPACE has moved on from just existing for
general purpose rename/owner changes, it deserves its own top-level
production in the grammar.  This also cleans up the RenameStmt to
only ever be used for actual RENAMEs again- it really wasn't
appropriate to hide non-RENAME productions under there.

Noted by Alvaro.