I'd always assumed that backend/optimizer/geqo/'s remarkably poor
showing on code coverage metrics was because we weren't exercising
it much in the regression tests.  But it turns out that a good chunk
of the problem is that there's a bunch of code that is physically
unreachable (because the calls to it are #ifdef'd out in geqo_main.c)
but is being built anyway.  Making the called code have #if guards
similar to the calling code saves a couple of kilobytes of executable
size and should make the coverage numbers more reflective of reality.

It's arguable that we should just delete all the unused recombination
mechanisms altogether, but I didn't feel a need to go that far today.

If we allow this, whatever outer command has the table open will not know
about the new index and may fail to update it as needed, as shown in a
report from Laurenz Albe.  We already had such a prohibition in place for
ALTER TABLE, but the CREATE INDEX syntax missed the check.

Fixing it requires an API change for DefineIndex(), which conceivably
would break third-party extensions if we were to back-patch it.  Given
how long this problem has existed without being noticed, fixing it in
the back branches doesn't seem worth that risk.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/A737B7A37273E048B164557ADEF4A58B53A4DC9A@ntex2010i.host.magwien.gv.at

Mark our rusage reportage string translatable; remove quotes from type
names; unify formatting of very similar messages.

Commit 512c7356 left a couple of variables unused except for being set.
My compiler didn't whine about this, but some buildfarm members did.

\if and related commands were overlooked here, as were \dRp and \dRs
from the logical-replication patch, as was \?.

While here, reformat the list to put each new first command letter on
a separate line; perhaps that will limit the need to reflow the whole
list when we add more commands in future.

Masahiko Sawada (reformatting by me)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoDW1QHtBsM33hV+Fg2mYEs+FWj4qtoCU72AwHAXQ3U6ZQ@mail.gmail.com

These estimators returned 1 minus the corresponding equality/match
estimate, which is incorrect: we need to subtract off the fraction
of nulls in the column, since those are neither equal nor not equal
to the comparison value.  The error only becomes obvious if the
nullfrac is large, but it could be very bad in a mostly-nulls
column, as reported in bug #14676 from Marko Tiikkaja.

To fix the <> case, refactor eqsel() and neqsel() to call a common
support routine, which can be made to account for nullfrac correctly.
The pattern-match cases were already factored that way, and it was
simply an oversight that patternsel() wasn't subtracting off nullfrac.

neqjoinsel() has a similar problem, but since we're elsewhere discussing
changing its behavior entirely, I left it alone for now.

This is a very longstanding bug, but I'm hesitant to back-patch a fix for
it.  Given the lack of prior complaints, such cases must not come up often,
so it's probably not worth the risk of destabilizing plans in stable
branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170529153847.4275.95416@wrigleys.postgresql.org

When costing a nestloop with stop-at-first-inner-match semantics, and a
non-indexscan inner path, final_cost_nestloop() wants to charge the full
scan cost of the inner rel at least once, with additional scans charged
at inner_rescan_run_cost which might be less.  However the logic for
doing this effectively assumed that outer_matched_rows is at least 1.
If it's zero, which is not unlikely for a small outer rel, we ended up
charging inner_run_cost plus N times inner_rescan_run_cost, as much as
double the correct charge for an outer rel with only one row that
we're betting won't be matched.  (Unless the inner rel is materialized,
in which case it has very small inner_rescan_run_cost and the cost
is not so far off what it should have been.)

The upshot of this was that the planner had a tendency to select plans
that failed to make effective use of the stop-at-first-inner-match
semantics, and that might have Materialize nodes in them even when the
predicted number of executions of the Materialize subplan was only 1.
This was not so obvious before commit 9c7f5229, because the case only
arose in connection with semi/anti joins where there's not freedom to
reverse the join order.  But with the addition of unique-inner joins,
it could result in some fairly bad planning choices, as reported by
Teodor Sigaev.  Indeed, some of the test cases added by that commit
have plans that look dubious on closer inspection, and are changed
by this patch.

Fix the logic to ensure that we don't charge for too many inner scans.
I chose to adjust it so that the full-freight scan cost is associated
with an unmatched outer row if possible, not a matched one, since that
seems like a better model of what would happen at runtime.

This is a longstanding bug, but given the lesser impact in back branches,
and the lack of field complaints, I won't risk a back-patch.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f-LzkUsFxdJ_-Luy38orQ+AdEXM5o+vANR+-pHAWPSecg@mail.gmail.com

We didn't accept any invalidation messages until the whole sync process
had finished (because it flattens all the remote transactions in the
single one).  So the sync worker didn't learn about subscription
changes/drop until it has finished.  This could lead to "orphaned" sync
workers.

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>
Reported-by: Masahiko Sawada <sawada.mshk@gmail.com>

This avoids "orphaned" sync workers.

This was caused by a thinko in wait_for_sync_status_change.

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>
Reported-by: Masahiko Sawada <sawada.mshk@gmail.com>

Previously this was not allowed, as copy.c didn't set the
CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK flag when planning the query. Set it.

While the lack of parallel query for COPY isn't strictly speaking a
bug, it does prevent parallelism from being used in a facility
commonly used to run long running queries. Thus backpatch to 9.6.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170531231958.ihanapplorptykzm@alap3.anarazel.de
Backpatch: 9.6, where parallelism was introduced.

Add some information about what to do when this fails.

When trying to access a replication slot that is supposed to already
exist, we don't need to check the naming rules again.  If the slot
does not exist, we will then get a "does not exist" error message, which
is generally more useful from the perspective of an end user.

The logical replication worker processes now use the normal die()
handler for SIGTERM and CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS() instead of custom code.
One problem before was that the apply worker would not exit promptly
when a subscription was dropped, which could lead to deadlocks.

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>
Reported-by: Masahiko Sawada <sawada.mshk@gmail.com>

Amit Langote

Masahiko Sawada

Move the walrcv_disconnect() calls into the before_shmem_exit handler.
This makes sure the call is always made even during exit by signal, it
saves some duplicate code, and it makes the logic more similar to
walreceiver.c.

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

If a FOR ALL TABLES publication was present, \d of a table would claim
for each table that it was part of the publication, even for tables that
are ignored for this purpose, such as system tables and unlogged tables.
Fix the query by using the function pg_get_publication_tables(), which
was intended for this purpose.
Reported-by: tushar <tushar.ahuja@enterprisedb.com>
Reviewed-by: Amit Langote <Langote_Amit_f8@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Reviewed-by: Kuntal Ghosh <kuntalghosh.2007@gmail.com>

Reported by: Tim Goodaire
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170601182230.1487.26008@wrigleys.postgresql.org

This seems to have been broken in the commit (1753b1b0) that
moved the sequence definition into pg_sequence.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170601000716.qxg7c46ukkiljjb3@alap3.anarazel.de
Backpatch: Bug is in master/v10 only

Previously the changes to the "data" part of the sequence, i.e. the
one containing the current value, were not transactional, whereas the
definition, including minimum and maximum value were.  That leads to
odd behaviour if a schema change is rolled back, with the potential
that out-of-bound sequence values can be returned.

To avoid the issue create a new relfilenode fork whenever ALTER
SEQUENCE is executed, similar to how TRUNCATE ... RESTART IDENTITY
already is already handled.

This commit also makes ALTER SEQUENCE RESTART transactional, as it
seems to be too confusing to have some forms of ALTER SEQUENCE behave
transactionally, some forms not.  This way setval() and nextval() are
not transactional, but DDL is, which seems to make sense.

This commit also rolls back parts of the changes made in 3d092fe5
and f8dc1985 as they're now not needed anymore.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170522154227.nvafbsm62sjpbxvd@alap3.anarazel.de
Backpatch: Bug is in master/v10 only

On some platforms, -fpic fails for sufficiently large shared libraries.
We've mostly not hit that boundary yet, but there are some extensions
such as Citus and pglogical where it's becoming a problem.  A bit of
research suggests that the penalty for -fPIC is small, in the
single-digit-percentage range --- and there's none at all on popular
platforms such as x86_64.  So let's just default to -fPIC everywhere
and provide one less thing for extension developers to worry about.

Per complaint from Christoph Berg.  Back-patch to all supported branches.
(I did not bother to touch the recently-removed Makefiles for sco and
unixware in the back branches, though.  We'd have no way to test that
it doesn't break anything on those platforms.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170529155850.qojdfrwkkqnjb3ap@msg.df7cb.de

Using the client pid can easily be non-unique when used on different
hosts. Using the backend pid should be guaranteed unique, since the
temporary slot gets removed when the client disconnects so it will be
gone even if the pid is renewed.

Reported by Ludovic Vaugeois-Pepin

Commit 88e66d19 is to blame.

Masahiko Sawada

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoAXeb7O4hgg+efs8JT_SxpR4doAH5c5s-Z5WoRLstBZJA@mail.gmail.com

The GET/SET_n_BYTES macros are meant to be infrastructure for the
DatumGetFoo/FooGetDatum macros, which include a cast to the intended
target type.  Using them directly without a cast, as DatumGetFloat4
and friends previously did, can yield warnings when -Wconversion is on.
This is of little significance when building Postgres proper, because
there are such a huge number of such warnings in the server that nobody
would think -Wconversion is of any use.  But some extensions build with
-Wconversion due to outside constraints.  Commit 14cca1bf did a disservice
to those extensions by moving DatumGetFloat4 et al into postgres.h,
where they can now cause warnings in extension builds.

To fix, use DatumGetInt32 and friends in place of the low-level macros.
This is arguably a bit cleaner anyway.

Chapman Flack

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/592E4D04.1070609@anastigmatix.net

Not much point in having a convention about this if we don't enforce it.

Mark Dilger

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/7F67FBEF-C3B3-404E-8EC6-E02ACB15D894@gmail.com

We were trying to free a pointer into a shared buffer, which never
works; and we were failing to release the buffer lock appropriately.
Fix those omissions.

While at it, improve documentation for brinGetTupleForHeapBlock, the
inadequacy of which evidently caused these bugs in the first place.

Reported independently by Zhou Digoal (bug #14668) and Alexander Sosna.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/8c31c11b-6adb-228d-22c2-4ace89fc9209@credativ.de
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170524063323.29941.46339@wrigleys.postgresql.org

Remove some gratuituous message differences by making the AM name
previously embedded in each message be a %s instead.  While at it, get
rid of terminology that's unclear and unnecessary in one message.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170523001557.bq2hbq7hxyvyw62q@alvherre.pgsql

Some of the text was made nonsensical by commit
e9500240.  Fix that and make some other
minor changes.
Reported-by: Jeff Janes <jeff.janes@gmail.com>

We could have limped along without this for v10, which was my intention
when I annotated the bug in commit 76a3df6e.  But consensus is that it's
better to fix it now and take the cost of a post-beta1 initdb (which is
needed because these node types are stored in pg_class.relpartbound).

Since we're forcing initdb anyway, take the opportunity to make the node
type identification strings match the node struct names, instead of being
randomly different from them.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1dFBEX-0004wt-8t@gemulon.postgresql.org

Per our message style guidelines, error messages incorporating the
results of format_type_be() and its siblings should not add quotes
around those results, because those functions already add quotes
at need.  Fix a few places that hadn't gotten that memo.

json_populate_record throws an error if asked to convert a JSON scalar
or array into a composite type.  jsonb_populate_record was returning
a record full of NULL fields instead.  It seems better to make it
throw an error for this case as well.

Nikita Glukhov

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/fbd1d566-bba0-a3de-d6d0-d3b1d7c24ff2@postgrespro.ru

The macro gave the wrong answers for a JsObject with is_json == 0:
it would return 1 if jsonb_cont == NULL, or if that wasn't NULL,
it would return 1 for any non-zero size.

We could fix that, but the only use of this macro at present is in the
JsObjectIsEmpty() macro, so it seems simpler and clearer to get rid of
JsObjectSize() and put corrected logic into JsObjectIsEmpty().

Thinko in commit cf35346e, so no need for back-patch.

Nikita Glukhov

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/fbd1d566-bba0-a3de-d6d0-d3b1d7c24ff2@postgrespro.ru

pg_resetwal (formerly pg_resetxlog) doesn't insist on finding a matching
version number in pg_control, and that seems like an important thing to
preserve since recovering from corrupt pg_control is a prime reason to
need to run it.  However, that means you can try to run it against a
data directory of a different major version, which is at best useless
and at worst disastrous.  So as to provide some protection against that
type of pilot error, inspect PG_VERSION at startup and refuse to do
anything if it doesn't match.  PG_VERSION is read-only after initdb,
so it's unlikely to get corrupted, and even if it were corrupted it would
be easy to fix by hand.

This hazard has been there all along, so back-patch to all supported
branches.

Michael Paquier, with some kibitzing by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/f4b8eb91-b934-8a0d-b3cc-68f06e2279d1@enterprisedb.com

The NumericOnly grammar production accepted ICONST, + ICONST, - ICONST,
FCONST, and - FCONST, but for some reason not + FCONST.  This led to
strange inconsistencies like

regression=# set random_page_cost = +4;
SET
regression=# set random_page_cost = 4000000000;
SET
regression=# set random_page_cost = +4000000000;
ERROR:  syntax error at or near "4000000000"

(because 4000000000 is too large to be an ICONST).  While there's
no actual functional reason to need to write a "+", if we allow
it for integers it seems like we should allow it for numerics too.

It's been like that forever, so back-patch to all supported branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/30908.1496006184@sss.pgh.pa.us

Avoid trashing the input PartitionBoundSpec; while that might be safe for
current callers, it's certainly trouble waiting to happen.  In the same
vein, make sure that all of the result data structure is freshly palloc'd,
rather than some of it being pointers into the input data structures
(which we don't know the lifespans of).

Simplify the logic for tacking on IS NULL or IS NOT NULL conditions some
more; commit 85c2b9a1 left a lot on the table there.  And rearrange the
construction of the nodes into (what seems to me) a more logical order.

In passing, make sure that get_qual_for_range() also returns a freshly
palloc'd structure, since there's no value in having that guarantee for
only one kind of partitioning.  And improve some comments there.

Jeevan Ladhe, with further tweaking by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAOgcT0MAcYoMs93W80iTUf_dP36=1mZQzeUk+nnwY_-qWDrCfw@mail.gmail.com

Masahiko Sawada

Noted by Peter Eisentraut

Fix failure to check that we got a plain Const from const-simplification of
a coercion request.  This is the cause of bug #14666 from Tian Bing: there
is an int4 to money cast, but it's only stable not immutable (because of
dependence on lc_monetary), resulting in a FuncExpr that the code was
miserably unequipped to deal with, or indeed even to notice that it was
failing to deal with.  Add test cases around this coercion behavior.

In view of the above, sprinkle the code liberally with castNode() macros,
in hope of catching the next such bug a bit sooner.  Also, change some
functions that were randomly declared to take Node* to take more specific
pointer types.  And change some struct fields that were declared Node*
but could be given more specific types, allowing removal of assorted
explicit casts.

Place PARTITION_MAX_KEYS check a bit closer to the code it's protecting.
Likewise check only-one-key-for-list-partitioning restriction in a less
random place.

Avoid not-per-project-style usages like !strcmp(...).

Fix assorted failures to avoid scribbling on the input of parse
transformation.  I'm not sure how necessary this is, but it's entirely
silly for these functions to be expending cycles to avoid that and not
getting it right.

Add guards against partitioning on system columns.

Put backend/nodes/ support code into an order that matches handling
of these node types elsewhere.

Annotate the fact that somebody added location fields to PartitionBoundSpec
and PartitionRangeDatum but forgot to handle them in
outfuncs.c/readfuncs.c.  This is fairly harmless for production purposes
(since readfuncs.c would just substitute -1 anyway) but it's still bogus.
It's not worth forcing a post-beta1 initdb just to fix this, but if we
have another reason to force initdb before 10.0, we should go back and
clean this up.

Contrariwise, somebody added location fields to PartitionElem and
PartitionSpec but forgot to teach exprLocation() about them.

Consolidate duplicative code in transformPartitionBound().

Improve a couple of error messages.

Improve assorted commentary.

Re-pgindent the files touched by this patch; this affects a few comment
blocks that must have been added quite recently.

Report: https://postgr.es/m/20170524024550.29935.14396@wrigleys.postgresql.org

Left-justify these comments, remove committer names, remove SGML markup
that was randomly added to some of them.  Aside from being more consistent
with previous practice, this keeps the lines shorter than 80 characters,
improving readability in standard terminal windows.