Two of these were pointed out by Erik Rijkers; the rest I found.

Closely follow design of other optimizer hooks: if hook exists
retrieve value from plugin; if still not set then get from cache.

of parameters. Fix bug report by Robert Haas that error message and
hint was incorrect if wrong mode parameters specified on master.
Internal changes only. Proposals for parameter simplification on
master/primary still under way.

Clarify comments, downgrade a message to DEBUG and remove some
debug counters. Direct from ideas by Heikki Linnakangas.

come from the realistion that HEAP2_CLEAN records don't
always remove user visible data, so conflict processing for
them can be skipped. Confirm validity using Assert checks,
clarify circumstances under which we log heap_cleanup_info
records. Tuning arises from bug fixing of earlier safety
check failures.

from lc_ctype, that could happen on Windows. We need to change lc_ctype
together with lc_monetary or lc_numeric, and convert strings in lconv
from lc_ctype encoding to the database encoding.

The bug reported by Mikko, original patch by Hiroshi Inoue,
with changes by Bruce and me.

than during define_custom_variable().  This entails rejecting an ALTER
command if the target variable doesn't have a known (non-placeholder)
definition, unless the calling user is superuser.  When the variable *is*
known, we can correctly apply the rule that only superusers can issue ALTER
for SUSET parameters.  This allows define_custom_variable to apply ALTER's
values for SUSET parameters at module load time, secure in the knowledge
that only a superuser could have set the ALTER value.  This change fixes a
longstanding gotcha in the usage of SUSET-level custom parameters; which
is a good thing to fix now that plpgsql defines such a parameter.

There is no other purpose for this message type than to report
the latestRemovedXid of removed tuples, prior to index scans.
Removes overlooked path for sending invalid latestRemovedXid.
Fixes buildfarm failure on centaur.

to handling of btree delete records mean that all snapshot
conflicts on standby now have a valid, useful latestRemovedXid.
Our earlier approach using LW_EXCLUSIVE was useful when we didnt
always have a valid value, though is no longer useful or necessary.
Asserts added to code path to prove and ensure this is the case.
This will reduce contention and improve performance of larger Hot
Standby servers.

vacuum_log_cleanup_info() now generates log records with a valid
latestRemovedXid set in all cases. Also be careful not to zero the
value when we do a round of vacuuming part-way through lazy_scan_heap().
Incidentally, this reduces frequency of conflicts in Hot Standby.

with database = replication.  The previous coding would allow them to match
ordinary records too, but that seems like a recipe for security breaches.
Improve the messages associated with no-such-pg_hba.conf entry to report
replication connections as such, since that's now a critical aspect of
whether the connection matches.  Make some cursory improvements in the related
documentation, too.

from walsender.c, where it didn't really belong, to postinit.c where it does
belong (and is essentially free, too).

database to connect to. This is necessary for the walsender code to work
properly (it was previously using an untenable assumption that template1 would
always be available to connect to).  This also gets rid of a small security
shortcoming that was introduced in the original patch to eliminate the flat
authentication files: before, you could find out whether or not the requested
database existed even if you couldn't pass the authentication checks.

The changes needed to support this are mainly just to treat pg_authid and
pg_auth_members as nailed relations, so that we can read them without having
to be able to locate real pg_class entries for them.  This mechanism was
already debugged for pg_database, but we hadn't recognized the value of
applying it to those catalogs too.

Since the current code doesn't have support for accessing toast tables before
we've brought up all of the relcache, remove pg_authid's toast table to ensure
that no one can store an out-of-line toasted value of rolpassword.  The case
seems quite unlikely to occur in practice, and was effectively unsupported
anyway in the old "flatfiles" implementation.

Update genbki.pl to actually implement the same rules as bootstrap.c does for
not-nullability of catalog columns.  The previous coding was a bit cheesy but
worked all right for the previous set of bootstrap catalogs.  It does not work
for pg_authid, where rolvaliduntil needs to be nullable.

Initdb forced due to minor catalog changes (mainly the toast table removal).

must use memcpy here rather than struct assignment.

In passing, rearrange some randomly-ordered declarations to be a tad less
random.

Also, make the name of the GUC and the name of the backing variable match.
Alnong the way, clean up a couple of slight typographical errors in the
related docs.

those process types that go through InitPostgres; in particular, bootstrap
and standalone-backend cases.  This ensures that we have set up a PGPROC
and done some other basic initialization steps (corresponding to the
if (IsUnderPostmaster) block in AuxiliaryProcessMain) before we attempt to
run WAL recovery in a standalone backend.  As was discovered last September,
this is necessary for some corner-case code paths during WAL recovery,
particularly end-of-WAL cleanup.

Moving the bootstrap case here too is not necessary for correctness, but it
seems like a good idea since it reduces the number of distinct code paths.

In 8.4 and prior, WAL-logging could potentially be skipped whenever
archive_mode=off.  With streaming replication, this is now true only
if max_wal_senders=0.

Fujii Masao, with light copyediting by me

rejection retains same message as before.

This prevents a rare, yet possible race condition at the exact moment
of transition from recovery to normal running.

these --- maybe because they're effectively unused?  MSVC does complain though,
per buildfarm.

libpq to send queries, making the waiting for responses interruptible on
platforms where PQexec() can't normally be interrupted by signals, such
as win32.

Fujii Masao and Magnus Hagander

The logic for determining whether to materialize has been significantly
overhauled for 9.0.  In case there should be any doubt about whether
materialization is a win in any particular case, this should provide a
convenient way of seeing what happens without it; but even with enable_material
turned off, we still materialize in cases where it is required for
correctness.

Thanks to Tom Lane for the review.

Per Alex Hunsaker

Now doesn't report it is waiting until it actually is waiting,
plus message doesn't appear until at least 5 seconds wait, so
we avoid reporting the wait before we've given the archiver
a reasonable time to wake up and archive the file we just
created earlier in the function.
Also add new unconditional message to confirm safe completion.
Now a normal, healthy execution does not report waiting at
all, just safe completion.

through normal backends. Makes code clearer also, since we
avoid various Assert()s. Performance of snapshots taken
during recovery no longer depends upon number of read-only
backends.

reload and rotation signals, and a helper thread reads messages from the
pipe and writes them to the log file. However, server code isn't generally
thread-safe, so if both try to do e.g palloc()/pfree() at the same time,
bad things will happen. To fix that, use a critical section (which is like
a mutex) to enforce that only one the threads are active at a time.

which just indicates that we've reached the end of valid WAL found in
the standby.

backpatched to 8.1, where this first appeared

identify the system time zone setting.  Per recent discussion.

it with the list we have in pgtz.c, showing any differences.