This patch reverts all the code changes of commit e76de886, which turns
out to have been seriously misguided.  We can't wait till later to compute
the definition string for an index; we must capture that before applying
the data type change for any column it depends on, else ruleutils.c will
deliverr wrong/misleading results.  (This fine point was documented
nowhere, of course.)

I'd also managed to forget that ATExecAlterColumnType executes once per
ALTER COLUMN TYPE clause, not once per statement; which resulted in the
code being basically completely broken for any case in which multiple ALTER
COLUMN TYPE clauses are applied to a table having non-constraint indexes
that must be rebuilt.  Through very bad luck, none of the existing test
cases nor the ones added by e76de886 caught that, but of course it was
soon found in the field.

The previous patch also had an implicit assumption that if a constraint's
index had a dependency on a table column, so would the constraint --- but
that isn't actually true, so it didn't fix such cases.

Instead of trying to delete unneeded index dependencies later, do the
is-there-a-constraint lookup immediately on seeing an index dependency,
and switch to remembering the constraint if so.  In the unusual case of
multiple column dependencies for a constraint index, this will result in
duplicate constraint lookups, but that's not that horrible compared to all
the other work that happens here.  Besides, such cases did not work at all
before, so it's hard to argue that they're performance-critical for anyone.

Per bug #15865 from Keith Fiske.  As before, back-patch to all supported
branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15865-17940eacc8f8b081@postgresql.org

Oversight in commit dd299df8.

Commit d7f8d26d added a test case that created a user, but forgot
to drop it again.  This is no good; for one thing, it causes repeated
"make installcheck" runs to fail.

As part of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY, this formerly internal-only error
message becomes potentially user-visible (see regression tests), so
change from errmsg_internal() to errmsg(), and update comment.

This code is new in v12, and the defect probably was not user-visible.

The multivariate MCV estimation code may run user-defined operators on
the values in the MCV list, which means that those operators may
potentially leak the values from the MCV list. Guard against leaking
data to unprivileged users by checking that the user has SELECT
privileges on the table or all of the columns referred to by the
statistics.

Additionally, if there are any securityQuals on the RTE (either due to
RLS policies on the table, or accessing the table via a security
barrier view), not all rows may be visible to the current user, even
if they have table or column privileges. Thus we further insist that
the operator be leakproof in this case.

Dean Rasheed, reviewed by Tomas Vondra.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCUhT9rt7Ui=Vdx4N==VV5XOK5dsXfnGgVOz_JhAicB=ZA@mail.gmail.com

Author: Vik Fearing
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/150d3e9f-c7ec-3fb3-4fdb-def47c4144af%402ndquadrant.com

Original MIPS-I processors didn't have the LL/SC instructions (nor any
other userland synchronization primitive).  If the build toolchain
targets that ISA variant by default, as an astonishingly large fraction
of MIPS platforms still do, the assembler won't take LL/SC without
coercion in the form of a ".set mips2" instruction.  But we issued that
unconditionally, making it an ISA downgrade for chips later than MIPS2.
That breaks things for the latest MIPS r6 ISA, which encodes these
instructions differently.  Adjust the code so we don't change ISA level
if it's >= 2.

Note that this patch doesn't change what happens on an actual MIPS-I
processor: either the kernel will emulate these instructions
transparently, or you'll get a SIGILL failure.  That tradeoff seemed
fine in 2002 when this code was added (cf 3cbe6b24), and it's even
more so today when MIPS-I is basically extinct.  But let's add a
comment about that.

YunQiang Su (with cosmetic adjustments by me).  Back-patch to all
supported branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15844-8f62fe7e163939b3@postgresql.org

This fixes some TAP suites when using msys Perl and a builddir located
in an msys mount point other than "/".  For example, builddir=/c/pg
exhibited the problem, since /c/pg falls in mount point "/c".
Back-patch to 9.6, where tests first started to perform such
translations.  In back branches, offer both new and old APIs.

Reviewed by Andrew Dunstan.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190610045838.GA238501@rfd.leadboat.com

Commit 6753333f switched from a semaphore-based wait to a latch-based
wait for ProcSleep()/ProcWakeup(), but left behind some stray references
to semaphores.

Back-patch to 9.5.

Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+hUKGLs5H6zhmgTijZ1OaJvC1sG0=AFXc1aHuce32tKiQrdEA@mail.gmail.com

This makes the whole user experience more consistent when bumping into
failures, and more in line with the rewording done via 508300e2.

Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190514153252.GA22168@alvherre.pgsql

Author: Ian Barwick
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/087a6961-1aaf-e36c-b712-bd5a644da20a@2ndquadrant.com

Make wording more accurate and add strerror() information.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/24c8bd05-aed1-6301-919d-8acbabdb8c24@2ndquadrant.com

Currently, calling pg_upgrade with an invalid command-line option
aborts pg_upgrade but leaves a pg_upgrade_internal.log file lying
around.  Reorder things a bit so that that file is not created until
all the options have been parsed.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/24c8bd05-aed1-6301-919d-8acbabdb8c24@2ndquadrant.com

The description is ended part way and PASSING clause is not implemented yet.
But the variables might be passed as parameters to several jsonpath functions.
So, complete the description based on the current implementation, leaving
description of PASSING clause in TODO.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKPRHz%2BxOuQSSvkuB1mCQjedd%2BB2B1Vnkrq0E-pLmoXyTO%2Bz9Q%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Alexander Korotkov

Reference posix regex documentation section and list supported flags.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKPRHz%2BxOuQSSvkuB1mCQjedd%2BB2B1Vnkrq0E-pLmoXyTO%2Bz9Q%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Alexander Korotkov

SQL/JSON standard defines that jsonpath 'like_regex' predicate should support
the same set of flags as XQuery/XPath.  It appears that implementation of 'q'
flag was missed.  This commit fixes that.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPpHfdtyfPsxLYiTjp5Ov8T5xGsB5t3CwE5%2B3PS%3DLLwA%2BxTJog%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Nikita Glukhov, Alexander Korotkov

The list of combining characters to ignore for calculating the display
width of a string (used for example by psql) was wildly outdated and
incorrect.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/bbb19114-af1e-513b-08a9-61272794bd5c%402ndquadrant.com

The SVG output produced by external tools needs some postprocessing.
This is implemented by this new XSL stylesheet.

Issues are:

- SVG produced by Ditaa does not add a viewBox attribute to the svg
  element, needed to make the image scalable.

- SVG produced by Graphviz uses a stroke="transparent" attribute,
  which is not valid SVG.  It appears to mostly work, but FOP
  complains.

Other tweaks can be added over time.

This reverts 7dc78d8e and
29046c44, which applied these fixes
manually.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson

Commit a1ef920e replaced the use of
slave with standby, but overlooked this comment.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson

fc49e24f has removed the last use of this compile-time variable as WAL
segment size is something that can now be set at initdb time, still this
commit has forgotten some references to it.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190617073228.GE18917@paquier.xyz

This record uses one metadata buffer and registers some data associated
to the buffer, but when parsing the record for its description a direct
access to the record data was done, but there is none.  This leads
usually to an incorrect description, but can also cause crashes like in
pg_waldump.  Instead, fix things so as the parsing uses the data
associated to the metadata block.

This is an oversight from 3d927961, so backpatch down to 11.

Author: Michael Paquier
Description: https://postgr.es/m/20190617013059.GA3153@paquier.xyz
Backpatch-through: 11

This fixes an embarrassing oversight I (Andres) made in 737a292b,
namely missing two place where liverows/deadrows were used when
converting those variables to pointers, leading to incrementing the
pointer, rather than the value.

It's not that actually that easy to trigger a crash: One needs tuples
deleted by the current transaction, followed by a tuple deleted in
another session, all in one page. Which is presumably why this hasn't
been noticed before.

Reported-By: Steve Singer
Author: Steve Singer
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/c7988239-d42c-ddc4-41db-171b23b35e4f@ssinger.info

This puts back reverted commit de87a084, with some bug fixes.

When two (or more) transactions are waiting for transaction T1 to release a
tuple-level lock, and transaction T1 upgrades its lock to a higher level, a
spurious deadlock can be reported among the waiting transactions when T1
finishes.  The simplest example case seems to be:

T1: select id from job where name = 'a' for key share;
Y: select id from job where name = 'a' for update; -- starts waiting for T1
Z: select id from job where name = 'a' for key share;
T1: update job set name = 'b' where id = 1;
Z: update job set name = 'c' where id = 1; -- starts waiting for T1
T1: rollback;

At this point, transaction Y is rolled back on account of a deadlock: Y
holds the heavyweight tuple lock and is waiting for the Xmax to be released,
while Z holds part of the multixact and tries to acquire the heavyweight
lock (per protocol) and goes to sleep; once T1 releases its part of the
multixact, Z is awakened only to be put back to sleep on the heavyweight
lock that Y is holding while sleeping.  Kaboom.

This can be avoided by having Z skip the heavyweight lock acquisition.  As
far as I can see, the biggest downside is that if there are multiple Z
transactions, the order in which they resume after T1 finishes is not
guaranteed.

Backpatch to 9.6.  The patch applies cleanly on 9.5, but the new tests don't
work there (because isolationtester is not smart enough), so I'm not going
to risk it.

Author: Oleksii Kliukin
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/B9C9D7CD-EB94-4635-91B6-E558ACEC0EC3@hintbits.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2815.1560521451@sss.pgh.pa.us

WHERE EXISTS (...) queries cannot be executed by Parallel Hash Join
with jointype JOIN_UNIQUE_INNER, because there is no way to make a
partial plan totally unique.  The consequence of allowing such plans
was duplicate results from some EXISTS queries.

Back-patch to 11.  Bug #15857.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Reported-by: Vladimir Kriukov
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15857-d1ba2a64bce0795e%40postgresql.org

Source-Git-URL: https://git.postgresql.org/git/pgtranslation/messages.git
Source-Git-Hash: 1a710c413ce4c4cd081843e563cde256bb95f490

When a client connects to a rogue server sending specifically-crafted
messages, this can suffice to execute arbitrary code as the operating
system account used by the client.

While on it, fix one error handling when decoding an incorrect salt
included in the first message received from server.

Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Jonathan Katz, Heikki Linnakangas
Security: CVE-2019-10164
Backpatch-through: 10

Any authenticated user can overflow a stack-based buffer by changing the
user's own password to a purpose-crafted value.  This often suffices to
execute arbitrary code as the PostgreSQL operating system account.

This fix is contributed by multiple folks, based on an initial analysis
from Tom Lane.  This issue has been introduced by 68e61ee7, so it was
possible to make use of it at authentication time.  It became more
easily to trigger after ccae190b which has made the SCRAM parsing more
strict when changing a password, in the case where the client passes
down a verifier already hashed using SCRAM.  Back-patch to v10 where
SCRAM has been introduced.

Reported-by: Alexander Lakhin
Author: Jonathan Katz, Heikki Linnakangas, Michael Paquier
Security: CVE-2019-10164
Backpatch-through: 10

Author: Alexander Lakhin
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/0a5419ea-1452-a4e6-72ff-545b1a5a8076@gmail.com

This reverts commits 3da73d68 and de87a084.

This code has some tricky corner cases that I'm not sure are correct and
not properly tested anyway, so I'm reverting the whole thing for next
week's releases (reintroducing the deadlock bug that we set to fix).
I'll try again afterwards.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1hbXKQ-0003g1-0C@gemulon.postgresql.org

Now that we've back-patched that, it shouldn't be mentioned in v12
anymore.

We don't need to restrict column privileges on pg_statistic_ext;
all of that data is OK to read publicly.  What we *do* need to do,
which was overlooked by 6cbfb784, is revoke public read access on
pg_statistic_ext_data; otherwise we still have the same security
hole we started with.

Catversion bump to ensure that installations calling themselves
beta2 will have this fix.

Diagnosis/correction by Dean Rasheed and Tomas Vondra, but I'm
going to go ahead and push this fix ASAP so we get more buildfarm
cycles on it.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/8833.1560647898@sss.pgh.pa.us

The GRANT in system_views allowed SELECT privileges on various columns in
the pg_statistic_ext catalog, but tableoid was not included in the list.
That made pg_dump fail because it's accessing this column when building
the list of extended statistics to dump.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/8833.1560647898%40sss.pgh.pa.us

The example was incorrectly using parantheses around the list of columns, so
just drop them.

Reported-By: Robert Haas
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BTgmoZZEMAqWMAfvLHZnK57SoxOutgvE-ALO94WsRA7zZ7wyQ%40mail.gmail.com

Regular per-column statistics are stored in pg_statistics catalog, which
is however rather difficult to read, so we also have pg_stats view with
a human-reablable version of the data.

For extended statistic the catalog was fairly easy to read, so we did
not have such human-readable view so far.  Commit 9b6babfa2d however did
split the catalog into two, which makes querying harder.  Furthermore,
we want to show the multi-column MCV list in a way similar to per-column
stats (and not as a bytea value).

This commit introduces pg_stats_ext view, joining the two catalogs and
massaging the data to produce human-readable output similar to pg_stats.
It also considers RLS and access privileges - the data is shown only when
the user has access to all columns the extended statistic is defined on.

Bumped CATVERSION due to adding new system view.

Author: Dean Rasheed, with improvements by me
Reviewed-by: Dean Rasheed, John Naylor
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCUhT9rt7Ui%3DVdx4N%3D%3DVV5XOK5dsXfnGgVOz_JhAicB%3DZA%40mail.gmail.com

Since extended statistic got introduced in PostgreSQL 10, there was a
single catalog pg_statistic_ext storing both the definitions and built
statistic.  That's however problematic when a user is supposed to have
access only to the definitions, but not to user data.

Consider for example pg_dump on a database with RLS enabled - if the
pg_statistic_ext catalog respects RLS (which it should, if it contains
user data), pg_dump would not see any records and the result would not
define any extended statistics.  That would be a surprising behavior.

Until now this was not a pressing issue, because the existing types of
extended statistic (functional dependencies and ndistinct coefficients)
do not include any user data directly.  This changed with introduction
of MCV lists, which do include most common combinations of values.

The easiest way to fix this is to split the pg_statistic_ext catalog
into two - one for definitions, one for the built statistic values.
The new catalog is called pg_statistic_ext_data, and we're maintaining
a 1:1 relationship with the old catalog - either there are matching
records in both catalogs, or neither of them.

Bumped CATVERSION due to changing system catalog definitions.

Author: Dean Rasheed, with improvements by me
Reviewed-by: Dean Rasheed, John Naylor
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCUhT9rt7Ui%3DVdx4N%3D%3DVV5XOK5dsXfnGgVOz_JhAicB%3DZA%40mail.gmail.com