Buildfarm member topminnow failed when the test script attempted this
before the syslogger would have created the file.  Back-patch to v12,
which introduced the test.

Oversight in 257836a7, which added these tests.

Commit 566372b3 fixed some race conditions involving concurrent
SimpleLruTruncate calls, but it introduced new ones in async.c.
A newly-listening backend could attempt to read Notify SLRU pages that
were in process of being truncated, possibly causing an error.  Also,
the QUEUE_TAIL pointer could become set to a value that's not equal to
the queue position of any backend.  While that's fairly harmless in
v13 and up (thanks to commit 51004c71), in older branches it resulted
in near-permanent disabling of the queue truncation logic, so that
continued use of NOTIFY led to queue-fill warnings and eventual
inability to send any more notifies.  (A server restart is enough to
make that go away, but it's still pretty unpleasant.)

The core of the problem is confusion about whether QUEUE_TAIL
represents the "logical" tail of the queue (i.e., the oldest
still-interesting data) or the "physical" tail (the oldest data we've
not yet truncated away).  To fix, split that into two variables.
QUEUE_TAIL regains its definition as the logical tail, and we
introduce a new variable to track the oldest un-truncated page.

Per report from Mikael Gustavsson.  Like the previous patch,
back-patch to all supported branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/1b8561412e8a4f038d7a491c8b922788@smhi.se

Previously pg_stat_progress_cluster view reported the current block
number in heap scan as the number of heap blocks scanned (i.e.,
heap_blks_scanned). This reported number could be incorrect when
synchronize_seqscans is enabled, because it allowed the heap scan to
start at block in middle. This could result in wraparounds in the
heap_blks_scanned column when the heap scan wrapped around.
This commit fixes the bug by calculating the number of blocks from
the block that the heap scan starts at to the current block in scan,
and reporting that number in the heap_blks_scanned column.

Also, in pg_stat_progress_cluster view, previously heap_blks_scanned
could not reach heap_blks_total at the end of heap scan phase
if the last pages scanned were empty. This commit fixes the bug by
manually updating heap_blks_scanned to the same value as
heap_blks_total when the heap scan phase finishes.

Back-patch to v12 where pg_stat_progress_cluster view was introduced.

Reported-by: Matthias van de Meent
Author: Matthias van de Meent
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEze2WjCBWSGkVfYag001Rc4+-nNLDpWM7QbyD6yPvuhKs-gYQ@mail.gmail.com

Previously test_shm_mq worker used the stripped-down version of die()
as the SIGTERM signal handler. This commit makes it use die(), instead,
to simplify the code.

In terms of the code, the difference between die() and the stripped-down
version previously used is whether the signal handler directly may call
ProcessInterrupts() or not. But this difference doesn't exist in
a background worker because, in bgworker, DoingCommandRead flag will
never be true and die() will never call ProcessInterrupts() directly.
Therefore test_shm_mq worker can safely use die(), like other bgworker
proceses (e.g., logical replication apply launcher or autoprewarm worker)
currently do.

Thanks to Craig Ringer for the report and investigation of the issue.

Author: Bharath Rupireddy
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAGRY4nxsAe_1k_9g5b47orA0S011iBoHsXHFMH7cg7HV0O1bwQ@mail.gmail.com

Previously worker_spi used its custom signal handlers for SIGHUP and
SIGTERM. This commit makes worker_spi use the standard signal handlers,
to simplify the code.

Note that die() is used as the standard SIGTERM signal handler in
worker_spi instead of SignalHandlerForShutdownRequest() or bgworker_die().
Previously the exit handling was only able to exit from within the main loop,
and not from within the backend code it calls. This is why die() needs to
be used here, so worker_spi can respond to SIGTERM signal while it's
executing a query.

Maybe we can say that it's a bug that worker_spi could not respond to
SIGTERM during query execution. But since worker_spi is a just example
of the background worker code, we don't do the back-patch.

Thanks to Craig Ringer for the report and investigation of the issue.

Author: Bharath Rupireddy
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALj2ACXDEZhAFOTDcqO9cFSRvrFLyYOnPKrcA1UG4uZn9hUAVg@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAGRY4nxsAe_1k_9g5b47orA0S011iBoHsXHFMH7cg7HV0O1bwQ@mail.gmail.com

Tablesync worker runs under a single transaction but in streaming mode, we
were committing the transaction on stream_stop, stream_abort, and
stream_commit. We need to avoid committing the transaction in a streaming
mode in tablesync worker.

In passing move the call to process_syncing_tables in
apply_handle_stream_commit after clean up of stream files. This will
allow clean up of files to happen before the exit of tablesync worker
which would otherwise be handled by one of the proc exit routines.

Author: Dilip Kumar
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila and Peter Smith
Tested-by: Peter Smith
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAHut+Pt4PyKQCwqzQ=EFF=bpKKJD7XKt_S23F6L20ayQNxg77A@mail.gmail.com

Reverts 27838981 (some comments are kept).  Per discussion, it does
not seem safe to relax the lock level used for this; in order for it to
be safe, there would have to be memory barriers between the point we set
the flag and the point we set the trasaction Xid, which perhaps would
not be so bad; but there would also have to be barriers at the readers'
side, which from a performance perspective might be bad.

Now maybe this analysis is wrong and it *is* safe for some reason, but
proof of that is not trivial.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20201118190928.vnztes7c2sldu43a@alap3.anarazel.de

If more distinct statements than pg_stat_statements.max are observed,
pg_stat_statements entries about the least-executed statements are
deallocated. This commit enables us to track the total number of times
those entries were deallocated. That number can be viewed in the
pg_stat_statements_info view that this commit adds. It's useful when
tuning pg_stat_statements.max parameter. If it's high, i.e., the entries
are deallocated very frequently, which might cause the performance
regression and we can increase pg_stat_statements.max to avoid those
frequent deallocations.

The pg_stat_statements_info view is intended to display the statistics
of pg_stat_statements module itself. Currently it has only one column
"dealloc" indicating the number of times entries were deallocated.
But an upcoming patch will add other columns (for example, the time
at which pg_stat_statements statistics were last reset) into the view.

Author: Katsuragi Yuta, Yuki Seino
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/0d9f1107772cf5c3f954e985464c7298@oss.nttdata.com

A prepared statement is re-analyzed and re-planned whenever database
objects used in the statement have undergone definitional changes or
the planner statistics of them have been updated. The former has been
documented from before, but the latter was not previously. This commit
adds the description about the latter case into the docs.

Author: Atsushi Torikoshi
Reviewed-by: Andy Fan, Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3ac82f4817c9fe274a905c8a38d87bd9@oss.nttdata.com

Commit 644f0d7c added logical replication message type enums to use
instead of character literals but some char substitutions were overlooked.

Author: Peter Smith
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAHut+PsTG=Vrv8hgrvOnAvCNR21jhqMdPk2n0a1uJPoW0p+UfQ@mail.gmail.com

In the various waiting phases of CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY (CIC) and
REINDEX CONCURRENTLY (RC), we wait for other processes to release their
snapshots; this is necessary in general for correctness.  However,
processes doing CIC in other tables cannot possibly affect CIC or RC
done in "this" table, so we don't need to wait for those.  This commit
adds a flag in MyProc->statusFlags to indicate that the current process
is doing CIC, so that other processes doing CIC or RC can ignore it when
waiting.

Note that this logic is only valid if the index does not access other
tables.  For simplicity we avoid setting the flag if the index has a
column that's an expression, or has a WHERE predicate.  (It is possible
to have expressional or partial indexes that do not access other tables,
but figuring that out would require more work.)

This flag can potentially also be used by processes doing REINDEX
CONCURRENTLY to be skipped; and by VACUUM to ignore processes in CIC or
RC for the purposes of computing an Xmin.  That's left for future
commits.

Author: Álvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Author: Dimitry Dolgov <9erthalion6@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200810233815.GA18970@alvherre.pgsql

Historically, psql has truncated the text of a column's default
expression at 128 characters.  This is unlike any other behavior
in describe.c, and it's become particularly confusing now that
the limit is only applied to the expression proper and not to
the "generated always as (...) stored" text that may get wrapped
around it.

Excavation in our git history suggests that the original motivation
for this limit was not really to limit the display width (as I'd long
supposed), but to make it safe to use a fixed-width output buffer to
store the result.  That implementation restriction is long gone of
course, but the limit remained.  Let's just get rid of it.

While here, rearrange the logic about when to free the output string
so that it's not so dependent on unstated assumptions about the
possible values of attidentity and attgenerated.

Per bug #16743 from David Turon.  Back-patch to v12 where GENERATED
came in.  (Arguably we could take it back further, but I'm hesitant
to change the behavior of long-stable branches for this.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16743-7b1bacc4af76e7ad@postgresql.org

Break the per-index-type discussions into <sect2>'s so as to make
them more visually separate and easier to find.  Improve the markup,
and make a couple of small wording adjustments.

This also fixes one stray reference to the now-deprecated point
operators <^ and >^.

Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker, reviewed by David Johnston and Jürgen Purtz

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/877dukhvzg.fsf@wibble.ilmari.org

Up to now, we sent a ParameterStatus message to the client immediately
upon any change in the active value of any GUC_REPORT variable.  This
was only barely okay when the feature was designed; now that we have
things like function SET clauses, there are very plausible use-cases
where a GUC_REPORT variable might change many times within a query
--- and even end up back at its original value, perhaps.  Fortunately
most of our GUC_REPORT variables are unlikely to be changed often;
but there are proposals in play to enlarge that set, or even make it
user-configurable.

Hence, let's fix things to not generate more than one ParameterStatus
message per variable per query, and to not send any message at all
unless the end-of-query value is different from what we last reported.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/5708.1601145259@sss.pgh.pa.us

The function converted the first argument i.e. the number of tuples to
return into an unsigned integer which turns out to be huge number when
a negative value is passed.  This causes the function to take much
longer time to execute.  Instead, reject a negative value.

(If someone really wants to generate many more result rows, they
should consider adding a bigint or numeric variant.)

While at it, improve SQL test to test the number of tuples returned by
this function.

Author: Ashutosh Bapat <ashutosh.bapat@2ndquadrant.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAG-ACPW3PUUmSnM6cLa9Rw4BEC5cEMKjX8Gogc8gvQcT3cYA1A@mail.gmail.com

Author: Justin Pryzby <pryzby@telsasoft.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20201121194105.GO24784@telsasoft.com

The hint "Is another postmaster already running ..." should only be
printed for errors that are really about something else already using
the address.  In other cases it is misleading.  So only show that hint
if errno == EADDRINUSE.

Also, since Unix-domain sockets in the file-system namespace never
report EADDRINUSE for an existing file (they would just overwrite it),
the part of the hint saying "If not, remove socket file \"%s\" and
retry." can never happen, so remove it.  Unix-domain sockets in the
abstract namespace can report EADDRINUSE, but in that case there is no
file to remove, so the hint doesn't work there either.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/6dee8574-b0ad-fc49-9c8c-2edc796f0033@2ndquadrant.com

This is a variant of the normal Unix-domain sockets that don't use the
file system but a separate "abstract" namespace.  At the user
interface, such sockets are represented by names starting with "@".
Supported on Linux and Windows right now.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/6dee8574-b0ad-fc49-9c8c-2edc796f0033@2ndquadrant.com

Further to commit 733fa9aa, on Windows when a latch is triggered but we
aren't currently waiting for it, we need to locate the latch's HANDLE
rather than calling ResetEvent(NULL).

Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horikyota.ntt@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Ranier Vilela <ranier.vf@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEudQArTPi1YBc%2Bn1fo0Asy3QBFhVjp_QgyKG-8yksVn%2ByRTiw%40mail.gmail.com

Commit 5b7ba75f removed the unused parameter but forgot to update the
nearby comments.

Author: Li Japin
Backpatch-through: 13, where it was introduced
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/0E2F62A2-B2F1-4052-83AE-F0BEC8A75789@hotmail.com

The buildfarm animal walleye, running MinGW 8.1 has been having problems
ever since 697e1d02 and 913ec71d went in.  This appears to be a bug in
assembler which was fixed in a later version.

For now, in order to get that animal running green again, let's just
define pg_attribute_cold and pg_attribute_hot to be empty macros on that
compiler.  Hopefully, we can get the support of the owner of the animal to
upgrade to a less buggy compiler and revert this at a later date.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/286560.1606233316@sss.pgh.pa.us

currtid() and currtid2() are an undocumented set of functions whose sole
known user is the Postgres ODBC driver, able to retrieve the latest TID
version for a tuple given by the caller of those functions.

As used by Postgres ODBC, currtid() is a shortcut able to retrieve the
last TID loaded into a backend by passing an OID of 0 (magic value)
after a tuple insertion.  This is removed in this commit, as it became
obsolete after the driver began using "RETURNING ctid" with inserts, a
clause supported since Postgres 8.2 (using RETURNING is better for
performance anyway as it reduces the number of round-trips to the
backend).

currtid2() is still used by the driver, so this remains around for now.
Note that this function is kept in its original shape for backward
compatibility reasons.

Per discussion with many people, including Andres Freund, Peter
Eisentraut, Álvaro Herrera, Hiroshi Inoue, Tom Lane and myself.

Bump catalog version.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200603021448.GB89559@paquier.xyz

Previously this code assumed that all IndexScan nodes supported
mark/restore, which is not true since it depends on optional index AM
support functions. This could lead to errors about missing support
functions in rare edge cases of mergejoins with no sort keys, where an
unordered non-btree index scan was placed on the inner path without a
protecting Materialize node. (Normally, the fact that merge join
requires ordered input would avoid this error.)

Backpatch all the way since this bug is ancient.

Per report from Eugen Konkov on irc.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/87o8jn50be.fsf@news-spur.riddles.org.uk

1fa22a43 was a quick fix for portability problem I introduced in
697e1d02.  1fa22a43 adds a few more cases to the preprocessor logic than
I'd have liked.  Andres Freund and Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker suggested a
better way to do this.

In passing, also adjust the only current usage of these macros so that the
macro comes before the function's return type in the declaration of the
function.  This now matches what the definition of the function does.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200625163553.lt6wocbjhklp5pl4@alap3.anarazel.de
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/87pn43bmok.fsf@wibble.ilmari.org

I'm having a hard time telling whether the letter of the C standard
requires this, but we do have a couple of buildfarm members that
throw warnings when this is not done.  Oversight in c532d15d.

Commit 0a2bc5d6 changed the order that permissions on the final and
transition functions of an aggregate are checked in. That shows up as a
difference in the order the LOG messages in this sepgsql regression test
are printed. Adjust the expected output.

Per buildfarm failure in rhinoceros.

This has the advantage that the cost estimates for aggregates can count
the number of calls to transition and final functions correctly.

Bump catalog version, because views can contain Aggrefs.

Reviewed-by: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/b2e3536b-1dbc-8303-c97e-89cb0b4a9a48%40iki.fi

Previously some index items have " ," (i.e., space + comma) in the docs
as follows. Since the space character before the comma is unnecessary,
this commit gets rid of that for the sake of consistency with other
index items.

   parallel_leader_participation configuration parameter , Other Planner Options

Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Euler Taveira
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/e87b4ddf-1498-2850-bf55-519df3928fd4@oss.nttdata.com

This makes the code slightly easier to follow, as the initialization
relies on an offset that overlapped with an equivalent set of macros
defined, which are used in other places already.

Author: Japin Li
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/MEYP282MB1669FB410006758402F2C3A2B6E00@MEYP282MB1669.AUSP282.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM

While ereport() and elog() themselves are quite cheap when the
error message level is too low to be printed, some places need to do
substantial work before they can call those macros at all.  To allow
optimizing away such setup work when nothing is to be printed, make
elog.c export a new function message_level_is_interesting(elevel)
that reports whether ereport/elog will do anything.  Make use of that
in various places that had ad-hoc direct tests of log_min_messages etc.
Also teach ProcSleep to use it to avoid some work.  (There may well
be other places that could usefully use this; I didn't search hard.)

Within elog.c, refactor a little bit to avoid having duplicate copies
of the policy-setting logic.  When that code was written, we weren't
relying on the availability of inline functions; so it had some
duplications in the name of efficiency, which I got rid of.

Alvaro Herrera and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/129515.1606166429@sss.pgh.pa.us

This should fix the breakages caused by 697e1d02, which seems to break
the build for GCC version < 5.

It seems, according to the GCC manual that __has_attribute is a "special
operator" and must be tested without any other conditions in the
preprocessor test.

Per recommendation from the GCC manual via Greg Nancarrow

Reported-by: Greg Nancarrow
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAJcOf-euSu8fhC10v476o9dqnjqKysVs1_vRms-_fvajpZ3kFw@mail.gmail.com

Here we use a bit of preprocessor trickery to coax supporting compilers
into laying out their generated code so that the code that's in the same
branch as elog(ERROR)/ereport(ERROR) calls is moved away from the hot
path.  Effectively, this reduces the size of the hot code meaning that it
can sit on fewer cache lines.

Performance improvements of between 10-15% have been seen on highly CPU
bound workloads using pgbench's TPC-b benchmark.

What's achieved here is very similar to putting the error condition inside
an unlikely() macro. For example;

if (unlikely(x < 0))
    elog(ERROR, "invalid x value");

now there's no need to make use of unlikely() here as the common macro
used by elog and ereport will now see that elevel is >= ERROR and make use
of a pg_attribute_cold marked version of errstart().

When elevel < ERROR or if it cannot be determined to be constant, the
original behavior is maintained.

Author: David Rowley
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund, Peter Eisentraut
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvrVpasrEzLL2er7p9iwZFZ%3DJj6WisePcFeunwfrV0js_A%40mail.gmail.com

For compilers supporting __has_attribute and __has_attribute (hot/cold).

__has_attribute is supported on gcc >= 5, clang >= 2.9 and icc >= 17.

A followup commit will implement some usages of these macros.

Author: David Rowley
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund, Peter Eisentraut
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvrVpasrEzLL2er7p9iwZFZ%3DJj6WisePcFeunwfrV0js_A%40mail.gmail.com

Justin Pryzby

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20201123205505.GJ24052@telsasoft.com

While cancelling an autovacuum worker, we hold ProcArrayLock while
formatting a debugging log string.  We can make this shorter by saving
the data we need to produce the message and doing the formatting outside
the locked region.

This isn't terribly critical, as it only occurs pretty rarely: when a
backend runs deadlock detection and it happens to be blocked by a
autovacuum running autovacuum.  Still, there's no need to cause a hiccup
in ProcArrayLock processing, which can be very high-traffic in some
cases.

While at it, rework code so that we only print the string when it is
really going to be used, as suggested by Michael Paquier.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20201118214127.GA3179@alvherre.pgsqlReviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>

Historically these were called >^ and <^, but that is inconsistent
with the similar box, polygon, and circle operators, which are named
|>> and <<| respectively.  Worse, the >^ and <^ names are used for
*not* strict above/below tests for the box type.

Hence, invent new operators following the more common naming.  The
old operators remain available for now, and are still accepted by
the relevant index opclasses too.  But there's a deprecation notice,
so maybe we can get rid of them someday.

Emre Hasegeli, reviewed by Pavel Borisov

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/24348.1587444160@sss.pgh.pa.us

Clarify that you can "insert" into a generated column as long as what
you're inserting is a DEFAULT placeholder.

Also, use ERRCODE_GENERATED_ALWAYS in place of ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR;
there doesn't seem to be any reason to use the less specific errcode.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9q0sgcr416t.fsf@gmx.us

A few sanity checks in funcapi.c were not mentioning all the possible
clauses for failure, confusing developers who fat-fingered catalog data
additions.  Make the errors more detailed to avoid wasting time in
pinpointing mistakes.

Per complaint from Craig Ringer.
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAMsr+YH7Kd87A3cU5m_wKo46HPQ46zFv5wesFNL0YWxkGhGv3g@mail.gmail.com

Missed these in the previous commit.