Author: Amit Langote
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9a54dcef-c799-ce89-2e47-0a7fc12d5fc2@lab.ntt.co.jp
Backpatch: 11-, where llvm was introduced.

This makes the description more consistent with the other options, and
the mapping with VACUUM is intuitive.

Author: Nathan Bossart
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/FFE5373C-E26A-495B-B5C8-911EC4A41C5E@amazon.com

The upcoming table AM support makes rd_amroutine to generic, as its
only about index AMs. The new name makes that clear, and is shorter to
boot.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Now that the relevant code has, for other reasons, moved out of
tqual.[ch], it seems time to refer to visiblity rather than time
qualification.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Given these routines are heap specific, and that there will be more
generic visibility support in via table AM, it makes sense to move the
prototypes to heapam.h (routines like HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum will
not be exposed in a generic fashion, because they are too storage
specific).

Similarly, the code in tqual.c is specific to heap, so moving it into
access/heap/ makes sense.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

The code in tqual.c is largely heap specific. Due to the upcoming
pluggable storage work, it therefore makes sense to move it into
access/heap/ (as the file's header notes, the tqual name isn't very
good).

But the various statically allocated snapshot and snapshot
initialization functions are now (see previous commit) generic and do
not depend on functions declared in tqual.h anymore. Therefore move.
Also move XidInMVCCSnapshot as that's useful for future AMs, and
already used outside of tqual.c.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

This is in preparation for allowing the same snapshot be used for
different table AMs. With the current callback based approach we would
need one callback for each supported AM, which clearly would not be
extensible.  Thus add a new Snapshot->snapshot_type field, and move
the dispatch into HeapTupleSatisfiesVisibility() (which is now a
function). Later work will then dispatch calls to
HeapTupleSatisfiesVisibility() and other AMs visibility functions
depending on the type of the table.  The central SnapshotType enum
also seems like a good location to centralize documentation about the
intended behaviour of various types of snapshots.

As tqual.h isn't included by bufmgr.h any more (as HeapTupleSatisfies*
isn't referenced by TestForOldSnapshot() anymore) a few files now need
to include it directly.

Author: Andres Freund, loosely based on earlier work by Haribabu Kommi
Discussion:
    https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de
    https://postgr.es/m/20160812231527.GA690404@alvherre.pgsql

Seems to be from a bad case of copy-and-paste-itis in commit 665d1fad.
It wouldn't be quite so annoying if it didn't contradict the comment
half a dozen lines above.

David Rowley

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f95Dyf8Qkdz4W+PbCmT-HTb54tkqUCC8isa2RVgSJ_pXQ@mail.gmail.com

Detaching a partition from a partitioned table that's constrained by
foreign keys requires additional action triggers on the referenced side;
otherwise, DELETE/UPDATE actions there fail to notice rows in the table
that was partition, and so are incorrectly allowed through.  With this
commit, those triggers are now created.  Conversely, when a table that
has a foreign key is attached as a partition to a table that also has
the same foreign key, those action triggers are no longer needed, so we
remove them.

Add a minimal test case verifying (part of) this.

Authors: Amit Langote, Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/f2b8ead5-4131-d5a8-8016-2ea0a31250af@lab.ntt.co.jp

Back in commit 100340e2, we made relcache entries keep lists of the
foreign keys applying to the relation -- but we forgot to update
CacheInvalidateHeapTuple to flush those entries when new FKs got created
or existing ones updated/deleted.  No bugs appear to have been reported
that would be explained by this ommission, but I noticed the problem
while working on an unrelated bugfix which clearly showed it.  Fix by
adding relcache flush on relevant foreign key changes.

Backpatch to 9.6, like the aforementioned commit.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/201901211927.7mmhschxlejh@alvherre.pgsql
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane

While Windows (allegedly) has _configthreadlocale() pretty far back,
it seems MinGW didn't acquire support for that till more recently.
Fortunately, we can use an autoconf probe on that toolchain,
instead of guessing whether it's there.  (Hm, I wonder whether Cygwin
will need this also.)

Per buildfarm.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190121193512.tdmcnic2yjxlufaw@alap3.anarazel.de

I removed one include too many in e7cc78ad, not sure why that
escaped my test script.

Author: Andres Freund

Message order in the expected output changes due to commit f1ad067f.
Per buildfarm.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190121201134.dyx6anto6akflh5d@alap3.anarazel.de

Most of these had been obsoleted by 568d4138 / the SnapshotNow
removal.

This is is preparation for moving most of tqual.[ch] into either
snapmgr.h or heapam.h, which in turn is in preparation for pluggable
table AMs.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190111000539.xbv7s6w7ilcvm7dp@alap3.anarazel.de

A lot of files only included heapam.h for relation_open, heap_open etc
- replace the heapam.h include in those files with the narrower
header.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190111000539.xbv7s6w7ilcvm7dp@alap3.anarazel.de

access/heapam contains functions that are very storage specific (say
heap_insert() and a lot of lower level functions), and fairly generic
infrastructure like relation_open(), heap_open() etc.  In the upcoming
pluggable storage work we're introducing a layer between table
accesses in general and heapam, to allow for different storage
methods. For a bit cleaner separation it thus seems advantageous to
move generic functions like the aforementioned to their own headers.

access/relation.h will contain relation_open() etc, and access/table.h
will contain table_open() (formerly known as heap_open()). I've decided
for table.h not to include relation.h, but we might change that at a
later stage.

relation.h already exists in another directory, but the other
plausible name (rel.h) also conflicts. It'd be nice if there were a
non-conflicting name, but nobody came up with a suggestion. It's
possible that the appropriate way to address the naming conflict would
be to rename nodes/relation.h, which isn't particularly well named.

To avoid breaking a lot of extensions that just use heap_open() etc,
table.h has macros mapping the old names to the new ones, and heapam.h
includes relation, table.h.  That also allows to keep the
bulk renaming of existing callers in a separate commit.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190111000539.xbv7s6w7ilcvm7dp@alap3.anarazel.de

Historically, the notices output by DROP CASCADE tended to come out
in uncertain order, and in some cases you might get different claims
about which object depends on which other one.  This is because we
just traversed the dependency tree in the order in which pg_depend
entries are seen, and nbtree has never promised anything about the
order of equal-keyed index entries.  We've put up with that for years,
hacking regression tests when necessary to prevent them from emitting
unstable output.  However, it's a problem for pending work that will
change nbtree's behavior for equal keys, as that causes unexpected
changes in the regression test results.

Hence, adjust findDependentObjects to sort the results of each
indexscan before processing them.  The sort is on descending OID of
the dependent objects, hence more or less reverse creation order.
While this rule could still result in bogus regression test failures
if an OID wraparound occurred mid-test, that seems unlikely to happen
in any plausible development or packaging-test scenario.

This is enough to ensure output stability for ordinary DROP CASCADE
commands, but not for DROP OWNED BY, because that has a different
code path with the same problem.  We might later choose to sort in
the DROP OWNED BY code as well, but this patch doesn't do so.

I've also not done anything about reverting the existing hacks to
suppress unstable DROP CASCADE output in specific regression tests.
It might be worth undoing those, but it seems like a distinct question.

The first indexscan loop in findDependentObjects is not touched,
meaning there is a hazard of unstable error reports from that too.
However, said hazard is not the fault of that code: it was designed
on the assumption that there could be at most one "owning" object
to complain about, and that assumption does not seem unreasonable.
The recent patch that added the possibility of multiple
DEPENDENCY_INTERNAL_AUTO links broke that assumption, but we should
fix that situation not band-aid around it.  That's a matter for
another patch, though.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/12244.1547854440@sss.pgh.pa.us

Per note from Erik Rijkers
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3db724af16ee009ab7f812a6a1d9354e@xs4all.nl

I (Andres) broke this in 578b2297.

Author: Rushabh Lathia
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAGPqQf04PywZX3sVQaF6H=oLiW9GJncRW+=e78vTy4MokEWcZw@mail.gmail.com

I missed these in 578b2297.

Author: Andres Freund

ecpglib attempts to force the LC_NUMERIC locale to "C" while reading
server output, to avoid problems with strtod() and related functions.
Historically it's just issued setlocale() calls to do that, but that
has major problems if we're in a threaded application.  setlocale()
itself is not required by POSIX to be thread-safe (and indeed is not,
on recent OpenBSD).  Moreover, its effects are process-wide, so that
we could cause unexpected results in other threads, or another thread
could change our setting.

On platforms having uselocale(), which is required by POSIX:2008,
we can avoid these problems by using uselocale() instead.  Windows
goes its own way as usual, but we can make it safe by using
_configthreadlocale().  Platforms having neither continue to use the
old code, but that should be pretty much nobody among current systems.

This should get back-patched, but let's see what the buildfarm
thinks of it first.

Michael Meskes and Tom Lane; thanks also to Takayuki Tsunakawa.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/31420.1547783697@sss.pgh.pa.us

This reverts commit 458a1244.
It has portability problems on Windows, which will require
a little bit of research to fix.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20202.1548035461@sss.pgh.pa.us

Previously, in set_append_rel_size(), we generated tlists and EC members
for dummy children for possible use by partition-wise join, even if
partition-wise join was disabled or the top parent was not a partitioned
table, but adding such EC members causes noticeable planning speed
degradation for queries with certain kinds of join quals like
"(foo.x + bar.y) = constant" where foo and bar are partitioned tables in
cases where there are lots of dummy children, as the EC members lists
grow huge, especially for the ECs derived from such join quals, which
makes the search for the parent EC members in add_child_rel_equivalences()
very time-consuming.  Postpone the work until such children are actually
involved in a partition-wise join.

Reported-by: Sanyo Capobiango
Analyzed-by: Justin Pryzby and Alvaro Herrera
Author: Amit Langote, with a few additional changes by me
Reviewed-by: Ashutosh Bapat
Backpatch-through: v11 where partition-wise join was added
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAO698qZnrxoZu7MEtfiJmpmUtz3AVYFVnwzR%2BpqjF%3DrmKBTgpw%40mail.gmail.com

Extends the COPY FROM command with a WHERE condition, which allows doing
various types of filtering while importing the data (random sampling,
condition on a data column, etc.).  Until now such filtering required
either preprocessing of the input data, or importing all data and then
filtering in the database. COPY FROM ... WHERE is an easy-to-use and
low-overhead alternative for most simple cases.

Author: Surafel Temesgen
Reviewed-by: Tomas Vondra, Masahiko Sawada, Lim Myungkyu
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CALAY4q_DdpWDuB5-Zyi-oTtO2uSk8pmy+dupiRe3AvAc++1imA@mail.gmail.com

This reverts commit d3bbc4b9.

Per discussion, it's not desirable to add valgrind suppressions for
outside our own code base (e.g. glibc in this case), especially when
the suppressions may be platform-specific. There are better ways to
deal with that, e.g. by providing local suppressions.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/90ac0452-e907-e7a4-b3c8-15bd33780e62%402ndquadrant.com

Commit c0d0e540 replaced the ones in the documentation, but missed out
on the ones in the code. Replace those as well, but unlike c0d0e540,
don't backpatch the code changes to avoid breaking translations.

The issue the comment is referring to was fixed by
08859bb5.

Avoids issues if build directory's pathname contains regex
metacharacters.

Raúl Marín Rodríguez

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAM6_UM6dGdU39PKAC24T+HD9ouy0jLN9vH6163K8QEEzr__iZw@mail.gmail.com

Recent OpenBSD (at least 5.9 and up) has a version of getopt(3)
that will not cope with the "-:" spec we use to accept double-dash
options in postgres.c and postmaster.c.  Admittedly, that's a hack
because POSIX only requires getopt() to allow alphanumeric option
characters.  I have no desire to find another way, however, so
let's just do what we were already doing on Solaris: force use
of our own src/port/getopt.c implementation.

In passing, improve some of the comments around said implementation.

Per buildfarm and local testing.  Back-patch to all supported branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/30197.1547835700@sss.pgh.pa.us

When creating a foreign key in a partitioned table, if some partitions
already have equivalent constraints, we wastefully create duplicates of
the constraints instead of attaching to the existing ones.  That's
inconsistent with the de-duplication that is applied when a table is
attached as a partition.  To fix, reuse the FK-cloning code instead of
having a separate code path.

Backpatch to Postgres 11.  This is a subtle behavior change, but surely
a welcome one since there's no use in having duplicate foreign keys.

Discovered by Álvaro Herrera while thinking about a different problem
reported by Jesper Pedersen (bug #15587).

Author: Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/201901151935.zfadrzvyof4k@alvherre.pgsql

My commit 3de241db introduced some code to create a clone of a
foreign key to a partition, but I put it in pg_constraint.c because it
was too close to the contents of the pg_constraint row.  With the
previous commit that split out the constraint tuple deconstruction into
its own routine, it makes more sense to have the FK-cloning function in
tablecmds.c, mostly because its static subroutine can then be used by a
future bugfix.

My initial posting of this patch had this routine as static in
tablecmds.c, but sadly this function is already part of the Postgres 11
ABI as exported from pg_constraint.c, so keep it as exported also just
to avoid breaking any possible users of it.

My commit 3de241db introduced some code (in tablecmds.c) to obtain
data from a pg_constraint row for a foreign key, that already existed in
ri_triggers.c.  Split it out into its own routine in pg_constraint.c,
where it naturally belongs.

No functional code changes, only code movement.

Backpatch to pg11, because a future bugfix is simpler after this.

A cascaded drop might find independent reasons to drop both a table
and some column of the table (for instance, a schema drop might include
dropping a data type used in some table in the schema).  Depending on
the order of visitation of pg_depend entries, we might report the
table column and the whole table as separate objects-to-be-dropped,
or we might only report the table.  This is confusing and leads to
unstable regression test output, so fix it to report only the table
regardless of visitation order.

Per gripe from Peter Geoghegan.  This is just cosmetic from a user's
standpoint, and we haven't actually seen regression test problems in
practice (yet), so I'll refrain from back-patching.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15908.1547762076@sss.pgh.pa.us

AC_ARG_VAR is necessary if an environment variable influences a
configure result that is then used by other tests that are cached.
With AC_ARG_VAR, a change in the variable is detected on subsequent
configure runs and the user is then advised to remove the cache.

This adds AC_ARG_VAR calls for: MSGFMT, PERL, PYTHON, TCLSH, XML2_CONFIG
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/30672.1546816567@sss.pgh.pa.us

Author: Masahiko Sawada
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoBiOiapB7YGbWRfNZji3cs1gkEwv=uGLTemaZ9yNKK1DA@mail.gmail.com

current_schema() gets called in the recently-added regression test from
c5660e0a, and can be used in a parallel context, causing its call to fail
when creating a temporary schema.

Per buildfarm members crake and lapwing.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190118005949.GD1883@paquier.xyz

I've had enough of "fixing" this test case.  Whatever value it has
is limited to verifying that pgbench fails for an unrecognized switch,
and we don't need to assume anything about what getopt_long prints in
order to do that.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9427.1547701450@sss.pgh.pa.us

Attempting to use a temporary table within a two-phase transaction is
forbidden for ages.  However, there have been uncovered grounds for
a couple of other object types and commands which work on temporary
objects with two-phase commit.  In short, trying to create, lock or drop
an object on a temporary schema should not be authorized within a
two-phase transaction, as it would cause its state to create
dependencies with other sessions, causing all sorts of side effects with
the existing session or other sessions spawned later on trying to use
the same temporary schema name.

Regression tests are added to cover all the grounds found, the original
report mentioned function creation, but monitoring closer there are many
other patterns with LOCK, DROP or CREATE EXTENSION which are involved.
One of the symptoms resulting in combining both is that the session
which used the temporary schema is not able to shut down completely,
waiting for being able to drop the temporary schema, something that it
cannot complete because of the two-phase transaction involved with
temporary objects.  In this case the client is able to disconnect but
the session remains alive on the backend-side, potentially blocking
connection backend slots from being used.  Other problems reported could
also involve server crashes.

This is back-patched down to v10, which is where 9b013dc2 has introduced
MyXactFlags, something that this patch relies on.

Reported-by: Alexey Bashtanov
Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Masahiko Sawada
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/5d910e2e-0db8-ec06-dd5f-baec420513c3@imap.cc
Backpatch-through: 10