This provides infrastructure for looking up arbitrary, user-supplied
XIDs without a risk of scary-looking failures from within the clog
module.  Normally, the oldest XID that can be safely looked up in CLOG
is the same as the oldest XID that can reused without causing
wraparound, and the latter is already tracked.  However, while
truncation is in progress, the values are different, so we must
keep track of them separately.

Craig Ringer, reviewed by Simon Riggs and by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAMsr+YHQiWNEi0daCTboS40T+V5s_+dst3PYv_8v2wNVH+Xx4g@mail.gmail.com

They have been deprecated since PostgreSQL 9.1.
Reviewed-by: Magnus Hagander <magnus@hagander.net>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson <daniel@yesql.se>

Previously, it was unsafe to execute a plan in parallel if
ExecutorRun() might be called with a non-zero row count.  However,
it's quite easy to fix things up so that we can support that case,
provided that it is known that we will never call ExecutorRun() a
second time for the same QueryDesc.  Add infrastructure to signal
this, and cross-checks to make sure that a caller who claims this is
true doesn't later reneg.

While that pattern never happens with queries received directly from a
client -- there's no way to know whether multiple Execute messages
will be sent unless the first one requests all the rows -- it's pretty
common for queries originating from procedural languages, which often
limit the result to a single tuple or to a user-specified number of
tuples.

This commit doesn't actually enable parallelism in any additional
cases, because currently none of the places that would be able to
benefit from this infrastructure pass CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK in the
first place, but it makes it much more palatable to pass
CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK in places where we currently don't, because it
eliminates some cases where we'd end up having to run the parallel
plan serially.

Patch by me, based on some ideas from Rafia Sabih and corrected by
Rafia Sabih based on feedback from Dilip Kumar and myself.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmobXEhvHbJtWDuPZM9bVSLiTj-kShxQJ2uM5GPDze9fRYA@mail.gmail.com

GIN vacuum during cleaning posting tree can lock this whole tree for a long
time with by holding LockBufferForCleanup() on root. Patch changes it with
two ways: first, cleanup lock will be taken only if there is an empty page
(which should be deleted) and, second, it tries to lock only subtree, not the
whole posting tree.

Author: Andrey Borodin with minor editorization by me
Reviewed-by: Jeff Davis, me

https://commitfest.postgresql.org/13/896/

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

related to 7c4f5240, per build farm

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

Jon Nelson

Adds write_lag, flush_lag and replay_lag cols to pg_stat_replication.

Implements a lag tracker module that reports the lag times based upon
measurements of the time taken for recent WAL to be written, flushed and
replayed and for the sender to hear about it. These times
represent the commit lag that was (or would have been) introduced by each
synchronous commit level, if the remote server was configured as a
synchronous standby.  For an asynchronous standby, the replay_lag column
approximates the delay before recent transactions became visible to queries.
If the standby server has entirely caught up with the sending server and
there is no more WAL activity, the most recently measured lag times will
continue to be displayed for a short time and then show NULL.

Physical replication lag tracking is automatic. Logical replication tracking
is possible but is the responsibility of the logical decoding plugin.
Tracking is a private module operating within each walsender individually,
with values reported to shared memory. Module not used outside of walsender.

Design and code is good enough now to commit - kudos to the author.
In many ways a difficult topic, with important and subtle behaviour so this
shoudl be expected to generate discussion and multiple open items: Test now!

Author: Thomas Munro, following designs by Fujii Masao and Simon Riggs
Review: Simon Riggs, Ian Barwick and Craig Ringer

Add functionality for a new subscription to copy the initial data in the
tables and then sync with the ongoing apply process.

For the copying, add a new internal COPY option to have the COPY source
data provided by a callback function.  The initial data copy works on
the subscriber by receiving COPY data from the publisher and then
providing it locally into a COPY that writes to the destination table.

A WAL receiver can now execute full SQL commands.  This is used here to
obtain information about tables and publications.

Several new options were added to CREATE and ALTER SUBSCRIPTION to
control whether and when initial table syncing happens.

Change pg_dump option --no-create-subscription-slots to
--no-subscription-connect and use the new CREATE SUBSCRIPTION
... NOCONNECT option for that.

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>
Tested-by: Erik Rijkers <er@xs4all.nl>

Author: Emil Iggland

Internally, we have supported the option to either wait for all of the
WAL associated with a backup to be archived, or to return immediately.
This option is useful to users of pg_stop_backup() as well, when they
are reading the stop backup record position and checking that the WAL
they need has been archived independently.

This patch adds an additional, optional, argument to pg_stop_backup()
which allows the user to indicate if they wish to wait for the WAL to be
archived or not.  The default matches current behavior, which is to
wait.

Author: David Steele, with some minor changes, doc updates by me.
Reviewed by: Takayuki Tsunakawa, Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/758e3fd1-45b4-5e28-75cd-e9e7f93a4c02@pgmasters.net

The pg_hba.conf rules were changed in
8df9bd0b.

There's no mechanism for such a sort to become a top-N sort, so we
should pass -1 rather than limit_tuples to cost_sort().

Rushabh Lathia, per a report from Mithun Cy

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAGPqQf1akRcSgC9=6iwx=sEPap9UvPpHJLzg8_N+OuHdb6fL+g@mail.gmail.com

This changes all the RADIUS related parameters (radiusserver,
radiussecret, radiusport, radiusidentifier) to be plural and to accept a
comma separated list of servers, which will be tried in order.

Reviewed by Adam Brightwell

Craig Ringer

Replace ignoreVacuum parameter with more flexible flags.

Author: Eiji Seki
Review: Haribabu Kommi

Previously AELs were registered against the top-level xid, which could
cause locks to be held much longer than necessary in some cases during
Hot Standby replay. We now record locks directly against their appropriate
xids. Requires few code changes because original code allowed for this
situation but didn’t fully implement it.

Discussion: CAKJS1f9vJ841HY=wonnLVbfkTWGYWdPN72VMxnArcGCjF3SywA@mail.gmail.com

Author: Simon Riggs and David Rowley

Logical replication no longer uses the "replication" keyword.  It just
matches database entries in the normal way.  The "replication" keyword
now only applies to physical replication.
Reviewed-by: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

Previously, the new owner had to be a superuser.  The new rules are more
refined similar to other objects.
Reviewed-by: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

Before exiting any files are fsync'ed. A --no-sync option is also
provided for a faster exit if desired.

Michael Paquier.

Reviewed by Albe Laurenz

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAB7nPqS1uZ=Ov+UruW6jr3vB-S_DLVMPc0dQpV-fTDjmm0ZQMg@mail.gmail.com

A hot standby replica keeps a list of Access Exclusive locks for a top
level transaction. These locks are released when the top level transaction
ends. Searching of this list is O(N^2), and each transaction had to pay the
price of searching this list for locks, even if it didn't take any AE
locks itself.

This patch optimizes this case by having the master server track which
transactions took AE locks, and passes that along to the standby server in
the commit/abort record. This allows the standby to only try to release
locks for transactions which actually took any, avoiding the majority of
the performance issue.

Refactor MyXactAccessedTempRel into MyXactFlags to allow minimal additional
cruft with this.

Analysis and initial patch by David Rowley
Author: David Rowley and Simon Riggs

Uses page-based mechanism to ensure we’re using the correct timeline.

Tests are included to exercise the functionality using a cold disk-level copy
of the master that's started up as a replica with slots intact, but the
intended use of the functionality is with later features.

Craig Ringer, reviewed by Simon Riggs and Andres Freund

Perl versions before 5.12 would warn "Use of implicit split to @_ is
deprecated".

Author: Jeff Janes <jeff.janes@gmail.com>

Don't dump publications with pg_dump -t or similar cases that select
specific groups of objects.

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

For several operating systems, we give handy package manager one-liners
to install all the requirements for building our documentation.  All
current production FreeBSD releases have a friendly new package manager
a bit like apt/yum, so give a one line command here.  Also, add a brief
note about gmake vs make in the doc subdirectory.

Author: Thomas Munro <thomas.munro@enterprisedb.com>

Reviewed by Tom Lane and Anastasia Lubennikova

Discussion:  http://postgr.es/m/56EA8A71.8060107@dunslane.net

This will allow enums to be used in exclusion constraints.

The code uses the new CallerFInfoFunctionCall infrastructure in fmgr,
and the support for it added to btree_gist in commit 393bb504d7.

Reviewed by Tom Lane and Anastasia Lubennikova

Discussion:  http://postgr.es/m/56EA8A71.8060107@dunslane.net

Follow up to commit 393bb504d7 which did this for numeric types.

None of the existing types actually need to use this mechanism, but this
will allow support for enum types which will need it. A separate patch
will adjust the varlena types support for consistency.

Reviewed by Tom Lane and Anastasia Lubennikova

Discussion:  http://postgr.es/m/27220.1478360811@sss.pgh.pa.us

Allows testing of logical decoding using SQL interface and/or pg_recvlogical
Most logical decoding tests are in contrib/test_decoding. This module
is for work that doesn't fit well there, like where server restarts
are required.

Craig Ringer

Partitioned tables do not contain any data; only their unpartitioned
descendents need to be scanned.  However, the partitioned tables still
need to be locked, even though they're not scanned.  To make that
work, Append and MergeAppend relations now need to carry a list of
(unscanned) partitioned relations that must be locked, and InitPlan
must lock all partitioned result relations.

Aside from the obvious advantage of avoiding some work at execution
time, this has two other advantages.  First, it may improve the
planner's decision-making in some cases since the empty relation
might throw things off.  Second, it paves the way to getting rid of
the storage for partitioned tables altogether.

Amit Langote, reviewed by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/6837c359-45c4-8044-34d1-736756335a15@lab.ntt.co.jp

of SP-GiST.

Bug exists since initial commit of box opclass for SP-GiST,
so backpath to 9.6

Author: Nikita Glukhov with minor editorization of tests by me
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Anastasia Lubennikova

https://commitfest.postgresql.org/13/981/

The current DirectFunctionCall functions use NULL as the flinfo in
initializing the FunctionCallInfoData for the call. That means the
called function has no fn_mcxt or fn_extra to work with, and attempting
to do so will result in an access violation. These functions instead use
the provided flinfo, which will usually be the caller's own flinfo. The
caller needs to ensure that it doesn't use the fn_extra in way that is
incompatible with the way the called function will use it. The called
function should not rely on anything else in the provided context, as it
will be relevant to the caller, not the callee.

Original code from Tom Lane.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/db2b70a4-78d7-294a-a315-8e7f506c5978@2ndQuadrant.com

It used to say the creation user.

Reported-by: Nathan Wagner

This clarifies that quoted infinity values must have the negative signs
inside single quotes.

Reported-by: Don Morrison

Commit b6fb534f added two new node fields but neglected to add copy and
comparison support for them, Mea culpa, should have checked for that.

per buildfarm animals with -DCOPY_PARSE_PLAN_TREES