This avoids avoids some epoll/kqueue system calls for every wait.
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horikyota.ntt@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKGJAC4Oqao%3DqforhNey20J8CiG2R%3DoBPqvfR0vOJrFysGw%40mail.gmail.com

Previously, condition_variable.c created a long lived WaitEventSet to
avoid extra system calls.  WaitLatch() now uses something similar
internally, so there is no point in wasting an extra kernel descriptor.
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horikyota.ntt@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKGJAC4Oqao%3DqforhNey20J8CiG2R%3DoBPqvfR0vOJrFysGw%40mail.gmail.com

Create LatchWaitSet at backend startup time, and use it to implement
WaitLatch().  This avoids repeated epoll/kqueue setup and teardown
system calls.

Reorder SubPostmasterMain() slightly so that we restore the postmaster
pipe and Windows signal emulation before we reach InitPostmasterChild(),
to make this work in EXEC_BACKEND builds.
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horikyota.ntt@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKGJAC4Oqao%3DqforhNey20J8CiG2R%3DoBPqvfR0vOJrFysGw%40mail.gmail.com

Add a GUC that acts as a multiplier on work_mem.  It gets applied when
sizing executor node hash tables that were previously size constrained
using work_mem alone.

The new GUC can be used to preferentially give hash-based nodes more
memory than the generic work_mem limit.  It is intended to enable admin
tuning of the executor's memory usage.  Overall system throughput and
system responsiveness can be improved by giving hash-based executor
nodes more memory (especially over sort-based alternatives, which are
often much less sensitive to being memory constrained).

The default value for hash_mem_multiplier is 1.0, which is also the
minimum valid value.  This means that hash-based nodes continue to apply
work_mem in the traditional way by default.

hash_mem_multiplier is generally useful.  However, it is being added now
due to concerns about hash aggregate performance stability for users
that upgrade to Postgres 13 (which added disk-based hash aggregation in
commit 1f39bce0).  While the old hash aggregate behavior risked
out-of-memory errors, it is nevertheless likely that many users actually
benefited.  Hash agg's previous indifference to work_mem during query
execution was not just faster; it also accidentally made aggregation
resilient to grouping estimate problems (at least in cases where this
didn't create destabilizing memory pressure).

hash_mem_multiplier can provide a certain kind of continuity with the
behavior of Postgres 12 hash aggregates in cases where the planner
incorrectly estimates that all groups (plus related allocations) will
fit in work_mem/hash_mem.  This seems necessary because hash-based
aggregation is usually much slower when only a small fraction of all
groups can fit.  Even when it isn't possible to totally avoid hash
aggregates that spill, giving hash aggregation more memory will reliably
improve performance (the same cannot be said for external sort
operations, which appear to be almost unaffected by memory availability
provided it's at least possible to get a single merge pass).

The PostgreSQL 13 release notes should advise users that increasing
hash_mem_multiplier can help with performance regressions associated
with hash aggregation.  That can be taken care of by a later commit.

Author: Peter Geoghegan
Reviewed-By: Álvaro Herrera, Jeff Davis
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200625203629.7m6yvut7eqblgmfo@alap3.anarazel.de
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzmD%2Bi1pG6rc1%2BCjc4V6EaFJ_qSuKCCHVnH%3DoruqD-zqow%40mail.gmail.com
Backpatch: 13-, where disk-based hash aggregation was introduced.

This commit makes pg_stat_statements track the total number
of rows retrieved or affected by CREATE TABLE AS, SELECT INTO,
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW and FETCH commands.

Suggested-by: Pascal Legrand
Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Asif Rehman
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/1584293755198-0.post@n3.nabble.com

When fast promotion was supported in 9.3, non-fast promotion became
undocumented feature and it's basically not available for ordinary users.
However we decided not to remove non-fast promotion at that moment,
to leave it for a release or two for debugging purpose or as an emergency
method because fast promotion might have some issues, and then to
remove it later. Now, several versions were released since that decision
and there is no longer reason to keep supporting non-fast promotion.
Therefore this commit removes non-fast promotion.

Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Hamid Akhtar, Kyotaro Horiguchi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/76066434-648f-f567-437b-54853b43398f@oss.nttdata.com

Use HyperLogLog to estimate the group cardinality in a spilled
partition. This estimate is used to choose the number of partitions if
we recurse.

The previous behavior was to use the number of tuples in a spilled
partition as the estimate for the number of groups, which lead to
overpartitioning. That could cause the number of batches to be much
higher than expected (with each batch being very small), which made it
harder to interpret EXPLAIN ANALYZE results.

Reviewed-by: Peter Geoghegan
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/a856635f9284bc36f7a77d02f47bbb6aaf7b59b3.camel@j-davis.com
Backpatch-through: 13

Oid is unsigned, so %u needs to be used and not %d.  The code path
involved here is not normally reachable, so no backpatch is done.

Author: Justin Pryzby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200728015523.GA27308@telsasoft.com

Since the tableam.c code needs to make use of the syncscan.c routines
itself, and since other block-oriented AMs might also want to use it one
day, it didn't make sense for it to live under src/backend/access/heap.
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKGLCnG%3DNEAByg6bk%2BCT9JZD97Y%3DAxKhh27Su9FeGWOKvDg%40mail.gmail.com

Missed by my commit 564ce621.

Backpatch: 13-, where disk-based hash aggregation was introduced.

Oversight in commit 1f39bce0, which added disk-based hash aggregation.

Backpatch: 13-, where disk-based hash aggregation was introduced.

The planner is in fact willing to use hash aggregation when work_mem is
not set high enough for everything to fit in memory.  This has been the
case since commit 1f39bce0, which added disk-based hash aggregation.

There are a few remaining cases in which hash aggregation is avoided as
a matter of policy when the planner surmises that spilling will be
necessary.  For example, callers of choose_hashed_setop() still
conservatively avoid hash aggregation when spilling is anticipated.
That doesn't seem like a good enough reason to mention hash aggregation
in this context.

Backpatch: 13-, where disk-based hash aggregation was introduced.

There were various unnecessary differences between Hash Agg's EXPLAIN
ANALYZE output and Hash Join's.  Here we modify the Hash Agg output so
that it's better aligned to Hash Join's.

The following changes have been made:
1. Start batches counter at 1 instead of 0.
2. Always display the "Batches" property, even when we didn't spill to
   disk.
3. Use the text "Batches" instead of "HashAgg Batches" for text format.
4. Use the text "Memory Usage" instead of "Peak Memory Usage" for text
   format.
5. Include "Batches" before "Memory Usage" in both text and non-text
   formats.

In passing also modify the "Planned Partitions" property so that we show
it regardless of if the value is 0 or not for non-text EXPLAIN formats.
This was pointed out by Justin Pryzby and probably should have been part
of 40efbf87.

Reviewed-by: Justin Pryzby, Jeff Davis
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvrshRnA6C0VFnu7Fb9TVvgGo80PUMm5+2DiaS1gEkPvtw@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 13, where HashAgg batching was introduced

Per complaint from Scott Ribe. Based on wording suggestion from Tom Lane.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/1956E806-1468-4417-9A9D-235AE1D5FE1A@elevated-dev.com
Backpatch-through: 11, where pg_jit_available() was added

This adds seven methods to the output plugin API, adding support for
streaming changes of large in-progress transactions.

* stream_start
* stream_stop
* stream_abort
* stream_commit
* stream_change
* stream_message
* stream_truncate

Most of this is a simple extension of the existing methods, with
the semantic difference that the transaction (or subtransaction)
is incomplete and may be aborted later (which is something the
regular API does not really need to deal with).

This also extends the 'test_decoding' plugin, implementing these
new stream methods.

The stream_start/start_stop are used to demarcate a chunk of changes
streamed for a particular toplevel transaction.

This commit simply adds these new APIs and the upcoming patch to "allow
the streaming mode in ReorderBuffer" will use these APIs.

Author: Tomas Vondra, Dilip Kumar, Amit Kapila
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Tested-by: Neha Sharma and Mahendra Singh Thalor
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/688b0b7f-2f6c-d827-c27b-216a8e3ea700@2ndquadrant.com

In the case of range partitioning, get_steps_using_prefix() assumes that
the passed-in prefix list contains at least one clause for each of the
partition keys earlier than one specified in the passed-in
step_lastkeyno, but the caller (ie, gen_prune_steps_from_opexps())
didn't take it into account, which led to a server crash or incorrect
results when the list contained no clauses for such partition keys, as
reported in bug #16500 and #16501 from Kobayashi Hisanori.  Update the
caller to call that function only when the list created there contains
at least one clause for each of the earlier partition keys in the case
of range partitioning.

While at it, fix some other issues:

* The list to pass to get_steps_using_prefix() is allowed to contain
  multiple clauses for the same partition key, as described in the
  comment for that function, but that function actually assumed that the
  list contained just a single clause for each of middle partition keys,
  which led to an assertion failure when the list contained multiple
  clauses for such partition keys.  Update that function to match the
  comment.
* In the case of hash partitioning, partition keys are allowed to be
  NULL, in which case the list to pass to get_steps_using_prefix()
  contains no clauses for NULL partition keys, but that function treats
  that case as like the case of range partitioning, which led to the
  assertion failure.  Update the assertion test to take into account
  NULL partition keys in the case of hash partitioning.
* Fix a typo in a comment in get_steps_using_prefix_recurse().
* gen_partprune_steps() failed to detect self-contradiction from
  strict-qual clauses and an IS NULL clause for the same partition key
  in some cases, producing incorrect partition-pruning steps, which led
  to incorrect results of partition pruning, but didn't cause any
  user-visible problems fortunately, as the self-contradiction is
  detected later in the query planning.  Update that function to detect
  the self-contradiction.

Per bug #16500 and #16501 from Kobayashi Hisanori.  Patch by me, initial
diagnosis for the reported issue and review by Dmitry Dolgov.
Back-patch to v11, where partition pruning was introduced.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16500-d1613f2a78e1e090%40postgresql.org
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16501-5234a9a0394f6754%40postgresql.org

Note: This GUC was originally named enable_hashagg_disk when it appeared
in commit 1f39bce0, which added disk-based hash aggregation.  It was
subsequently renamed in commit 92c58fd9.

Author: Peter Geoghegan
Reviewed-By: Jeff Davis, Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9d9d1e1252a52ea1bad84ea40dbebfd54e672a0f.camel%40j-davis.com
Backpatch: 13-, where disk-based hash aggregation was introduced.

A compressed stream may end with an empty packet.  In this case
decompression finishes before reading the empty packet and the
remaining stream packet causes a failure in reading the following
data.  This commit makes sure to consume such extra data, avoiding a
failure when decompression the data.  This corner case was reproducible
easily with a data length of 16kB, and existed since e94dd6ab.  A cheap
regression test is added to cover this case based on a random,
incompressible string.

The first attempt of this patch has allowed to find an older failure
within the compression logic of pgcrypto, fixed by b9b61057.  This
involved SLES 15 with z390 where a custom flavor of libz gets used.
Bonus thanks to Mark Wong for providing access to the specific
environment.

Reported-by: Frank Gagnepain
Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16476-692ef7b84e5fb893@postgresql.org
Backpatch-through: 9.5

Some code paths dedicated to bytea used the structure for varchar.  This
did not lead to any actual bugs, as bytea and varchar have the same
definition, but it could become a trap if one of these definitions
changes for a new feature or a bug fix.

Issue introduced by 050710b3.

Author: Shenhao Wang
Reviewed-by: Vignesh C, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/07ac7dee1efc44f99d7f53a074420177@G08CNEXMBPEKD06.g08.fujitsu.local
Backpatch-through: 12

Refactor hash lookups in nodeAgg.c to improve performance.

Author: Andres Freund and Jeff Davis
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200612213715.op4ye4q7gktqvpuo%40alap3.anarazel.de
Backpatch-through: 13

Previously we would allocate blocks to parallel workers during a parallel
sequential scan 1 block at a time.  Since other workers were likely to
request a block before a worker returns for another block number to work
on, this could lead to non-sequential I/O patterns in each worker which
could cause the operating system's readahead to perform poorly or not at
all.

Here we change things so that we allocate consecutive "chunks" of blocks
to workers and have them work on those until they're done, at which time
we allocate another chunk for the worker.  The size of these chunks is
based on the size of the relation.

Initial patch here was by Thomas Munro which showed some good improvements
just having a fixed chunk size of 64 blocks with a simple ramp-down near
the end of the scan. The revisions of the patch to make the chunk size
based on the relation size and the adjusted ramp-down in powers of two was
done by me, along with quite extensive benchmarking to determine the
optimal chunk sizes.

For the most part, benchmarks have shown significant performance
improvements for large parallel sequential scans on Linux, FreeBSD and
Windows using SSDs.  It's less clear how this affects the performance of
cloud providers.  Tests done so far are unable to obtain stable enough
performance to provide meaningful benchmark results.  It is possible that
this could cause some performance regressions on more obscure filesystems,
so we may need to later provide users with some ability to get something
closer to the old behavior.  For now, let's leave that until we see that
it's really required.

Author: Thomas Munro, David Rowley
Reviewed-by: Ranier Vilela, Soumyadeep Chakraborty, Robert Haas
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila, Kirk Jamison
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+hUKGJ_EErDv41YycXcbMbCBkztA34+z1ts9VQH+ACRuvpxig@mail.gmail.com

The initial implementation of leader_pid in pg_stat_activity added by
b025f32e took the approach to strictly print what a PGPROC entry
includes.  In short, if a backend has been involved in parallel query at
least once, leader_pid would remain set as long as the backend is alive.
For a parallel group leader, this means that the field would always be
set after it participated at least once in parallel query, and after
more discussions this could be confusing if using for example a
connection pooler.

This commit changes the data printed so as leader_pid becomes always
NULL for a parallel group leader, showing up a non-NULL value only for
the parallel workers, and actually as long as a parallel query is
running as workers are shut down once the query has completed.

This does not change the definition of any catalog, so no catalog bump
is needed.  Per discussion with Justin Pryzby, Álvaro Herrera, Julien
Rouhaud and me.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200721035145.GB17300@paquier.xyz
Backpatch-through: 13

The loop to generate seed data will exit on RAND_status(), so we don't
need to handle the case of RAND_poll() failing separately.  Failures
here are rare, so this a code cleanup, essentially.

Daniel Gustafsson, reviewed by David Steele and Michael Paquier.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9B038FA5-23E8-40D0-B932-D515E1D8F66A@yesql.se

OpenSSL deprecated RAND_cleanup(), and OpenSSL 1.1.0 made it into a
no-op.  Replace it with RAND_poll(), per an OpenSSL community
recommendation.  While this has no user-visible consequences under
OpenSSL defaults, it might help under non-default settings.

Daniel Gustafsson, reviewed by David Steele and Michael Paquier.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9B038FA5-23E8-40D0-B932-D515E1D8F66A@yesql.se

At least on Linux and macOS, fread() turns out to have far higher
per-call overhead than one could wish.  Reading 64KB of data at a time
and then parceling it out with our own memcpy logic makes binary COPY
from a file significantly faster --- around 30% in simple testing for
cases with narrow text columns (on Linux ... even more on macOS).

In binary COPY from frontend, there's no per-call fread(), and this
patch introduces an extra layer of memcpy'ing, but it still manages
to eke out a small win.  Apparently, the control-logic overhead in
CopyGetData() is enough to be worth avoiding for small fetches.

Bharath Rupireddy and Amit Langote, reviewed by Vignesh C,
cosmetic tweaks by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALj2ACU5Bz06HWLwqSzNMN=Gupoj6Rcn_QVC+k070V4em9wu=A@mail.gmail.com

Making these leakproof seems helpful since (for example) if you have a
function f(int8) that is leakproof, you don't want it to effectively
become non-leakproof when you apply it to an int4 or int2 column.
But that's what happens today, since the implicit up-coercion will
not be leakproof.

Most of the coercion functions that visibly can't throw errors are
functions that convert numeric datatypes to other, wider ones.
Notable is that float4_numeric and float8_numeric can be marked
leakproof; before commit a57d312a they could not have been.
I also marked the functions that coerce strings to "name" as leakproof;
that's okay today because they truncate silently, but if we ever
reconsidered that behavior then they could no longer be leakproof.

I desisted from marking rtrim1() as leakproof; it appears so right now,
but the code seems a little too complex and perhaps subject to change,
since it's shared with other SQL functions.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/459322.1595607431@sss.pgh.pa.us

Commit 85c9d347 addressed a similar problem for Gather and Gather
Merge nodes but forgot to account for nodes above parallel nodes.  This
still works for nodes above Gather node because we shut down the workers
for Gather node as soon as there are no more tuples.  We can do a similar
thing for Gather Merge as well but it seems better to account for stats
during nodes shutdown after completing the execution.

Reported-by: Stéphane Lorek, Jehan-Guillaume de Rorthais
Author: Jehan-Guillaume de Rorthais <jgdr@dalibo.com>
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Backpatch-through: 10, where it was introduced
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200718160206.584532a2@firost

It's fairly silly that ignoring NOT subexpressions is TS_execute's
default behavior.  It's wrong on its face and it encourages errors
of omission.  Moreover, the only two remaining callers that aren't
specifying CALC_NOT are in ts_headline calculations, and it's very
arguable that those are bugs: if you've specified "!foo" in your
query, why would you want to get a headline that includes "foo"?

Hence, rip that out and change the default behavior to be to calculate
NOT accurately.  As a concession to the slim chance that there is still
somebody somewhere who needs the incorrect behavior, provide a new
SKIP_NOT flag to explicitly request that.

Back-patch into v13, mainly because it seems better to change this
at the same time as the previous commit's rejiggering of TS_execute
related APIs.  Any outside callers affected by this change are
probably also affected by that one.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALT9ZEE-aLotzBg-pOp2GFTesGWVYzXA3=mZKzRDa_OKnLF7Mg@mail.gmail.com

Text search sometimes failed to find valid matches, for instance
'!crew:A'::tsquery might fail to locate 'crew:1B'::tsvector during
an index search.  The root of the issue is that TS_execute's callback
functions were not changed to use ternary (yes/no/maybe) reporting
when we made the search logic itself do so.  It's somewhat annoying
to break that API, but on the other hand we now see that any code
using plain boolean logic is almost certainly broken since the
addition of phrase search.  There seem to be very few outside callers
of this code anyway, so we'll just break them intentionally to get
them to adapt.

This allows removal of tsginidx.c's private re-implementation of
TS_execute, since that's now entirely duplicative.  It's also no
longer necessary to avoid use of CALC_NOT in tsgistidx.c, since
the underlying callbacks can now do something reasonable.

Back-patch into v13.  We can't change this in stable branches,
but it seems not quite too late to fix it in v13.

Tom Lane and Pavel Borisov

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALT9ZEE-aLotzBg-pOp2GFTesGWVYzXA3=mZKzRDa_OKnLF7Mg@mail.gmail.com

The new name has been preferred by Autoconf for a long time.  Future
versions of Autoconf will warn about the old name.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/e796c185-5ece-8569-248f-dd3799701be1%402ndquadrant.com

contrib/pgcrypto mishandled the case where deflate() does not consume
all of the offered input on the first try.  It reset the next_in pointer
to the start of the input instead of leaving it alone, causing the wrong
data to be fed to the next deflate() call.

This has been broken since pgcrypto was committed.  The reason for the
lack of complaints seems to be that it's fairly hard to get stock zlib
to not consume all the input, so long as the output buffer is big enough
(which it normally would be in pgcrypto's usage; AFAICT the input is
always going to be packetized into packets no larger than ZIP_OUT_BUF).
However, IBM's zlibNX implementation for AIX evidently will do it
in some cases.

I did not add a test case for this, because I couldn't find one that
would fail with stock zlib.  When we put back the test case for
bug #16476, that will cover the zlibNX situation well enough.

While here, write deflate()'s second argument as Z_NO_FLUSH per its
API spec, instead of hard-wiring the value zero.

Per buildfarm results and subsequent investigation.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16476-692ef7b84e5fb893@postgresql.org

TLS 1.3 uses a different way of specifying ciphers and a different
OpenSSL API.  PostgreSQL currently does not support setting those
ciphers.  For now, just document this.  In the future, support for
this might be added somehow.
Reviewed-by: Jonathan S. Katz <jkatz@postgresql.org>
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>

Remove extra space.  Back-patch to all releases, like commit 7897e3bb.

Author: Lu, Chenyang <lucy.fnst@cn.fujitsu.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/795d03c6129844d3803e7eea48f5af0d%40G08CNEXMBPEKD04.g08.fujitsu.local

When wal_level=logical, write invalidations at command end into WAL so
that decoding can use this information.

This patch is required to allow the streaming of in-progress transactions
in logical decoding.  The actual work to allow streaming will be committed
as a separate patch.

We still add the invalidations to the cache and write them to WAL at
commit time in RecordTransactionCommit(). This uses the existing
XLOG_INVALIDATIONS xlog record type, from the RM_STANDBY_ID resource
manager (see LogStandbyInvalidations for details).

So existing code relying on those invalidations (e.g. redo) does not need
to be changed.

The invalidations written at command end uses a new xlog record type
XLOG_XACT_INVALIDATIONS, from RM_XACT_ID resource manager. See
LogLogicalInvalidations for details.

These new xlog records are ignored by existing redo procedures, which
still rely on the invalidations written to commit records.

The invalidations are decoded and accumulated in top-transaction, and then
executed during replay.  This obviates the need to decode the
invalidations as part of a commit record.

Bump XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC, since this introduces XLOG_XACT_INVALIDATIONS.

Author: Dilip Kumar, Tomas Vondra, Amit Kapila
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Tested-by: Neha Sharma and Mahendra Singh Thalor
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/688b0b7f-2f6c-d827-c27b-216a8e3ea700@2ndquadrant.com

This reverts commit 9e108984, after finding out that buildfarm members
running SLES 15 on z390 complain on the compression and decompression
logic of the new test: pipistrelles, barbthroat and steamerduck.

Those hosts are visibly using hardware-specific changes to improve zlib
performance, requiring more investigation.

Thanks to Tom Lane for the discussion.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200722093749.GA2564@paquier.xyz
Backpatch-through: 9.5

Add infinities that behave the same as they do in the floating-point
data types.  Aside from any intrinsic usefulness these may have,
this closes an important gap in our ability to convert floating
values to numeric and/or replace float-based APIs with numeric.

The new values are represented by bit patterns that were formerly
not used (although old code probably would take them for NaNs).
So there shouldn't be any pg_upgrade hazard.

Patch by me, reviewed by Dean Rasheed and Andrew Gierth

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/606717.1591924582@sss.pgh.pa.us

A compressed stream may end with an empty packet, and PGP decompression
finished before reading this empty packet in the remaining stream.  This
caused a failure in pgcrypto, handling this case as corrupted data.
This commit makes sure to consume such extra data, avoiding a failure
when decompression the entire stream.  This corner case was reproducible
with a data length of 16kB, and existed since its introduction in
e94dd6ab.  A cheap regression test is added to cover this case.

Thanks to Jeff Janes for the extra investigation.

Reported-by: Frank Gagnepain
Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16476-692ef7b84e5fb893@postgresql.org
Backpatch-through: 9.5

convutils.pm used implicit conversion of undefined value to integer
zero.  Some of conversion scripts are susceptible to regexp greediness.
Fix, avoiding whitespace changes in the output.  Also update ICU URLs
that moved.

No need to back-patch, because the output of these scripts is also in
the source tree so we shouldn't need to rerun them on back-branches.

Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi <horikyoga.ntt@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKGJ7SEGLbj%3D%3DTQCcyKRA9aqj8%2B6L%3DexSq1y25TA%3DWxLziQ%40mail.gmail.com

An incorrect reference to SHA-1 was present.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/FE26C953-FA87-4BB9-9105-AA1F8705B0D0@yesql.se

Since commit 044c99bc, eqjoinsel passes the passed-in collation
to any operators it invokes.  However, neqjoinsel failed to pass
on whatever collation it got, so that if we invoked a
collation-dependent operator via that code path, we'd get "could not
determine which collation to use for string comparison" or the like.

Per report from Justin Pryzby.  Back-patch to v12, like the previous
commit.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200721191606.GL5748@telsasoft.com