When more than one setting entries of same parameter exist in the
configuration file, PostgreSQL uses only entry appearing last in
configuration file scan. Since the other entries are not used,
ParseConfigFp() doesn't need to process them, but previously it did
that. This problematic behavior caused the configuration file scan
to detect invalid settings of unused entries (e.g., existence of
multiple entries of PGC_POSTMASTER parameter) and log the messages
complaining about them.

This commit changes the configuration file scan so that it processes
only last entry of each parameter.

Note that when multiple entries of same parameter exist both in
postgresql.conf and postgresql.auto.conf, unused entries in
postgresql.conf are still processed only at postmaster startup.

The problem has existed since old version, but a user is more likely
to encounter it since 9.4 where ALTER SYSTEM command was introduced.
So back-patch to 9.4.

Amit Kapila, slightly modified by me. Per report from Christoph Berg.

These messages are new in 9.4, which hasn't been released yet, so
back-patch to REL9_4_STABLE.

Daniele Varrazzo

The user specified to the upgrade was effectively the install user, but
that was not clearly stated in the comments, documentation, or error
messages.

autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age was added as a pg_ctl start
parameter in 9.3.X to prevent autovacuum from running.  However, only
some 9.3.X releases have autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age as it was
added in a minor PG 9.3 release.  It also isn't needed because -b turns
off autovacuum in 9.1+.

Without this fix, trying to upgrade from an early 9.3 release to 9.4
would fail.

Report by EDB

Backpatch through 9.3

This should fix the Windows build, broken by commit ed802e7d.

Back-patch to 9.3.

In 9.2, pg_receivexlog with verbose option has emitted the messages
at the end of each WAL file. But the commit 0b632913 suppressed such
messages by mistake. This commit fixes the bug so that pg_receivexlog
--verbose outputs such messages again.

Back-patch to 9.3 where the bug was added.

log_newpage is used by many indexams, in addition to heap, but for
historical reasons it's always been part of the heapam rmgr. Starting with
9.3, we have another WAL record type for logging an image of a page,
XLOG_FPI. Simplify things by moving log_newpage and log_newpage_buffer to
xlog.c, and switch to using the XLOG_FPI record type.

Bump the WAL version number because the code to replay the old HEAP_NEWPAGE
records is removed.

When autovacuum is nominally off, we will still launch autovac workers
to vacuum tables that are at risk of XID wraparound.  But after we'd done
that, an autovac worker would proceed to autovacuum every table in the
targeted database, if they meet the usual thresholds for autovacuuming.
This is at best pretty unexpected; at worst it delays response to the
wraparound threat.  Fix it so that if autovacuum is nominally off, we
*only* do forced vacuums and not any other work.

Per gripe from Andrey Zhidenkov.  This has been like this all along,
so back-patch to all supported branches.

Mitsumasa KONDO and Fabien COELHO, with further wordsmithing by me.

InitProcess() relies on IsBackgroundWorker to decide whether the PGPROC
for a new backend should be taken from ProcGlobal's freeProcs or from
bgworkerFreeProcs.  In EXEC_BACKEND builds, InitProcess() is called
sooner than in non-EXEC_BACKEND builds, and IsBackgroundWorker wasn't
getting initialized soon enough.

Report by Noah Misch.  Diagnosis and fix by me.

- Capitalize titles consistently.
- Fix some grammar.
- Group "Obtaining Information About an Error" under "Trapping Errors",
  but make "Obtaining the Call Stack Context Information" its own
  section, since it's not about errors.

Commit 0ac5ad51 removed an optimization in multixact.c that skipped
fetching members of MultiXactId that were older than our
OldestVisibleMXactId value.  The reason this was removed is that it is
possible for multixacts that contain updates to be older than that
value.  However, if the caller is certain that the multi does not
contain an update (because the infomask bits say so), it can pass this
info down to GetMultiXactIdMembers, enabling it to use the old
optimization.

Pointed out by Andres Freund in 20131121200517.GM7240@alap2.anarazel.de

Testing for abortedness of a multixact member that's being frozen is
unnecessary: we only need to know whether the transaction is still in
progress or committed to determine whether it must be kept or not.  This
let us simplify the code a bit and avoid a useless TransactionIdDidAbort
test.

Suggested by Andres Freund awhile back.

Pointed out by Tom Lane. Backpatch to 9.4, the code was structured
differently in earlier branches and didn't have this mistake.

There were several oversights in recovery code where COMMIT/ABORT PREPARED
records were ignored:

* pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp() (wasn't updated for 2PC commits)
* recovery_min_apply_delay (2PC commits were applied immediately)
* recovery_target_xid (recovery would not stop if the XID used 2PC)

The first of those was reported by Sergiy Zuban in bug #11032, analyzed by
Tom Lane and Andres Freund. The bug was always there, but was masked before
commit d19bd29f, because COMMIT PREPARED
always created an extra regular transaction that was WAL-logged.

Backpatch to all supported versions (older versions didn't have all the
features and therefore didn't have all of the above bugs).

Previously the duplicated paragraphs were used next to each other
in the document to demonstrate that the changes in the stream
were not consumed by pg_logical_slot_peek_changes function.
But some users misunderstood that the duplication of the same
paragraph was just typo. So this commit rewords the sentence in
the latter paragraph for less confusing.

Christoph Moench-Tegeder

Since commit 2d001904, fork numbers are
defined in relpath.h not relfilenode.h.

Fabrízio de Royes Mello

The documentation of ALTER TABLESPACE ... MOVE was added without any
markup, not even paragraph breaks.  Fix that, and clarify the text in a
few places.

findDependencyLoops() was not bright about cases where there are multiple
dependency paths between the same two dumpable objects.  In most scenarios
this did not hurt us too badly; but since the introduction of section
boundary pseudo-objects in commit a1ef01fe,
it was possible for this code to take unreasonable amounts of time (tens
of seconds on a database with a couple thousand objects), as reported in
bug #11033 from Joe Van Dyk.  Joe's particular problem scenario involved
"pg_dump -a" mode with long chains of foreign key constraints, but I think
that similar problems could arise with other situations as long as there
were enough objects.  To fix, add a flag array that lets us notice when we
arrive at the same object again while searching from a given start object.
This simple change seems to be enough to eliminate the performance problem.

Back-patch to 9.1, like the patch that introduced section boundary objects.

This return code is possible wherever we pass bAlertable = TRUE; it
arises when Windows caused the current thread to run an "I/O completion
routine" or an "asynchronous procedure call".  PostgreSQL does not
provoke either of those Windows facilities, hence this bug remaining
largely unnoticed, but other local code might do so.  Due to a shortage
of complaints, no back-patch for now.

Per report from Shiv Shivaraju Gowda, this bug can cause
PGSemaphoreLock() to PANIC.  The bug can also cause select() to report
timeout expiration too early, which might confuse pgstat_init() and
CheckRADIUSAuth().

This restores the style of keeping configure.in free of AC_DEFUN.  Per
gripe from Tom Lane.

shm_mq_send_bytes didn't invariably initialize *bytes_written before
returning, which would cause shm_mq_send to read from uninitialized
memory and add the value it found there to mqh->mqh_partial_bytes.
This could cause the next attempt to send a message via the queue to
fail an assertion (if the queue was detached) or copy data from a
garbage pointer value into the queue (if non-blocking mode was in use).

Nothing in the checkpointer calls InitXLOGAccess(), so WALInsertLocks
never got initialized there.  Without EXEC_BACKEND, it works anyway
because the correct value is inherited from the postmaster, but
with EXEC_BACKEND we've got a problem.  The problem appears to have
been introduced by commit 68a2e52b.

To fix, move the relevant initialization steps from InitXLOGAccess()
to XLOGShmemInit(), making this more parallel to what we do
elsewhere.

Amit Kapila

Ephemeral slots - slots that shouldn't survive database restarts -
weren't properly cleaned up after a immediate/crash restart. They were
ignored in the sense that they weren't restored into memory and thus
didn't cause unwanted resource retention; but they prevented a new
slot with the same name from being created.

Now ephemeral slots are fully removed during startup.

Backpatch to 9.4 where replication slots where added.

Spotted by Tom Lane.

The syntax summary previously failed to clarify that the first
argument is also optional.  The textual description did mention it,
but all the way at the bottom.  It fits better with the command
overview, so move it there, and fix the summary also.

Dilip Kumar, reviewed by Fabien Coelho

The problem is that pg_receivexlog calls select(2) with timeout=0 and
goes into busy loop when --status-interval option is set to 0. This bug
was introduced by the commit,
74cbe966.

Per report from Sawada Masahiko

This fixes the installcheck part.  The check part has additional
problems that will be addressed in a separate commit.

Break the list of available options into an <itemizedlist> instead of
inline sentences.  This is mostly motivated by wanting to ensure that the
cross-references to the FSM and VM docs don't cross page boundaries in PDF
format; but it seems to me to read more easily this way anyway.  I took the
liberty of editorializing a bit further while at it.

Per complaint from Magnus about 9.0.18 docs not building in A4 format.
Patch all active branches so we don't get blind-sided by this particular
issue again in future.

This is consistent with the POSIX verdict that kill() shall not report
ESRCH for a zombie process.  Back-patch to 9.0 (all supported versions).
Test code from commit d7cdf6ee depends
on it, and log messages about kill() reporting "Invalid argument" will
cease to appear for this not-unexpected condition.

Commit d7cdf6ee introduced a usage
thereof.  Back-patch to 9.0, like that commit.

The executor has thrown errors for negative OFFSET values since 8.4 (see
commit bfce56ee), but in a moment of brain
fade I taught the planner that OFFSET with a constant negative value was a
no-op (commit 1a1832eb).  Reinstate the
former behavior by only discarding OFFSET with a value of exactly 0.  In
passing, adjust a planner comment that referenced the ancient behavior.

Back-patch to 9.3 where the mistake was introduced.

get_raw_page tried to validate the supplied block number against
RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(), which of course is only right when
accessing the main fork.  In most cases, the main fork is longer
than the others, so that the check was too weak (allowing a
lower-level error to be reported, but no real harm to be done).
However, very small tables could have an FSM larger than their heap,
in which case the mistake prevented access to some FSM pages.
Per report from Torsten Foertsch.

In passing, make the bad-block-number error into an ereport not elog
(since it's certainly not an internal error); and fix sloppily
maintained comment for RelationGetNumberOfBlocksInFork.

This has been wrong since we invented relation forks, so back-patch
to all supported branches.

This makes the behaviour consistent with the json parser, other
json-generating functions, and the JSON standards.

With OpenLDAP versions 2.4.24 through 2.4.31, inclusive, PostgreSQL
backends can crash at exit.  Raise a warning during "configure" based on
the compile-time OpenLDAP version number, and test the crash scenario in
the dblink test suite.  Back-patch to 9.0 (all supported versions).

Unset environment variables that control message language, so that we
can compare some program output with expected strings.  This is very
similar to what pg_regress does.