Reflow text in lock manager README so that it fits within 80 columns.
Correct some mistakes.  Expand the README to explain not only why group
locking exists but also the data structures that support it.  Improve
comments related to group locking several files.  Change the name of a
macro argument for improved clarity.

Most of these problems were reported by Tom Lane, but I found a few
of them myself.

Robert Haas and Tom Lane

list_concat(list_concat(a, b), c) destructively changes both a and b;
to avoid such perils, copy lists of remote_conds before incorporating
them into larger lists via list_concat().

Ashutosh Bapat, per a report from Etsuro Fujita

With suggentions from Tom Lane.

Not all compilers support "long long" and the "LL" integer literal
suffix, so use a cast to int64 instead.

Commit 53874c52 broke various 32-bit
buildfarm machines because it incorrectly used an 'L' suffix for what
needed to be a 64-bit literal. Thanks to Michael Paquier for helping
to diagnose this.

This will parse strings in the format produced by pg_size_pretty() and
return sizes in bytes. This allows queries to be written with clauses
like "pg_total_relation_size(oid) > pg_size_bytes('10 GB')".

Author: Pavel Stehule with various improvements by Vitaly Burovoy
Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAFj8pRD-tGoDKnxdYgECzA4On01_uRqPrwF-8LdkSE-6bDHp0w@mail.gmail.com
Reviewed-by: Vitaly Burovoy, Oleksandr Shulgin, Kyotaro Horiguchi,
    Michael Paquier and Robert Haas

Prevent wrapping of the element content to avoid confusing line breaks
between hyphens.

Architecture reference material specifies this order, and s_lock.h
inline assembly agrees.  The former order failed to provide mutual
exclusion to lwlock.c and perhaps to other clients.  The two xlc
buildfarm members, hornet and mandrill, have failed sixteen times with
duplicate key errors involving pg_class_oid_index or pg_type_oid_index.
Back-patch to 9.5, where commit b64d92f1
introduced atomics.

Reviewed by Andres Freund and Tom Lane.

StartupSUBTRANS() incorrectly handled cases near the max pageid in the subtrans
data structure, which in some cases could lead to errors in startup for Hot
Standby.
This patch wraps the pageids correctly, avoiding any such errors.
Identified by exhaustive crash testing by Jeff Janes.

Jeff Janes

It was using %u to read a string that was earlier produced by snprintf with %d
into a signed integer variable.  This seems to work in practice but is
incorrect.

found by cppcheck

Up to now, there's been an assumption that all Paths for a given relation
compute the same output column set (targetlist).  However, there are good
reasons to remove that assumption.  For example, an indexscan on an
expression index might be able to return the value of an expensive function
"for free".  While we have the ability to generate such a plan today in
simple cases, we don't have a way to model that it's cheaper than a plan
that computes the function from scratch, nor a way to create such a plan
in join cases (where the function computation would normally happen at
the topmost join node).  Also, we need this so that we can have Paths
representing post-scan/join steps, where the targetlist may well change
from one step to the next.  Therefore, invent a "struct PathTarget"
representing the columns we expect a plan step to emit.  It's convenient
to include the output tuple width and tlist evaluation cost in this struct,
and there will likely be additional fields in future.

While Path nodes that actually do have custom outputs will need their own
PathTargets, it will still be true that most Paths for a given relation
will compute the same tlist.  To reduce the overhead added by this patch,
keep a "default PathTarget" in RelOptInfo, and allow Paths that compute
that column set to just point to their parent RelOptInfo's reltarget.
(In the patch as committed, actually every Path is like that, since we
do not yet have any cases of custom PathTargets.)

I took this opportunity to provide some more-honest costing of
PlaceHolderVar evaluation.  Up to now, the assumption that "scan/join
reltargetlists have cost zero" was applied not only to Vars, where it's
reasonable, but also PlaceHolderVars where it isn't.  Now, we add the eval
cost of a PlaceHolderVar's expression to the first plan level where it can
be computed, by including it in the PathTarget cost field and adding that
to the cost estimates for Paths.  This isn't perfect yet but it's much
better than before, and there is a way forward to improve it more.  This
costing change affects the join order chosen for a couple of the regression
tests, changing expected row ordering.

Suppress creation of the pg_upgrade delete script when the new data
directory is inside the old data directory.

Reported-by: IRC

Backpatch-through: 9.3, where delete script tests were added

Dead or half-dead index leaf pages were incorrectly reported as live, as a
consequence of a code rearrangement I made (during a moment of severe brain
fade, evidently) in commit d287818e.

The index metapage was not counted in index_size, causing that result to
not agree with the actual index size on-disk.

Index root pages were not counted in internal_pages, which is inconsistent
compared to the case of a root that's also a leaf (one-page index), where
the root would be counted in leaf_pages.  Aside from that inconsistency,
this could lead to additional transient discrepancies between the reported
page counts and index_size, since it's possible for pgstatindex's scan to
see zero or multiple pages marked as BTP_ROOT, if the root moves due to
a split during the scan.  With these fixes, index_size will always be
exactly one page more than the sum of the displayed page counts.

Also, the index_size result was incorrectly documented as being measured in
pages; it's always been measured in bytes.  (While fixing that, I couldn't
resist doing some small additional wordsmithing on the pgstattuple docs.)

Including the metapage causes the reported index_size to not be zero for
an empty index.  To preserve the desired property that the pgstattuple
regression test results are platform-independent (ie, BLCKSZ configuration
independent), scale the index_size result in the regression tests.

The documentation issue was reported by Otsuka Kenji, and the inconsistent
root page counting by Peter Geoghegan; the other problems noted by me.
Back-patch to all supported branches, because this has been broken for
a long time.

The old phrasing was awkward if a replication slot is activated and
deactivated repeatedly.

In commit a5c43b88 the behavior of command line pg_config was
inadvertantly changed to include the config name when specific
configs are requested, similar to when none are requested and
all are emitted. This breaks scripts that expect to use
pg_config for e.g. PGXS. Revert the behavior to the previous.

Move and refactor the underlying code for the pg_config client
application to src/common in support of sharing it with a new
system information SRF called pg_config() which makes the same
information available via SQL. Additionally wrap the SRF with a
new system view, as called pg_config.

Patch by me with extensive input and review by Michael Paquier
and additional review by Alvaro Herrera.

When processing ordered aggregates following a sort that could make use
of the abbreviated key optimization, only call the equality operator to
compare successive pairs of tuples when their abbreviated keys were not
equal.

Peter Geoghegan, reviewd by Andreas Karlsson and by me.

A function name that's double-quoted in SQL can contain almost any
characters, but we were using that name directly as part of the name
generated for the Python-level function, and Python doesn't like
anything that isn't pretty much a standard identifier.  To fix,
replace anything that isn't an ASCII letter or digit with an underscore
in the generated name.  This doesn't create any risk of duplicate Python
function names because we were already appending the function OID to
the generated name to ensure uniqueness.  Per bug #13960 from Jim Nasby.

Patch by Jim Nasby, modified a bit by me.  Back-patch to all
supported branches.

Clarify the description of which transactions will block a CREATE INDEX
CONCURRENTLY command from proceeding, and mention that the index might
still not be usable after CREATE INDEX completes.  (This happens if the
index build detected broken HOT chains, so that pg_index.indcheckxmin gets
set, and there are open old transactions preventing the xmin horizon from
advancing past the index's initial creation.  I didn't want to explain what
broken HOT chains are, though, so I omitted an explanation of exactly when
old transactions prevent the index from being used.)

Per discussion with Chris Travers.  Back-patch to all supported branches,
since the same text appears in all of them.

Reported-by: Tatsuo Ishii

Backpatch-through: 9.5

Change "In this case" to "In the example above" to clarify what it
actually refers to.

In runtime.sgml, the old formulas for calculating the reasonable
values of SEMMNI and SEMMNS were incorrect. They have forgotten to
count the number of semaphores which both the checkpointer process
(introduced in 9.2) and the background worker processes (introduced
in 9.3) need.

This commit fixes those formulas so that they count the number of
semaphores which the checkpointer process and the background worker
processes need.

Report and patch by Kyotaro Horiguchi. Only the patch for 9.3 was
modified by me. Back-patch to 9.2 where the checkpointer process was
added and the number of needed semaphores was increased.

Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao
Backpatch: 9.2
Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20160203.125119.66820697.horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp

In commit 7b4bfc87 the DATA and DESCR entries for the new
row_security_active() function were inadvertantly put after
the PROVOLATILE defines, rather than before as they should
have been placed. Move them up where they belong.

Backpatch to 9.5 where the new entries were introduced.

Commit 4de82f7d increased the WAL flush rate, mainly to increase the
likelihood that hint bits can be set quickly. More quickly set hint bits
can reduce contention around the clog et al.  But unfortunately the
increased flush rate can have a significant negative performance impact,
I have measured up to a factor of ~4.  The reason for this slowdown is
that if there are independent writes to the underlying devices, for
example because shared buffers is a lot smaller than the hot data set,
or because a checkpoint is ongoing, the fdatasync() calls force cache
flushes to be emitted to the storage.

This is achieved by flushing WAL only if the last flush was longer than
wal_writer_delay ago, or if more than wal_writer_flush_after (new GUC)
unflushed blocks are pending. Based on some tests the default for
wal_writer_delay is 1MB, which seems to work well both on SSD and
rotational media.

To avoid negative performance impact due to 4de82f7d an earlier
commit (db76b1ef) made SetHintBits() more likely to succeed; preventing
performance regressions in the pgbench tests I performed.

Discussion: 20160118163908.GW10941@awork2.anarazel.de

The original code wasn't careful to test the file descriptor returned by
PQsocket() for an invalid socket.  If an invalid socket did turn up,
that would amount to calling FD_ISSET with fd = -1, whereby undefined
behavior can be invoked.

To fix, test file descriptor for validity and stop further processing if
that fails.

Problem noticed by Coverity.

There is an existing FD_ISSET callsite that does check for invalid
sockets beforehand, but the error message reported by it was
strerror(errno); in testing the aforementioned change, that turns out to
result in "bad socket: Success" which isn't terribly helpful.  Instead
use PQerrorMessage() in both places which is more likely to contain an
useful error message.

Backpatch-through: 9.1.

Reportedly, some compilers warn about tests like "c < 0" if c is unsigned,
and hence complain about the character range checks I added in commit
3bb3f42f.  This is a bit of a pain since
the regex library doesn't really want to assume that chr is unsigned.
However, since any such reconfiguration would involve manual edits of
regcustom.h anyway, we can put it on the shoulders of whoever wants to
do that to adjust this new range-checking macro correctly.

Per gripes from Coverity and Andres.

Previously we only allowed SetHintBits() to succeed if the commit LSN of
the last transaction touching the page has already been flushed to
disk. We can't generally change the LSN of the page, because we don't
necessarily have the required locks on the page. But the required LSN
interlock does not mean the commit record has to be flushed immediately,
it just requires that the commit record will be flushed before the page is
written out. Therefore if the buffer LSN is newer than the commit LSN,
the hint bit can be safely set.

In a number of scenarios (e.g. pgbench) this noticeably increases the
number of hint bits are set. But more importantly it also keeps the
success rate up when flushing WAL less frequently. That was the original
reason for commit 4de82f7d, which has negative performance consequences
in a number of scenarios. This will allow a followup commit to reduce
the flush rate.

Discussion: 20160118163908.GW10941@awork2.anarazel.de

Looks like this patch went in after Copyright messages
were updated for 2016 and it missed the boat. Fixed.

In REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW command, CONCURRENTLY option is only
allowed if there is at least one unique index with no WHERE clause on
one or more columns of the matview. Previously, concurrent refresh
checked the existence of a unique index on the matview after filling
the data to new snapshot, i.e., after calling refresh_matview_datafill().
So, when there was no unique index, we could need to wait a long time
before we detected that and got the error. It was a waste of time.

To eliminate such wasting time, this commit changes concurrent refresh
so that it checks the existence of a unique index at the beginning of
the refresh operation, i.e., before starting any time-consuming jobs.
If CONCURRENTLY option is not allowed due to lack of a unique index,
concurrent refresh can immediately detect it and emit an error.

Author: Masahiko Sawada
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier, Fujii Masao

The API spec for this function was changed completely (and for the better)
by commit 3cba8999, but it didn't bother
with anything as mundane as updating the comments.

We don't test the catversion for the NextXID delimiter change, we just
test the string contents;  explain why.

Reported-by: Michael Paquier

NextXID has been rendered in the form of a pg_lsn even though it
really is not. This can cause confusion, so change the format from
%u/%u to %u:%u, per discussion on hackers.

Complaint by me, patch by me and Bruce, reviewed by Michael Paquier
and Alvaro. Applied to HEAD only.

Author: Joe Conway, Bruce Momjian
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier, Alvaro Herrera
Backpatch-through: master

The previous value of 5s is inadequate for the buildfarm's
CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS animals: they take long enough to do the is-it-waiting
queries that the timeout expires, allowing the database state to change,
before isolationtester is done looking.  Perhaps 10s will be enough.
(If it isn't, I'm inclined to reduce the number of sessions involved.)

This mostly reverts commit 9c9782f0.
I left in the parts that rearranged removal of completed waiting steps;
but the idea of not rechecking a step's blocked-ness isn't working.

This reverts commit d03130d3.
That was dependent on an isolationtester.c change that now proves
to be broken; we will need to find another solution.

There is no reason to have the per-thread logfile file pointer as a
separate parameter in various functions: it's much simpler to put it in
the per-thread state struct instead, which is already being passed to
all functions that need the log file anyway.  Change the callsites in
which it was used as a boolean to test whether logging is active, so
that they use the use_log global variable instead.

No backpatch, even though this exists since commit a887c486 of March
2010, because this is just for cleanliness' sake and the surrounding
code has been modified a lot recently anyway.