The original idea of this patch was to make box picksplit run faster, by
eliminating unnecessary palloc() overhead, but that was obsoleted by the new
double-sorting split algorithm that doesn't call these functions so heavily
anymore. Nevertheless, the code looks better this way.

Original patch by me, reviewed and tidied up after the double-sorting patch
by Kevin Grittner.

We copy all the matched tuples off the page during _bt_readpage, instead of
expensively re-locking the page during each subsequent tuple fetch.  This
costs a bit more local storage, but not more than 2*BLCKSZ worth, and the
reduction in LWLock traffic is certainly worth that.  What's more, this
lets us get rid of the API wart in the original patch that said an index AM
could randomly decline to supply an index tuple despite having asserted
pg_am.amcanreturn.  That will be important for future improvements in the
index-only-scan feature, since the executor will now be able to rely on
having the index data available.

This bollixes the test because it's expecting to see the idx_tup_fetch
counter increase, which won't happen if heap fetches were avoided by use
of an index-only scan.  Per buildfarm results.

While at it, let's just make sure that enable_seqscan and enable_indexscan
are ON for this test ...

An index-only scan that avoids heap fetches will increment idx_tup_read
but not idx_tup_fetch.

visibility_fraction should not be applied to regular indexscans.
Noted by Cédric Villemain.

transform_null_equals is only supposed to affect "foo = NULL" expressions
given directly by the user, not the internal "foo = NULL" expression
generated from CASE-WHEN.

This fixes bug #6242, reported by Sergey. Backpatch to all supported
branches.

Dickson S. Guedes

%esp is no good; must use %rsp there.

When a btree index contains all columns required by the query, and the
visibility map shows that all tuples on a target heap page are
visible-to-all, we don't need to fetch that heap page.  This patch depends
on the previous patches that made the visibility map reliable.

There's a fair amount left to do here, notably trying to figure out a less
chintzy way of estimating the cost of an index-only scan, but the core
functionality seems ready to commit.

Robert Haas and Ibrar Ahmed, with some previous work by Heikki Linnakangas.

directory, for config-only directory installs.  Only works for PG 9.2+
servers.

failures.

In oder to exit on SIGTERM when in non-walsender code,
such as do_pg_stop_backup(), we need to set the interrupt
variables that are used there, and not just the walsender
local ones.

A similar problem for pgstattuple() was fixed in April of 2010 by commit
33065ef8, but pgstatindex() seems to have
been overlooked.

Back-patch all the way, as with that commit, though not to 7.4 through
8.1, since those are now EOL.

pg_ctl use that to query the data directory for config-only installs.
This fixes awkward or impossible pg_ctl operation for config-only
installs.

new double-sorting algorithm. The new algorithm produces better quality
trees, making searches faster.

Alexander Korotkov

CREATE EXTENSION needs to transiently set search_path, as well as
client_min_messages and log_min_messages.  We were doing this by the
expedient of saving the current string value of each variable, doing a
SET LOCAL, and then doing another SET LOCAL with the previous value at
the end of the command.  This is a bit expensive though, and it also fails
badly if there is anything funny about the existing search_path value,
as seen in a recent report from Roger Niederland.  Fortunately, there's a
much better way, which is to piggyback on the GUC infrastructure previously
developed for functions with SET options.  We just open a new GUC nesting
level, do our assignments with GUC_ACTION_SAVE, and then close the nesting
level when done.  This automatically restores the prior settings without a
re-parsing pass, so (in principle anyway) there can't be an error.  And
guc.c still takes care of cleanup in event of an error abort.

The CREATE EXTENSION code for this was modeled on some much older code in
ri_triggers.c, which I also changed to use the better method, even though
there wasn't really much risk of failure there.  Also improve the comments
in guc.c to reflect this additional usage.

Per Tom

Arrange for any problems with pre-existing settings to be reported as
WARNING not ERROR, so that we don't undesirably abort the loading of the
incoming add-on module.  The bad setting is just discarded, as though it
had never been applied at all.  (This requires a change in the API of
set_config_option.  After some thought I decided the most potentially
useful addition was to allow callers to just pass in a desired elevel.)

Arrange to restore the complete stacked state of the variable, rather than
cheesily reinstalling only the active value.  This ensures that custom GUCs
will behave unsurprisingly even when the module loading operation occurs
within nested subtransactions that have changed the active value.  Since a
module load could occur as a result of, eg, a PL function call, this is not
an unlikely scenario.

This oversight meant that on Windows, the pg_settings view would not
display source file or line number information for values coming from
postgresql.conf, unless the backend had received a SIGHUP since starting.

In passing, also make the error detection in read_nondefault_variables a
tad more thorough, and fix it to not lose precision on float GUCs (these
changes are already in HEAD as of my previous commit).

We used to just remember the GucSource, but saving GucContext too provides
a little more information --- notably, whether a SET was done by a
superuser or regular user.  This allows us to rip out the fairly dodgy code
that define_custom_variable used to use to try to infer the context to
re-install a pre-existing setting with.  In particular, it now works for
a superuser to SET a extension's SUSET custom variable before loading the
associated extension, because GUC can remember whether the SET was done as
a superuser or not.  The plperl regression tests contain an example where
this is useful.

Previously, the code assumed that the only possible action to take was
to delete files behind a certain cutoff point.  The async notify code
was already a crock: it used a different "pagePrecedes" function for
truncation than for regular operation.  By allowing it to pass a
callback to SlruScanDirectory it can do cleanly exactly what it needs to
do.

The clog.c code also had its own use for SlruScanDirectory, which is
made a bit simpler with this.

This variable provides only marginal error-prevention capability (since
it can only check the prefix of a qualified GUC name), and the consensus
is that that isn't worth the amount of hassle that maintaining the setting
creates for DBAs.  So, let's just remove it.

With this commit, the system will silently accept a value for any qualified
GUC name at all, whether it has anything to do with any known extension or
not.  (Unqualified names still have to match known built-in settings,
though; and you will get a WARNING at extension load time if there's an
unrecognized setting with that extension's prefix.)

There's still some discussion ongoing about whether to tighten that up and
if so how; but if we do come up with a solution, it's not likely to look
anything like custom_variable_classes.

Thus, an object referenced in a default expression could be dropped while
the function remained present.  This was unaccountably missed in the
original patch to add default parameters for functions.  Reported by
Pavel Stehule.

This patch has two distinct purposes: to report multiple problems in
postgresql.conf rather than always bailing out after the first one,
and to change the policy for whether changes are applied when there are
unrelated errors in postgresql.conf.

Formerly the policy was to apply no changes if any errors could be
detected, but that had a significant consistency problem, because in some
cases specific values might be seen as valid by some processes but invalid
by others.  This meant that the latter processes would fail to adopt
changes in other parameters even though the former processes had done so.

The new policy is that during SIGHUP, the file is rejected as a whole
if there are any errors in the "name = value" syntax, or if any lines
attempt to set nonexistent built-in parameters, or if any lines attempt
to set custom parameters whose prefix is not listed in (the new value of)
custom_variable_classes.  These tests should always give the same results
in all processes, and provide what seems a reasonably robust defense
against loading values from badly corrupted config files.  If these tests
pass, all processes will apply all settings that they individually see as
good, ignoring (but logging) any they don't.

In addition, the postmaster does not abandon reading a configuration file
after the first syntax error, but continues to read the file and report
syntax errors (up to a maximum of 100 syntax errors per file).

The postmaster will still refuse to start up if the configuration file
contains any errors at startup time, but these changes allow multiple
errors to be detected and reported before quitting.

Alexey Klyukin, reviewed by Andy Colson and av (Alexander ?)
with some additional hacking by Tom Lane

We'll now use "exists" for EXISTS(SELECT ...), "array" for ARRAY(SELECT
...), or the sub-select's own result column name for a simple expression
sub-select.  Previously, you usually got "?column?" in such cases.

Marti Raudsepp, reviewed by Kyotaro Horiugchi

Since gtrgm_penalty() is usually called many times in a row with the same
"newval" (to determine which item on an index page newval fits into best),
the makesign() calculation is repetitious.  It's expensive enough to make
it worth caching the result, so do so.  On my machine this is good for
more than a 40% savings in the time needed to build a trigram index on
/usr/share/dict/words.  This is all per a suggestion of Heikki's.

In passing, make some mostly-cosmetic improvements in the caching logic in
the other functions in this file that rely on caching info in fn_extra.

pg_trgm was already doing this unofficially, but the implementation hadn't
been thought through very well and leaked memory.  Restructure the core
GiST code so that it actually works, and document it.  Ordinarily this
would have required an extra memory context creation/destruction for each
GiST index search, but I was able to avoid that in the normal case of a
non-rescanned search by finessing the handling of the RBTree.  It used to
have its own context always, but now shares a context with the
scan-lifespan data structures, unless there is more than one rescan call.
This should make the added overhead unnoticeable in typical cases.

This code was looking at the sub-Query tree as seen in the parent query's
RangeTblEntry; but that's the pristine parser output, and what we need to
look at is the tree as it stands at the completion of planning.  Otherwise
we might pick up a Var that references a subquery that got flattened and
hence has no RelOptInfo in the subroot.  Per report from Peter Geoghegan.

passing the -b/binary-upgrade flag.

Backpatch to 9.1.X.

If an indexable operator for a non-collatable indexed datatype has a
collatable right-hand input type, any OpExpr for it will be marked with a
nonzero inputcollid (since having one collatable input is sufficient to
make that happen).  However, an index on a non-collatable column certainly
doesn't have any collation.  This caused us to fail to match such operators
to their indexes, because indxpath.c required an exact match of index
collation and clause collation.  It seems correct to allow a match when the
index is collation-less regardless of the clause's inputcollid: an operator
with both noncollatable and collatable inputs could perhaps depend on the
collation of the collatable input, but it could hardly expect the index for
the noncollatable input to have that same collation.

Per bug #6232 from Pierre Ducroquet.  His example is specifically about
"hstore ? text" but the problem seems quite generic.

oid on 8.4, modify the toast name comparison test to only apply to old
9.0+ servers.  (The test was previously 8.4+.)

Backpatch to 9.1.X.

I've made a significant effort at filling in the "Using EXPLAIN" section
to be reasonably complete about mentioning everything that EXPLAIN can
output, including the "Rows Removed" outputs that were added by Marko
Tiikkaja's recent documentation-free patch.  I also updated the examples to
be consistent with current behavior; several of them were not close to what
the current code will do.  No doubt there's more that can be done here, but
I'm out of patience for today.

Because these tests require root privileges, not to mention invasive
changes to the security configuration of the host system, it's not
reasonable for them to be invoked by a regular "make check" or "make
installcheck".  Instead, dike out the Makefile's knowledge of the tests,
and change chkselinuxenv (now renamed "test_sepgsql") into a script that
verifies the environment is workable and then runs the tests.  It's
expected that test_sepgsql will only be run manually.

While at it, do some cleanup in the error checking in the script, and
do some wordsmithing in the documentation.

We now report errors reported by the just-unblocked and unblocking
transactions identically; this should fix relatively common buildfarm
failures reported by animals that are failing the "wrong" session.