This makes life easier for extension authors who wish to support
Windows.

Brian Cloutier, slightly amended by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAJCy68fscdNhmzFPS4kyO00CADkvXvEa-28H-OtENk-pa2OTWw@mail.gmail.com

This ensures that automatically generated HTML anchors don't change in
every build.

Previously, this code just reported such problems at LOG level and kept
going.  The problem with this approach is that transient failures (e.g.,
ENFILE) could prevent us from resetting unlogged relations to empty,
yet allow recovery to appear to complete successfully.  That seems like
a data corruption hazard large enough to treat such problems as reasons
to fail startup.

For the same reason, treat unlink failures for unlogged files as hard
errors not just LOG messages.  It's a little odd that we did it like that
when file-level errors in other steps (copy_file, fsync_fname) are ERRORs.

The sole case that I left alone is that ENOENT failure on a tablespace
(not database) directory is not an error, though it will now be logged
rather than just silently ignored.  This is to cover the scenario where
a previous DROP TABLESPACE removed the tablespace directory but failed
before removing the pg_tblspc symlink.  I'm not sure that that's very
likely in practice, but that seems like the only real excuse for the
old behavior here, so let's allow for it.  (As coded, this will also
allow ENOENT on $PGDATA/base/.  But since we'll fail soon enough if
that's gone, I don't think we need to complicate this code by
distinguishing that from a true tablespace case.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/21040.1512418508@sss.pgh.pa.us

Fix warnings about "comparison between signed and unsigned integer
expressions" in inline functions in header files by adding some casts.

do_pg_start_backup() expects its callers to pass in an open DIR pointer
for the pg_tblspc directory, but there's no apparent advantage in that.
It complicates the callers without adding any flexibility, and there's no
robustness advantage, since we surely have to be prepared for errors during
the scan of pg_tblspc anyway.  In fact, by holding an extra kernel resource
during operations like the preliminary checkpoint, we might be making
things a fraction more failure-prone not less.  Hence, remove that argument
and open the directory just for the duration of the actual scan.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/28752.1512413887@sss.pgh.pa.us

Modify this function and its subsidiaries so that syscall failures are
reported via ereport(LOG), rather than silently ignored as before.
We don't want to throw a hard ERROR, as that would prevent database
startup, and getting rid of leftover temporary files is not important
enough for that.  On the other hand, not reporting trouble at all
seems like an odd choice not in line with current project norms,
especially since any failure here is quite unexpected.

On the same reasoning, adjust these functions' AllocateDir/ReadDir calls
so that failure to scan a directory results in LOG not ERROR.  I also
removed the previous practice of silently ignoring ENOENT failures during
directory opens --- there are some corner cases where that could happen
given a previous database crash, but that seems like a bad excuse for
ignoring a condition that isn't expected in most cases.  A LOG message
during postmaster start seems OK in such situations, and better than
no output at all.

In passing, make RemovePgTempRelationFiles' test for "is the file name
all digits" look more like the way it's done elsewhere.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/19907.1512402254@sss.pgh.pa.us

This patch fixes a couple of low-probability bugs that could lead to
reporting an irrelevant errno value (and hence possibly a wrong SQLSTATE)
concerning directory-open or file-open failures.  It also fixes places
where we took shortcuts in reporting such errors, either by using elog
instead of ereport or by using ereport but forgetting to specify an
errcode.  And it eliminates a lot of just plain redundant error-handling
code.

In service of all this, export fd.c's formerly-static function
ReadDirExtended, so that external callers can make use of the coding
pattern

	dir = AllocateDir(path);
	while ((de = ReadDirExtended(dir, path, LOG)) != NULL)

if they'd like to treat directory-open failures as mere LOG conditions
rather than errors.  Also fix FreeDir to be a no-op if we reach it
with dir == NULL, as such a coding pattern would cause.

Then, remove code at many call sites that was throwing an error or log
message for AllocateDir failure, as ReadDir or ReadDirExtended can handle
that job just fine.  Aside from being a net code savings, this gets rid of
a lot of not-quite-up-to-snuff reports, as mentioned above.  (In some
places these changes result in replacing a custom error message such as
"could not open tablespace directory" with more generic wording "could not
open directory", but it was agreed that the custom wording buys little as
long as we report the directory name.)  In some other call sites where we
can't just remove code, change the error reports to be fully
project-style-compliant.

Also reorder code in restoreTwoPhaseData that was acquiring a lock
between AllocateDir and ReadDir; in the unlikely but surely not
impossible case that LWLockAcquire changes errno, AllocateDir failures
would be misreported.  There is no great value in opening the directory
before acquiring TwoPhaseStateLock, so just do it in the other order.

Also fix CheckXLogRemoved to guarantee that it preserves errno,
as quite a number of call sites are implicitly assuming.  (Again,
it's unlikely but I think not impossible that errno could change
during a SpinLockAcquire.  If so, this function was broken for its
own purposes as well as breaking callers.)

And change a few places that were using not-per-project-style messages,
such as "could not read directory" when "could not open directory" is
more correct.

Back-patch the exporting of ReadDirExtended, in case we have occasion
to back-patch some fix that makes use of it; it's not needed right now
but surely making it global is pretty harmless.  Also back-patch the
restoreTwoPhaseData and CheckXLogRemoved fixes.  The rest of this is
essentially cosmetic and need not get back-patched.

Michael Paquier, with a bit of additional work by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAB7nPqRpOCxjiirHmebEFhXVTK7V5Jvw4bz82p7Oimtsm3TyZA@mail.gmail.com

Hopefully, the additional logging will help avoid confusion that
could otherwise result.

Nathan Bossart, reviewed by Michael Paquier, Fabrízio Mello, and me

There's no good reason that the multicolumn stats stuff shouldn't work on
booleans.  But it looked only for "Var = pseudoconstant" clauses, and it
will seldom find those for boolean Vars, since earlier phases of planning
will fold "boolvar = true" or "boolvar = false" to just "boolvar" or
"NOT boolvar" respectively.  Improve dependencies_clauselist_selectivity()
to recognize such clauses as equivalent to equality restrictions.

This fixes a failure of the extended stats mechanism to apply in a case
reported by Vitaliy Garnashevich.  It's not a complete solution to his
problem because the bitmap-scan costing code isn't consulting extended
stats where it should, but that's surely an independent issue.

In passing, improve some comments, get rid of a NumRelids() test that's
redundant with the preceding bms_membership() test, and fix
dependencies_clauselist_selectivity() so that estimatedclauses actually
is a pure output argument as stated by its API contract.

Back-patch to v10 where this code was introduced.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/73a4936d-2814-dc08-ed0c-978f76f435b0@gmail.com

Before commit 6b65a7fe, tqueue.c could
perform tuple remapping and thus leak memory, which is why commit
af330393 made TupleQueueReaderNext
run in a short-lived context.  Now, however, tqueue.c has been reduced
to a shadow of its former self, and there shouldn't be any chance of
leaks any more.  Accordingly, remove some tuple copying and memory
context manipulation to speed up processing.

Patch by me, reviewed by Amit Kapila.  Some testing by Rafia Sabih.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAA4eK1LSDydwrNjmYSNkfJ3ZivGSWH9SVswh6QpNzsMdj_oOQA@mail.gmail.com

I'm a little bit astonished that anyone's compiler would have failed to
complain about this.  The compiler surely does not know that is_procedure
means the function return value will be ignored.

Other callers were adjusted in the course of
dc6c4c9d.

Per buildfarm.

SharedFileSet allows temporary files to be created by one backend and
then exported for read-only access by other backends, with clean-up
managed by reference counting associated with a DSM segment.  This
includes changes to fd.c and buffile.c to support the new kind of
temporary file.

This will be used by an upcoming patch adding support for parallel
hash joins.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reviewed-By: Peter Geoghegan, Andres Freund, Robert Haas, Rushabh Lathia
Discussion:
    https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=2W=cOkiZxcg6qiFQP-dHUe09aqTrEMM7yJDrHMhDv_RA@mail.gmail.com
    https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WznJ_UgLux=_jTgCQ4yFz0iBntudsNKa1we3kN1BAG=88w@mail.gmail.com

Use get_greatest_modulus more consistently, instead of doing the
same thing in an ad-hoc manner in this one place.

Ashutosh Bapat

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFjFpReT9L4RCiJBKOyWC2=i02kv9uG2fx=4Fv7kFY2t0SPCgw@mail.gmail.com

Antonin Houska reported that the planner does consider pushing
postgres_fdw_abs() to the remote side, which happens because we make
it shippable earlier in the test case file.

Jeevan Chalke provided this patch, which changes the join
condition to use random(), which is not shippable, instead.
Antonin reviewed the patch.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/15265.1511985971@localhost

Commit 8355a011 was reverted in
f0523075, but this attempt is
hopefully better-considered: we now pass the correct value to
ExecOpenIndices, which should avoid the crash that we hit before.

Amit Langote, reviewed by Simon Riggs and by me.  Some final
editing by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/7ff1e8ec-dc39-96b1-7f47-ff5965dceeac@lab.ntt.co.jp

Ashutosh Bapat, reviewed by Jeevan Chalke.  Comment by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFjFpRcuRaydz88CY_aQekmuvmN2A9ax5z0k=ppT+s8KS8xMRA@mail.gmail.com

Without this, when partdesc->nparts == 0, we end up calling
ExecBuildSlotPartitionKeyDescription without initializing values
and isnull.

Reported by Coverity via Michael Paquier.  Patch by Michael Paquier,
reviewed and revised by Amit Langote.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAB7nPqQ3mwkdMoPY-ocgTpPnjd8TKOadMxdTtMLvEzF8480Zfg@mail.gmail.com

We need to check whether the channel-binding flag encoded in the
client-final-message is the same one sent in the client-first-message.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

The progress messages print out \r to keep overwriting the same line on
the screen.  But this does not yield useful results when writing the
output to a file.  So in that case, print out \n instead.

Author: Martín Marqués <martin@2ndquadrant.com>
Reviewed-by: Arthur Zakirov <a.zakirov@postgrespro.ru>

David Rowley, who also was the primary author of the patch that
added this function; the attribution in my previous commit,
84940644, was incorrect due to
sloppiness on my part.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f_0iSiLQsf_c06AzOWAc3eS6ePjjVQFpcFv3W-O5aktnQ@mail.gmail.com

This adds a new object type "procedure" that is similar to a function
but does not have a return type and is invoked by the new CALL statement
instead of SELECT or similar.  This implementation is aligned with the
SQL standard and compatible with or similar to other SQL implementations.

This commit adds new commands CALL, CREATE/ALTER/DROP PROCEDURE, as well
as ALTER/DROP ROUTINE that can refer to either a function or a
procedure (or an aggregate function, as an extension to SQL).  There is
also support for procedures in various utility commands such as COMMENT
and GRANT, as well as support in pg_dump and psql.  Support for defining
procedures is available in all the languages supplied by the core
distribution.

While this commit is mainly syntax sugar around existing functionality,
future features will rely on having procedures as a separate object
type.
Reviewed-by: Andrew Dunstan <andrew.dunstan@2ndquadrant.com>

Put the unique path in the same context as the owning RelOptInfo, rather
than the toplevel planner context.  This is how this function worked
originally, but commit f41803bb
changed it without explanation.  mark_dummy_rel adopted the older (or
newer?) technique in commit eca75a12,
which also featured a much better explanation of why it is correct.
So, switch back to that technique here, with the same explanation
given there.

Although this fixes a possible memory leak when GEQO is in use, the
leak is minor and probably nobody cares, so no back-patch.

Ashutosh Bapat, reviewed by Tom Lane and by me

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFjFpRcXkHHrXyD9BCvkgGJV4TnHG2SWJ0PhJfrDu3NAcQvh7g@mail.gmail.com

Invoking the Makefile without an explicit target was building every
possible target instead of just the "all" target.  Back-patch to 9.3
(all supported versions).

Previously, this function estimated the selectivity as 1 minus eqjoinsel()
for the negator equality operator, regardless of join type (I think there
was an expectation that eqjoinsel would handle the join type).  But
actually this is completely wrong for semijoin cases: the fraction of the
LHS that has a non-matching row is not one minus the fraction of the LHS
that has a matching row.  In reality a semijoin with <> will nearly always
succeed: it can only fail when the RHS is empty, or it contains a single
distinct value that is equal to the particular LHS value, or the LHS value
is null.  The only one of those things we should have much confidence in
estimating is the fraction of LHS values that are null, so let's just take
the selectivity as 1 minus outer nullfrac.

Per coding convention, antijoin should be estimated the same as semijoin.

Arguably this is a bug fix, but in view of the lack of field complaints
and the risk of destabilizing plans, no back-patch.

Thomas Munro, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=270ze2hVxWkJw-5eKzc3AB4C9KpH3L2kih75R5pdSogg@mail.gmail.com

Provide support for dynamic or static parties of processes to wait for
all processes to reach point in the code before continuing.

This is similar to the mechanism of the same name in POSIX threads and
MPI, though has explicit phasing and dynamic party support like the
Java core library's Phaser.

This will be used by an upcoming patch adding support for parallel
hash joins.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reviewed-By: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=2_y7oi01OjA_wLvYcWMc9_d=LaoxrY3eiROCZkB_qakA@mail.gmail.com

Although hash joins are already tested by many queries, these tests
systematically cover the four different states we can reach as part of
the strategy for respecting work_mem.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reviewed-By: Andres Freund

This will be used by pending patches to improve partition pruning.

Amit Langote and Kyotaro Horiguchi, per a suggestion from David
Rowley.  Review and testing of the larger patch set of which this is a
part by Ashutosh Bapat, David Rowley, Dilip Kumar, Jesper Pedersen,
Rajkumar Raghuwanshi, Beena Emerson, Amul Sul, and Kyotaro Horiguchi.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/098b9c71-1915-1a2a-8d52-1a7a50ce79e8@lab.ntt.co.jp

Currently, partition pruning happens via constraint exclusion, but
there are pending places to replace that with a different and
hopefully faster mechanism.  To be sure that we don't change behavior
without realizing it, add extensive test coverage.

Note that not all of these behaviors are optimal; in some cases,
partitions are not pruned even though it would be safe to do so.
These tests therefore serve to memorialize the current state rather
than the ideal state.  Patches that improve things can update the test
results as appropriate.

Amit Langote, adjusted by me.  Review and testing of the larger patch
set of which this is a part by Ashutosh Bapat, David Rowley, Dilip
Kumar, Jesper Pedersen, Rajkumar Raghuwanshi, Beena Emerson, Amul Sul,
and Kyotaro Horiguchi.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/098b9c71-1915-1a2a-8d52-1a7a50ce79e8@lab.ntt.co.jp

Apparently, scan-build thinks that proc->is_setof can change during
PLy_exec_function().  To make it clearer, save the value in a local
variable.

Also add an assertion to clear another warning.
Reviewed-by: John Naylor <jcnaylor@gmail.com>

Decorate PLy_elog() in a similar way as elog(), to give compilers and
static analyzers hints in which cases it does not return.
Reviewed-by: John Naylor <jcnaylor@gmail.com>

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmoaA9=1RWKtBWpDaj+sF3Stgc8sHgf5z=KGtbjwPLQVDMA@mail.gmail.com

This comment glossed over the difference between initplans and subplans,
but they are indeed different for our purposes here.

This is simpler and more closely follows overwhelming precedent.

Report and patch by Mark Dilger.
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9A68FB88-5F45-4848-9926-8586E2D777D1@gmail.com

This is a mistakenly placed conditional in bf2a691e.

Reported by Justin Pryzby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20171117214352.GE25796@telsasoft.com

Rushabh Lathia

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAGPqQf2z5g+7YmGZSZgKoiFsaUB+63Rzmz8-5PQHuS6hd14FEg@mail.gmail.com

Commit 4e5fe9ad introduced this
problem.  Also add a test so it doesn't get broken again.

Report by Rushabh Lathia.  Fix by Amit Langote.  Reviewed by Rushabh
Lathia and Amul Sul.  Tweaked by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAGPqQf0Y1iJyk4QJBdMf=pS9i6Q0JUMM_h5-qkR3OMJ-e04PyA@mail.gmail.com

This reverts commit e42e2f38.

It's not safe to return in the middle of a PG_TRY block, so this will
have to be done differently.

Commit d4663350 changed things so
that shm_toc_lookup would fail with an error rather than silently
returning NULL in the hope that such failures would be reported
in a useful way rather than via a system crash.  However, it
overlooked the fact that the lookup of PARALLEL_KEY_ERROR_QUEUE
in ReinitializeParallelDSM is expected to fail when no DSM segment
was created in the first place; in that case, we end up with a
backend-private memory segment that still contains an entry for
PARALLEL_KEY_FIXED but no others.  Consequently a benign failure
to initialize parallelism can escalate into an elog(ERROR);
repair.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+Tgmob8LFw55DzH1QEREpBEA9RJ_W_amhBFCVZ6WMwUhVpOqg@mail.gmail.com

If we have a plan that uses parallelism but are unable to execute it
using parallelism, for example due to a lack of available DSM
segments, then the EState's es_query_dsa will be NULL.  Parallel
bitmap heap scan needs to fall back to a non-parallel scan in such
cases.

Patch by me, reviewed by Dilip Kumar

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=0kADK5inNf_KuemjX=HQ=PuTP0DykM--fO5jS5ePVFEA@mail.gmail.com