Run renumber_oids.pl to move high-numbered OIDs down, as per pre-beta
tasks specified by RELEASE_CHANGES.  (The only change is 8394 -> 3428.)

Also run reformat_dat_file.pl while I'm here.

While looking at the reformat diffs, I chanced to notice that type
jsonpath had typsend and typreceive = '-', which surely is not the
intention given that jsonpath_send and jsonpath_recv exist.
Fix that.  It's safe to assume that these functions have never been
tested :-(.  I didn't try, but somebody should.

Emacs wrongly indented hundreds of subsequent lines.

Be more consistent about use of XXXGetDatum macros in new jsonpath
code.  This is mostly to avoid having code that looks randomly
different from everyplace else that's doing the exact same thing.

In pg_regress.c, avoid an unreferenced-function warning from
compilers that don't understand pg_attribute_unused().  Putting
the function inside the same #ifdef as its only caller is more
straightforward coding anyway.

In be-secure-openssl.c, avoid use of pg_attribute_unused() on a label.
That's pretty creative, but there's no good reason to suppose that
it's portable, and there's absolutely no need to use goto's here in the
first place.  (This wasn't actually causing any buildfarm complaints,
but it's new code in v12 so it has no portability track record.)

This fixes a couple of grammar mistakes, typos and inconsistencies in
the documentation.  Particularly, the configuration parsing allows only
"kB" to mean kilobyte but there were references in the docs to "KB".
Some instances of the latter are still in the code comments.  Some
parameter values were mentioned with "Minus-one", and using directly
"-1" with proper markups is more helpful to the reader.

Some of these have been pointed out by Justin, and some others are
things I bumped into.

Author: Justin Pryzby, Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190330224333.GQ5815@telsasoft.com

foreign_grouping_ok() is willing to put fairly arbitrary expressions into
the targetlist of a remote SELECT that's doing grouping or aggregation on
the remote side, including expressions that have no foreign component to
them at all.  This is possibly a bit dubious from an efficiency standpoint;
but it rises to the level of a crash-causing bug if the expression is just
a Param or non-foreign Var.  In that case, the expression will necessarily
also appear in the fdw_exprs list of values we need to send to the remote
server, and then setrefs.c's set_foreignscan_references will mistakenly
replace the fdw_exprs entry with a Var referencing the targetlist result.

The root cause of this problem is bad design in commit e7cb7ee1: it put
logic into set_foreignscan_references that IMV is postgres_fdw-specific,
and yet this bug shows that it isn't postgres_fdw-specific enough.  The
transformation being done on fdw_exprs assumes that fdw_exprs is to be
evaluated with the fdw_scan_tlist as input, which is not how postgres_fdw
uses it; yet it could be the right thing for some other FDW.  (In the
bigger picture, setrefs.c has no business assuming this for the other
expression fields of a ForeignScan either.)

The right fix therefore would be to expand the FDW API so that the
FDW could inform setrefs.c how it intends to evaluate these various
expressions.  We can't change that in the back branches though, and we
also can't just summarily change setrefs.c's behavior there, or we're
likely to break external FDWs.

As a stopgap, therefore, hack up postgres_fdw so that it won't attempt
to send targetlist entries that look exactly like the fdw_exprs entries
they'd produce.  In most cases this actually produces a superior plan,
IMO, with less data needing to be transmitted and returned; so we probably
ought to think harder about whether we should ship tlist expressions at
all when they don't contain any foreign Vars or Aggs.  But that's an
optimization not a bug fix so I left it for later.  One case where this
produces an inferior plan is where the expression in question is actually
a GROUP BY expression: then the restriction prevents us from using remote
grouping.  It might be possible to work around that (since that would
reduce to group-by-a-constant on the remote side); but it seems like a
pretty unlikely corner case, so I'm not sure it's worth expending effort
solely to improve that.  In any case the right long-term answer is to fix
the API as sketched above, and then revert this hack.

Per bug #15781 from Sean Johnston.  Back-patch to v10 where the problem
was introduced.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15781-2601b1002bad087c@postgresql.org

Recently added SVG image for storage page layout lacks
a viewBox attribute which seems necessary to ensure propoer
rendering. Add it.

Author: Jonathan Katz
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/ba31e0e1-4c9b-b309-70e8-8e7ac14fc87e%40postgresql.org

Recently added guidance on adding SVG images to the documentation
sources lacks advice on making the images responsive when rendered
in a variety of media types and viewports. Add some.

Patch by Jonathan Katz with some editorialization by me.

Author: Jonathan Katz
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/6358ae6f-7191-a02b-e7b5-68050636ae71@postgresql.org

As pointed out by documentation comment, the URL for PL/R
needs to be updated to the correct current repository. Back-patch
to all supported branches.

Missed an inttypes.h dependency in previous patch.  Per buildfarm.

The documentation includes a section about index maintenance and
reindexing, mentioning a set of steps based on CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY
and ALTER TABLE (for constraint dependencies) to emulate REINDEX
CONCURRENTLY.  Now that REINDEX CONCURRENTLY is supported, let's just
directly mention it instead.

Reported-by: Peter Geoghegan
Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Peter Eisentraut, Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzmEL168t6w29aKrKXtpq9-apcmp0HC7K-fKt6ZgLXV6Dg@mail.gmail.com

This corrects a small bug in zic that caused it to output an incorrect
year-2440 transition in the Africa/Casablanca zone.

More interestingly, zic has grown a "-r" option that limits the range of
zone transitions that it will put into the output files.  That might be
useful to people who don't like the weird GMT offsets that tzdb likes
to use for very old dates.  It appears that for dates before the cutoff
time specified with -r, zic will use the zone's standard-time offset
as of the cutoff time.  So for example one might do

	make install ZIC_OPTIONS='-r @-1893456000'

to cause all dates before 1910-01-01 to be treated as though 1910
standard time prevailed indefinitely far back.  (Don't blame me for
the unfriendly way of specifying the cutoff time --- it's seconds
since or before the Unix epoch.  You can use extract(epoch ...)
to calculate it.)

As usual, back-patch to all supported branches.

DST law changes in Palestine and Metlakatla.
Historical corrections for Israel.

Etc/UCT is now a backward-compatibility link to Etc/UTC, instead
of being a separate zone that generates the abbreviation "UCT",
which nowadays is typically a typo.  Postgres will still accept
"UCT" as an input zone name, but it won't output it.

Fix DefineIndex so that it doesn't attempt to pass down a to-be-reused
index relfilenode to a child index creation, and fix TryReuseIndex
to not think that reuse is sensible for a partitioned index.

In v11, this fixes a problem where ALTER TABLE on a partitioned table
could assign the same relfilenode to several different child indexes,
causing very nasty catalog corruption --- in fact, attempting to DROP
the partitioned table then leads not only to a database crash, but to
inability to restart because the same crash will recur during WAL replay.

Either of these two changes would be enough to prevent the failure, but
since neither action could possibly be sane, let's put in both changes
for future-proofing.

In HEAD, no such bug manifests, but that's just an accidental consequence
of having changed the pg_class representation of partitioned indexes to
have relfilenode = 0.  Both of these changes still seem like smart
future-proofing.

This is only a stop-gap because the code for ALTER TABLE on a partitioned
table with a no-op type change still leaves a great deal to be desired.
As the added regression tests show, it gets things wrong for comments on
child indexes/constraints, and it is regenerating child indexes it doesn't
have to.  However, fixing those problems will take more work which may not
get back-patched into v11.  We need a fix for the corruption problem now.

Per bug #15672 from Jianing Yang.

Patch by me, regression test cases based on work by Amit Langote,
who also did a lot of the investigative work.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15672-b9fa7db32698269f@postgresql.org

Commit f831d4ac changed pg_dump to emit (and pg_restore to
understand) NULLs for unused members in ArchiveEntry structs, as a side
effect of some code beautification.  That broke pg_restore of dumps
generated with older pg_dump, however, so it was reverted in
19455c9f.  Since the archiver version number has been bumped in
3b925e90, we can put it back.

Author: Dmitry Dolgov
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+q6zcXx0XHqLsFJLaUU2j5BDiBAHig=YRoBC_YVq7VJGvzBEA@mail.gmail.com

The old section was ancient and didn't seem very helpful.  Here, we
add some concrete advice on particular mount options.
Reviewed-by: Joe Conway <mail@joeconway.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/e90f24bb-5423-6abb-58ec-501176eb4afc%402ndquadrant.com

Author: Laurenz Albe and Etsuro Fujita
Reviewed-by: Laurenz Albe and Amit Langote
Backpatch-through: 11 where support for that by FDWs was added
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/bf36a0288e8f31b4f2f40952e225bf892dc1ffc5.camel@cybertec.at

Adopt a more defensive approach to accessing index tuples in
contrib/amcheck: verify that each line pointer looks sane before
accessing associated tuple using pointer arithmetic based on line
pointer's offset.  This avoids undefined behavior and assertion failures
in cases where line pointers are corrupt.

Issue spotted following a complaint about an assertion failure by
Grigory Smolkin, which involved a test harness that deliberately
corrupts indexes.

This is arguably a bugfix, but no backpatch given the lack of field
reports beyond Grigory's.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzmkurhCqnyLHxk0VkOZqd49+ZZsp1xAJOg7j2x7dmp_XQ@mail.gmail.com

When an existing index in a partition is attached to a new index on
its parent, we forgot to set the "relispartition" flag correctly, which
meant that it was not possible to find the index in various operations,
such as adding a foreign key constraint that references that partitioned
table.  One of four places that was assigning the parent index was
forgetting to do that, so fix by shifting responsibility of updating the
flag to the routine that changes the parent.

Author: Amit Langote, Álvaro Herrera
Reported-by: Hubert "depesz" Lubaczewski
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+HiwqHMsRtRYRWYTWavKJ8x14AFsv7bmAV46mYwnfD3vy8goQ@mail.gmail.com

Commit 3eb77eba renamed some functions, but forgot to
update some comments referencing to those functions.
This commit fixes those function names in the comments.

Kyotaro Horiguchi

Commit ca410302 left a few loose ends.  The most important one
(broken pg_dump output) is already fixed by virtue of commit
3b23552a, but some things remained:

* When ALTER TABLE rewrites tables, the indexes must remain in the
  tablespace they were originally in.  This didn't work because
  index recreation during ALTER TABLE runs manufactured SQL (yuck),
  which runs afoul of default_tablespace in competition with the parent
  relation tablespace.  To fix, reset default_tablespace to the empty
  string temporarily, and add the TABLESPACE clause as appropriate.

* Setting a partitioned rel's tablespace to the database default is
  confusing; if it worked, it would direct the partitions to that
  tablespace regardless of default_tablespace.  But in reality it does
  not work, and making it work is a larger project.  Therefore, throw
  an error when this condition is detected, to alert the unwary.

Add some docs and tests, too.

Author: Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f_1c260nOt_vBJ067AZ3JXptXVRohDVMLEBmudX1YEx-A@mail.gmail.com

Using PARTITION OF can result in column ordering being changed from the
database being dumped, if the partition uses a column layout different
from the parent's.  It's not pg_dump's job to editorialize on table
definitions, so this is not acceptable; back-patch all the way back to
pg10, where partitioned tables where introduced.

This change also ensures that partitions end up in the correct
tablespace, if different from the parent's; this is an oversight in
ca410302 (in pg12 only).  Partitioned indexes (in pg11) don't have
this problem, because they're already created as independent indexes and
attached to their parents afterwards.

This change also has the advantage that the partition is restorable from
the dump (as a standalone table) even if its parent table isn't
restored.

Author: David Rowley
Reviewed-by: Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f_1c260nOt_vBJ067AZ3JXptXVRohDVMLEBmudX1YEx-A@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190423185007.GA27954@alvherre.pgsql

In sigusr1_handler, don't ignore PMSIGNAL_ADVANCE_STATE_MACHINE based
on pmState.  The restriction is unnecessary (PostmasterStateMachine
should work in any state), not future-proof (since it makes too many
assumptions about why the signal might be sent), and broken even today
because a race condition can make it necessary to respond to the signal
in PM_WAIT_READONLY state.  The race condition seems unlikely, but
if it did happen, a hot-standby postmaster could fail to shut down
after receiving a smart-shutdown request.

In MaybeStartWalReceiver, don't clear the WalReceiverRequested flag
if the fork attempt fails.  Leaving it set allows us to try
again in future iterations of the postmaster idle loop.  (The startup
process would eventually send a fresh request signal, but this change
may allow us to retry the fork sooner.)

Remove an obsolete comment and unnecessary test in
PostmasterStateMachine's handling of PM_SHUTDOWN_2 state.  It's not
possible to have a live walreceiver in that state, and AFAICT has not
been possible since commit 5e85315e.  This isn't a live bug, but the
false comment is quite confusing to readers.

In passing, rearrange sigusr1_handler's CheckPromoteSignal tests so that
we don't uselessly perform stat() calls that we're going to ignore the
results of.

Add some comments clarifying the behavior of MaybeStartWalReceiver;
I very nearly rearranged it in a way that'd reintroduce the race
condition fixed in e5d494d7.  Mea culpa for not commenting that
properly at the time.

Back-patch to all supported branches.  The PMSIGNAL_ADVANCE_STATE_MACHINE
change is the only one of even minor significance, but we might as well
keep this code in sync across branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9001.1556046681@sss.pgh.pa.us

... for translatability purposes.

Commit 3d956d95 added support for update row movement in postgres_fdw.
This patch fixes the following issues introduced by that commit:

* When a remote partition chosen to insert routed rows into was also an
  UPDATE subplan target rel that would be updated later, the UPDATE that
  used a direct modification plan modified those routed rows incorrectly
  because those routed rows were visible to the later UPDATE command.
  The right fix for this would be to have some way in postgres_fdw in
  which the later UPDATE command ignores those routed rows, but it seems
  hard to do so with the current infrastructure.  For now throw an error
  in that case.

* When a remote partition chosen to insert routed rows into was also an
  UPDATE subplan target rel, fmstate created for the UPDATE that used a
  non-direct modification plan was mistakenly overridden by another
  fmstate created for inserting those routed rows into the partition.
  This caused 1) server crash when the partition would be updated later,
  and 2) resource leak when the partition had been already updated.  To
  avoid that, adjust the treatment of the fmstate for the inserting.  As
  for #1, since we would also have the incorrectness issue as mentioned
  above, error out in that case as well.

Update the docs to mention that postgres_fdw currently does not handle
the case where a remote partition chosen to insert a routed row into is
also an UPDATE subplan target rel that will be updated later.

Author: Amit Langote and Etsuro Fujita
Reviewed-by: Amit Langote
Backpatch-through: 11 where row movement in postgres_fdw was added
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/21e7eaa4-0d4d-20c2-a1f7-c7e96f4ce440@lab.ntt.co.jp

This allows table AMs that don't need these horizons. This was already
documented in the tableam relation_set_new_filenode callback, but an
assert prevented if from actually working (the test AM code contained
the change itself). Defang the asserts in the general code, and move
the stronger ones into heap AM.

Relatedly, after CLUSTER/VACUUM, we'd always assign a relfrozenxid /
relminmxid. Change the table_relation_copy_for_cluster() interface to
allow the AM to overwrite the horizons that get set on the pg_class
entry.  This'd also in the future allow AMs like heap to compute a
relfrozenxid during rewrite that's the table's actual minimum rather
than a pre-determined value.  Arguably it'd have been better to move
the whole computation / setting of those values into the callback, but
it seems likely that for other reasons it'd be better to be able to
use one value to vacuum/cluster multiple tables (e.g. a toast's
horizon shouldn't be different than the table's).

Reported-By: Heikki Linnakangas
Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9a7fb9cc-2419-5db7-8840-ddc10c93f122@iki.fi

cache_locale_time (extraction of LC_TIME-related info) had never been
taught the lessons we previously learned about extraction of info related
to LC_MONETARY and LC_NUMERIC.  Specifically, commit 95a777c6 taught
PGLC_localeconv() that data coming out of localeconv() was in an encoding
determined by the relevant locale, but we didn't realize that there's a
similar issue with strftime().  And commit a4930e7c hardened
PGLC_localeconv() against errors occurring partway through, but failed
to do likewise for cache_locale_time().  So, rearrange the latter
function to perform encoding conversion and not risk failure while
it's got the locales set to temporary values.

This time around I also changed PGLC_localeconv() to treat it as FATAL
if it can't restore the previous settings of the locale values.  There
is no reason (except possibly OOM) for that to fail, and proceeding with
the wrong locale values seems like a seriously bad idea --- especially
on Windows where we have to also temporarily change LC_CTYPE.  Also,
protect against the possibility that we can't identify the codeset
reported for LC_MONETARY or LC_NUMERIC; rather than just failing,
try to validate the data without conversion.

The user-visible symptom this fixes is that if LC_TIME is set to a locale
name that implies an encoding different from the database encoding,
non-ASCII localized day and month names would be retrieved in the wrong
encoding, leading to either unexpected encoding-conversion error reports
or wrong output from to_char().  The other possible failure modes are
unlikely enough that we've not seen reports of them, AFAIK.

The encoding conversion problems do not manifest on Windows, since
we'd already created special-case code to handle that issue there.

Per report from Juan José Santamaría Flecha.  Back-patch to all
supported versions.

Juan José Santamaría Flecha and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAC+AXB22So5aZm2vZe+MChYXec7gWfr-n-SK-iO091R0P_1Tew@mail.gmail.com

Commit e439c6f0 removed IndexStmt.relationId, but not the comment
that had been added to explain it.  Said comment was therefore
very confusing.

Commit dd299df8 made nbtree treat heap TID as a tiebreaker column,
establishing the principle that there is only one correct location (page
and page offset number) for every index tuple, no matter what.
Insertions of tuples into non-unique indexes proceed as if heap TID
(scan key's scantid) is just another user-attribute value, but
insertions into unique indexes are more delicate.  The TID value in
scantid must initially be omitted to ensure that the unique index
insertion visits every leaf page that duplicates could be on.  The
scantid is set once again after unique checking finishes successfully,
which can force _bt_findinsertloc() to step right one or more times, to
locate the leaf page that the new tuple must be inserted on.

Stepping right within _bt_findinsertloc() was assumed to occur no more
frequently than stepping right within _bt_check_unique(), but there was
one important case where that assumption was incorrect: inserting a
"duplicate" with NULL values.  Since _bt_check_unique() didn't do any
real work in this case, it wasn't appropriate for _bt_findinsertloc() to
behave as if it was finishing off a conventional unique insertion, where
any existing physical duplicate must be dead or recently dead.
_bt_findinsertloc() might have to grovel through a substantial portion
of all of the leaf pages in the index to insert a single tuple, even
when there were no dead tuples.

To fix, treat insertions of tuples with NULLs into a unique index as if
they were insertions into a non-unique index: never unset scantid before
calling _bt_search() to descend the tree, and bypass _bt_check_unique()
entirely.  _bt_check_unique() is no longer responsible for incoming
tuples with NULL values.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-Wzm08nr+JPx4jMOa9CGqxWYDQ-_D4wtPBiKghXAUiUy-nQ@mail.gmail.com

Up to now, DefineIndex() was responsible for adding attnotnull constraints
to the columns of a primary key, in any case where it hadn't been
convenient for transformIndexConstraint() to mark those columns as
is_not_null.  It (or rather its minion index_check_primary_key) did this
by executing an ALTER TABLE SET NOT NULL command for the target table.

The trouble with this solution is that if we're creating the index due
to ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY, and the outer ALTER TABLE has additional
sub-commands, the inner ALTER TABLE's operations executed at the wrong
time with respect to the outer ALTER TABLE's operations.  In particular,
the inner ALTER would perform a validation scan at a point where the
table's storage might be inconsistent with its catalog entries.  (This is
on the hairy edge of being a security problem, but AFAICS it isn't one
because the inner scan would only be interested in the tuples' null
bitmaps.)  This can result in unexpected failures, such as the one seen
in bug #15580 from Allison Kaptur.

To fix, let's remove the attempt to do SET NOT NULL from DefineIndex(),
reducing index_check_primary_key's role to verifying that the columns are
already not null.  (It shouldn't ever see such a case, but it seems wise
to keep the check for safety.)  Instead, make transformIndexConstraint()
generate ALTER TABLE SET NOT NULL subcommands to be executed ahead of
the ADD PRIMARY KEY operation in every case where it can't force the
column to be created already-not-null.  This requires only minor surgery
in parse_utilcmd.c, and it makes for a much more satisfying spec for
transformIndexConstraint(): it's no longer having to take it on faith
that someone else will handle addition of NOT NULL constraints.

To make that work, we have to move the execution of AT_SetNotNull into
an ALTER pass that executes ahead of AT_PASS_ADD_INDEX.  I moved it to
AT_PASS_COL_ATTRS, and put that after AT_PASS_ADD_COL to avoid failure
when the column is being added in the same command.  This incidentally
fixes a bug in the only previous usage of AT_PASS_COL_ATTRS, for
AT_SetIdentity: it didn't work either for a newly-added column.

Playing around with this exposed a separate bug in ALTER TABLE ONLY ...
ADD PRIMARY KEY for partitioned tables.  The intent of the ONLY modifier
in that context is to prevent doing anything that would require holding
lock for a long time --- but the implied SET NOT NULL would recurse to
the child partitions, and do an expensive validation scan for any child
where the column(s) were not already NOT NULL.  To fix that, invent a
new ALTER subcommand AT_CheckNotNull that just insists that a child
column be already NOT NULL, and apply that, not AT_SetNotNull, when
recursing to children in this scenario.  This results in a slightly laxer
definition of ALTER TABLE ONLY ... SET NOT NULL for partitioned tables,
too: that command will now work as long as all children are already NOT
NULL, whereas before it just threw up its hands if there were any
partitions.

In passing, clean up the API of generateClonedIndexStmt(): remove a
useless argument, ensure that the output argument is not left undefined,
update the header comment.

A small side effect of this change is that no-such-column errors in ALTER
TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY now produce a different message that includes the
table name, because they are now detected by the SET NOT NULL step which
has historically worded its error that way.  That seems fine to me, so
I didn't make any effort to avoid the wording change.

The basic bug #15580 is of very long standing, and these other bugs
aren't new in v12 either.  However, this is a pretty significant change
in the way ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY works.  On balance it seems best
not to back-patch, at least not till we get some more confidence that
this patch has no new bugs.

Patch by me, but thanks to Jie Zhang for a preliminary version.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15580-d1a6de5a3d65da51@postgresql.org
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/1396E95157071C4EBBA51892C5368521017F2E6E63@G08CNEXMBPEKD02.g08.fujitsu.local

xml.c passed format = 1 to xmlNodeDump(), resulting in sometimes getting
extra whitespace (newlines + spaces) in the output.  We don't really want
that, first because whitespace might be semantically significant in some
XML uses, and second because it happens only very inconsistently.  Only
one case in our regression tests is affected.

This potentially affects the results of xpath() and the XMLTABLE construct,
when emitting nodeset values.

Note that the older code in contrib/xml2 doesn't do this; it seems
to have been an aboriginal bad decision in commit ea3b212f.

While this definitely seems like a bug to me, the small number of
complaints to date argues against back-patching a behavioral change.
Hence, fix in HEAD only, at least for now.

Per report from Jean-Marc Voillequin.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/1EC8157EB499BF459A516ADCF135ADCE3A23A9CA@LON-WGMSX712.ad.moodys.net

This commit fixes a couple of issues related to the way password
verifiers hashed with MD5 or SCRAM-SHA-256 are detected, leading to
being able to store in catalogs passwords which do not follow the
supported hash formats:
- A MD5-hashed entry was checked based on if its header uses "md5" and
if the string length matches what is expected.  Unfortunately the code
never checked if the hash only used hexadecimal characters, as reported
by Tom Lane.
- A SCRAM-hashed entry was checked based on only its header, which
should be "SCRAM-SHA-256$", but it never checked for any fields
afterwards, as reported by Jonathan Katz.

Backpatch down to v10, which is where SCRAM has been introduced, and
where password verifiers in plain format have been removed.

Author: Jonathan Katz
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/016deb6b-1f0a-8e9f-1833-a8675b170aa9@postgresql.org
Backpatch-through: 10

Due to parallel development, gist added the missing conflict
information in c952eae5, while 558a9165 moved that computation
to the primary for the index types that already had it.  Thus adapt
gist to also compute on the primary, using
index_compute_xid_horizon_for_tuples() instead of its own copy of the
logic.

This also adds pg_waldump support for XLOG_GIST_DELETE records, which
previously was not properly present.

Bumps WAL version.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190406050243.bszosdg4buvabfrt@alap3.anarazel.de

This commit adds the description that "non-exclusive" pg_start_backup
and pg_stop_backup can be executed even during recovery. Previously
it was wrongly documented that those functions are not allowed to be
executed during recovery.

Back-patch to 9.6 where non-exclusive backup API was added.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAHGQGwEuAYrEX7Yhmf2MCrTK81HDkkg-JqsOUh8zw6+zYC5zzw@mail.gmail.com

The formulas used to calculate size while (de)serializing mvndistinct
and functional dependencies were based on offset() of the structs. But
that is incorrect, because the structures are not copied directly, we
we copy the individual fields directly.

At the moment this works fine, because there is no alignment padding
on any platform we support. But it might break if we ever added some
fields into any of the structs, for example. It's also confusing.

Fixed by reworking the macros to directly sum sizes of serialized
fields. The macros are now useful only for serialiation, so there is
no point in keeping them in the public header file. So make them
private by moving them to the .c files.

Also adds a couple more asserts to check the serialization, and fixes
an incorrect allocation of MVDependency instead of (MVDependency *).

Reported-By: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/29785.1555365602@sss.pgh.pa.us

Backpatch-through: 10

The GSSAPI encryption patch neglected to update the protocol
documentation to describe how to set up a GSSAPI encrypted connection
from a client to the server, so fix that by adding the appropriate
documentation to protocol.sgml.

The tests added for encryption support were overly long and couldn't be
run in parallel due to race conditions; this was largely because each
test was setting up its own KDC to perform the tests.  Instead, merge
the authentication tests and the encryption tests into the original
test, where we only create one KDC to run the tests with.  Also, have
the tests check what the server's opinion is of the connection and if it
was GSS authenticated or encrypted using the pg_stat_gssapi view.

In passing, fix the libpq label for GSSENC-Mode to be consistent with
the "PGGSSENCMODE" environment variable.

Missing protocol documentation pointed out by Michael Paquier.
Issues with the tests pointed out by Tom Lane and Peter Eisentraut.

Refactored tests and added documentation by me.

Reviewed by Robbie Harwood (protocol documentation) and Michael Paquier
(rework of the tests).

For amcanreorderby scans the nodeIndexscan.c's reorder queue holds
heap tuples, but the underlying table likely does not. Before this fix
we'd return different types of slots, depending on whether the tuple
came from the reorder queue, or from the index + table.

While that could be fixed by signalling that the node doesn't return a
fixed type of slot, it seems better to instead remove the separate
slot for the reorder queue, and use ExecForceStoreHeapTuple() to store
tuples from the queue. It's not particularly common to need
reordering, after all.

This reverts most of the iss_ReorderQueueSlot related changes to
nodeIndexscan.c made in 1a0586de, except that now
ExecForceStoreHeapTuple() is used instead of ExecStoreHeapTuple().

Noticed when testing zheap against the in-core version of tableam.

Author: Andres Freund