Commit 0ffc201a included this object
unconditionally.  Being unprepared for that, most external, single-file
modules failed to build.  This better aligns the GNU make build system
with the heuristic in the MSVC build's Project::AddDirResourceFile().
In-tree, installed modules set PGFILEDESC, so they will see no change.
Also, under PGXS, omit the nonfunctioning rule to build win32ver.rc.
Back-patch to 9.5, where the aforementioned commit first appeared.

Older versions have rmtree but not remove_tree. The one-argument forms
of these are equivalent, so replace remove_tree with rmtree. This allows
the tests to be run on oldish Msys systems.

These were causing spurious test failures.

For correctness of summarization results, it is critical that the
snapshot used during the summarization scan is able to see all tuples
that are live to all transactions -- including tuples inserted or
deleted by in-progress transactions.  Otherwise, it would be possible
for a transaction to insert a tuple, then idle for a long time while a
concurrent transaction executes summarization of the range: this would
result in the inserted value not being considered in the summary.
Previously we were trying to use a MVCC snapshot in conjunction with
adding a "placeholder" tuple in the index: the snapshot would see all
committed tuples, and the placeholder tuple would catch insertions by
any new inserters.  The hole is that prior insertions by transactions
that are still in progress by the time the MVCC snapshot was taken were
ignored.

Kevin Grittner reported this as a bogus error message during vacuum with
default transaction isolation mode set to repeatable read (because the
error report mentioned a function name not being invoked during), but
the problem is larger than that.

To fix, tweak IndexBuildHeapRangeScan to have a new mode that behaves
the way we need using SnapshotAny visibility rules.  This change
simplifies the BRIN code a bit, mainly by removing large comments that
were mistaken.  Instead, rely on the SnapshotAny semantics to provide
what it needs.  (The business about a placeholder tuple needs to remain:
that covers the case that a transaction inserts a a tuple in a page that
summarization already scanned.)

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20150731175700.GX2441@postgresql.org

In passing, remove a couple of unused declarations from brin.h and
reword a comment to be proper English.  This part submitted by Kevin
Grittner.

Backpatch to 9.5, where BRIN was introduced.

Per the discussion in optimizer/README, it's unsafe to reassociate anything
into or out of the RHS of a SEMI or ANTI join.  An example from Piotr
Stefaniak showed that join_is_legal() wasn't sufficiently enforcing this
rule, so lock it down a little harder.

I couldn't find a reasonably simple example of the optimizer trying to
do this, so no new regression test.  (Piotr's example involved the random
search in GEQO accidentally trying an invalid case and triggering a sanity
check way downstream in clause selectivity estimation, which did not seem
like a sequence of events that would be useful to memorialize in a
regression test as-is.)

Back-patch to all active branches.

Per buildfarm members mandrill and hornet.

So far we have worked around the fact that some very old compilers do
not support 'inline' functions by only using inline functions
conditionally (or not at all). Since such compilers are very rare by
now, we have decided to rely on inline functions from 9.6 onwards.

To avoid breaking these old compilers inline is defined away when not
supported. That'll cause "function x defined but not used" type of
warnings, but since nobody develops on such compilers anymore that's
ok.

This change in policy will allow us to more easily employ inline
functions.

I chose to remove code previously conditional on PG_USE_INLINE as it
seemed confusing to have code dependent on a define that's always
defined.

Blacklisting of compilers, like in c53f7387, now has to be done
differently. A platform template can define PG_FORCE_DISABLE_INLINE to
force inline to be defined empty.

Discussion: 20150701161447.GB30708@awork2.anarazel.de

Previously the message erroneously printed the same LSN twice as the
assignment to the start_lsn variable was before the message. Correct
that.

Reported-By: Marko Tiikkaja
Author: Marko Tiikkaja
Backpatch: 9.5, where logical decoding was introduced

I appear to accidentally have switched the comments for
pg_atomic_write_u32 and pg_atomic_read_u32 around. Also fix some minor
typos I found while fixing.

Noticed-By: Amit Kapila
Backpatch: 9.5

Per discussion of bug #13538.

Per discussion, it really ought to do this.  The original choice to
exclude shell types was probably made in the dark ages before we made
it harder to accidentally create shell types; but that was in 7.3.

Also, cause the standard regression tests to leave a shell type behind,
for convenience in testing the case in pg_dump and pg_upgrade.

Back-patch to all supported branches.

The tuplesort/tuplestore memory management logic assumed that the chunk
allocation overhead for its memtuples array could not increase when
increasing the array size.  This is and always was true for tuplesort,
but we (I, I think) blindly copied that logic into tuplestore.c without
noticing that the assumption failed to hold for the much smaller array
elements used by tuplestore.  Given rather small work_mem, this could
result in an improper complaint about "unexpected out-of-memory situation",
as reported by Brent DeSpain in bug #13530.

The easiest way to fix this is just to increase tuplestore's initial
array size so that the assumption holds.  Rather than relying on magic
constants, though, let's export a #define from aset.c that represents
the safe allocation threshold, and make tuplestore's calculation depend
on that.

Do the same in tuplesort.c to keep the logic looking parallel, even though
tuplesort.c isn't actually at risk at present.  This will keep us from
breaking it if we ever muck with the allocation parameters in aset.c.

Back-patch to all supported versions.  The error message doesn't occur
pre-9.3, not so much because the problem can't happen as because the
pre-9.3 tuplestore code neglected to check for it.  (The chance of
trouble is a great deal larger as of 9.3, though, due to changes in the
array-size-increasing strategy.)  However, allowing LACKMEM() to become
true unexpectedly could still result in less-than-desirable behavior,
so let's patch it all the way back.

In commit b514a746, I changed the planner
so that it would allow nestloop paths to remain partially parameterized,
ie the inner relation might need parameters from both the current outer
relation and some upper-level outer relation.  That's fine so long as we're
talking about distinct parameters; but the patch also allowed creation of
nestloop paths for cases where the inner relation's parameter was a
PlaceHolderVar whose eval_at set included the current outer relation and
some upper-level one.  That does *not* work.

In principle we could allow such a PlaceHolderVar to be evaluated at the
lower join node using values passed down from the upper relation along with
values from the join's own outer relation.  However, nodeNestloop.c only
supports simple Vars not arbitrary expressions as nestloop parameters.
createplan.c is also a few bricks shy of being able to handle such cases;
it misplaces the PlaceHolderVar parameters in the plan tree, which is why
the visible symptoms of this bug are "plan should not reference subplan's
variable" and "failed to assign all NestLoopParams to plan nodes" planner
errors.

Adding the necessary complexity to make this work doesn't seem like it
would be repaid in significantly better plans, because in cases where such
a PHV exists, there is probably a corresponding join order constraint that
would allow a good plan to be found without using the star-schema exception.
Furthermore, adding complexity to nodeNestloop.c would create a run-time
penalty even for plans where this whole consideration is irrelevant.
So let's just reject such paths instead.

Per fuzz testing by Andreas Seltenreich; the added regression test is based
on his example query.  Back-patch to 9.2, like the previous patch.

It must be possible to multiply wal_buffers by XLOG_BLCKSZ without
overflowing int, or calculations in StartupXLOG will go badly wrong
and crash the server.  Avoid that by imposing a maximum value on
wal_buffers.  This will be just under 2GB, assuming the usual value
for XLOG_BLCKSZ.

Josh Berkus, per an analysis by Andrew Gierth.

Vik Fearing, reviewed by Brendan Jurd, Michael Paquier, and myself

Peter Geoghegan

If there are two different aggregates in the query with same inputs, and
the aggregates have the same initial condition and transition function,
only calculate the state value once, and only call the final functions
separately. For example, AVG(x) and SUM(x) aggregates have the same
transition function, which accumulates the sum and number of input tuples.
For a query like "SELECT AVG(x), SUM(x) FROM x", we can therefore
accumulate the state function only once, which gives a nice speedup.

David Rowley, reviewed and edited by me.

Only remove the default deny policy when a permissive policy exists
(either from the hook or defined by the user).  If only restrictive
policies exist then no rows will be visible, as restrictive policies
shouldn't make rows visible.  To address this requirement, a single
"USING (true)" permissive policy can be created.

Update the test_rls_hooks regression tests to create the necessary
"USING (true)" permissive policy.

Back-patch to 9.5 where RLS was added.

Per discussion with Dean.

psql neglected to wrap parenthesis around USING and WITH CHECK
expressions -- fixed. Back-patched to 9.5 where RLS policies were
introduced.

If tablespace_map file is present without backup_label file, there is
no use of such file.  There is no harm in retaining it, but it is better
to get rid of the map file so that we don't have any redundant file
in data directory and it will avoid any sort of confusion. It seems
prudent though to just rename the file out of the way rather than
delete it completely, also we ignore any error that occurs in rename
operation as even if map file is present without backup_label file,
it is harmless.

Back-patch to 9.5 where tablespace_map file was introduced.

Amit Kapila, reviewed by Robert Haas, Alvaro Herrera and me.

pg_xlog is often a symlink, typically to a different filesystem. Don't
get confused and comlain about by that, and just always pretend that it's a
normal directory, even if it's really a symlink.

Also add a test case for this.

Backpatch to 9.5.

Since commit 01f6bb4b, TestLib.pm has exported path to tmp_check directory,
so let's use that also for the pg_rewind test clusters etc.

Also, in master, the $tempdir_short variable has not been used since commit
13d856e1, which moved the initdb-running code to TestLib.pm.

Backpatch to 9.5.

Not sure why /tmp_check/ was omitted from this one, but even if it
isn't really needed right now, it's inconsistent not to include it.

Oversight in commit cb3384a0.
Back-patch to 9.1, like that commit.

It's against project policy to use elog() for user-facing errors, or to
omit an errcode() selection for errors that aren't supposed to be "can't
happen" cases.  Fix all the violations of this policy that result in
ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR log entries during the standard regression tests,
as errors that can reliably be triggered from SQL surely should be
considered user-facing.

I also looked through all the files touched by this commit and fixed
other nearby problems of the same ilk.  I do not claim to have fixed
all violations of the policy, just the ones in these files.

In a few places I also changed existing ERRCODE choices that didn't
seem particularly appropriate; mainly replacing ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR
by something more specific.

Back-patch to 9.5, but no further; changing ERRCODE assignments in
stable branches doesn't seem like a good idea.

The Msys DTK perl, which is required to run TAP tests under Msys as a
native perl won't recognize the correct virtual paths, has its osname
recorded in the Config module as 'msys' instead of 'MSWin32'. To avoid
having to repeat the test a variable is created that is true iff the
osname is either of these values, and is then used everywhere that
matters.

As in commit 0a52d378, avoid doing something that has undefined
results according to the C standard, even though in practice there does
not seem to be any problem with it.

This fixes two places in numeric.c that demonstrably could call memcpy()
with such arguments.  I looked through that file and didn't see any other
places with similar hazards; this is not to claim that there are not such
places in other files.

Per report from Piotr Stefaniak.  Back-patch to 9.5 which is where the
previous commit was added.  We're more or less setting a precedent that
we will not worry about this type of issue in pre-9.5 branches unless
someone demonstrates a problem in the field.

An EAN beginning with 979 (but not 9790 - those are ISMN's) are accepted
as ISBN numbers, but they cannot be represented in the old, 10-digit ISBN
format. They must be output in the new 13-digit ISBN-13 format. We printed
out an incorrect value for those.

Also add a regression test, to test this and some other basic functionality
of the module.

Patch by Fabien Coelho. This fixes bug #13442, reported by B.Z. Backpatch
to 9.1, where we started to recognize ISBN-13 numbers.

Commit c9b0cbe9 accidentally broke the
order of operations during postmaster shutdown: it resulted in removing
the per-socket lockfiles after, not before, postmaster.pid.  This creates
a race-condition hazard for a new postmaster that's started immediately
after observing that postmaster.pid has disappeared; if it sees the
socket lockfile still present, it will quite properly refuse to start.
This error appears to be the explanation for at least some of the
intermittent buildfarm failures we've seen in the pg_upgrade test.

Another problem, which has been there all along, is that the postmaster
has never bothered to close() its listen sockets, but has just allowed them
to close at process death.  This creates a different race condition for an
incoming postmaster: it might be unable to bind to the desired listen
address because the old postmaster is still incumbent.  This might explain
some odd failures we've seen in the past, too.  (Note: this is not related
to the fact that individual backends don't close their client communication
sockets.  That behavior is intentional and is not changed by this patch.)

Fix by adding an on_proc_exit function that closes the postmaster's ports
explicitly, and (in 9.3 and up) reshuffling the responsibility for where
to unlink the Unix socket files.  Lock file unlinking can stay where it
is, but teach it to unlink the lock files in reverse order of creation.

If a call to WaitForXLogInsertionsToFinish() returned a value in the middle
of a page, and another backend then started to insert a record to the same
page, and then you called WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish() again, the second
call might return a smaller value than the first call. The problem was in
GetXLogBuffer(), which always updated the insertingAt value to the
beginning of the requested page, not the actual requested location. Because
of that, the second call might return a xlog pointer to the beginning of
the page, while the first one returned a later position on the same page.
XLogFlush() performs two calls to WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish() in
succession, and holds WALWriteLock on the second call, which can deadlock
if the second call to WaitXLogInsertionsToFinish() blocks.

Reported by Spiros Ioannou. Backpatch to 9.4, where the more scalable
WALInsertLock mechanism, and this bug, was introduced.

LWLockAttemptLock pointlessly read the lock's state in every loop
iteration, even though pg_atomic_compare_exchange_u32() returns the old
value. Instead do that only once before the loop iteration.

Additionally there's no need to have the expected_state variable,
old_state mostly had the same value anyway.

Noticed-By: Heikki Linnakangas
Backpatch: 9.5, no reason to let the branches diverge at this point

The lwlock scalability work introduced two race conditions into the
lwlock variable support provided for xlog.c. First, and harmlessly on
most platforms, it set/read the variable without the spinlock in some
places. Secondly, due to the removal of the spinlock, it was possible
that a backend missed changes to the variable's state if it changed in
the wrong moment because checking the lock's state, the variable's state
and the queuing are not protected by a single spinlock acquisition
anymore.

To fix first move resetting the variable's from LWLockAcquireWithVar to
WALInsertLockRelease, via a new function LWLockReleaseClearVar. That
prevents issues around waiting for a variable's value to change when a
new locker has acquired the lock, but not yet set the value. Secondly
re-check that the variable hasn't changed after enqueing, that prevents
the issue that the lock has been released and already re-acquired by the
time the woken up backend checks for the lock's state.

Reported-By: Jeff Janes
Analyzed-By: Heikki Linnakangas
Reviewed-By: Heikki Linnakangas
Discussion: 5592DB35.2060401@iki.fi
Backpatch: 9.5, where the lwlock scalability went in

An outer join clause that didn't actually reference the RHS (perhaps only
after constant-folding) could confuse the join order enforcement logic,
leading to wrong query results.  Also, nested occurrences of such things
could trigger an Assertion that on reflection seems incorrect.

Per fuzz testing by Andreas Seltenreich.  The practical use of such cases
seems thin enough that it's not too surprising we've not heard field
reports about it.

This has been broken for a long time, so back-patch to all active branches.

Per complaint from Peter Holzer.  It's useful to cover this special case,
since for a boolean variable "foo", earlier parts of the planner will have
reduced variants like "foo = true" to just "foo", and thus we may fail
to recognize the applicability of a partial index with predicate
"foo IS NOT NULL".

Back-patch to 9.5, but not further; given the lack of previous complaints
this doesn't seem like behavior to change in stable branches.

In many cases, we can implement a semijoin as a plain innerjoin by first
passing the righthand-side relation through a unique-ification step.
However, one of the cases where this does NOT work is where the RHS has
a LATERAL reference to the LHS; that makes the RHS dependent on the LHS
so that unique-ification is meaningless.  joinpath.c understood this,
and so would not generate any join paths of this kind ... but join_is_legal
neglected to check for the case, so it would think that we could do it.
The upshot would be a "could not devise a query plan for the given query"
failure once we had failed to generate any join paths at all for the bogus
join pair.

Back-patch to 9.3 where LATERAL was added.

The PGXS-case directory does not exist in the non-PGXS case, and vice
versa.  Add one or the other, not both.  This is essentially cosmetic.
It makes Makefile.win32 more like the similar Makefile.global code.

Responsibility was formerly split between Makefile.global and pgxs.mk.
As a result of commit b58233c7, in the
PGXS case, these variables were unset while parsing Makefile.global and
callees.  Inclusion of Makefile.custom did not work from PGXS, and the
subtle difference seemed like a recipe for future bugs.  Back-patch to
9.4, where that commit first appeared.

They are marked stable, but since they act on instantaneous state and it
is possible to consult state of transactions as they commit, the results
could change mid-query.  They need to be marked volatile, and this
commit does so.

There would normally be a catversion bump here, but this is so much a
niche feature and I don't believe there's real damage from the incorrect
marking, that I refrained.

Backpatch to 9.5, where commit timestamps where introduced.

Per note from Fujii Masao.

The code was assuming that any NULL value in scan keys was due to IS
NULL or IS NOT NULL, but it turns out to be possible to get them with
other operators too, if they are used in contrived-enough ways.  Easiest
way out of the problem seems to check explicitely for the IS NOT NULL
flag, instead of assuming it must be set if the IS NULL flag is not set,
when a null scan key is found; if neither flag is set, follow the lead
of other index AMs and assume that all indexable operators must be
strict, and thus the query is never satisfiable.

Also, add a comment to try and lure some future hacker into improving
analysis of scan keys in brin.

Per report from Andreas Seltenreich; diagnosis by Tom Lane.
Backpatch to 9.5.

Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20646.1437919632@sss.pgh.pa.us