Patch by me, reviewed by Tatsuo Ishii.

We need to increment the refcount on the composite type's cached tuple
descriptor while we do lookups of its column types.  Otherwise a cache
flush could occur and release the tuple descriptor before we're done with
it.  This fails reliably with -DCLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS, but the odds of a
failure in a production build seem rather low (since the pfree'd descriptor
typically wouldn't get scribbled on immediately).  That may explain the
lack of any previous reports.  Buildfarm issue noted by Christian Ullrich.

Back-patch to 9.1 where the bogus code was added.

lo_read()/lo_write() in libpq to avoid confusion.

pg_isready displays the host name and the port number that it uses to connect
to the server. So far, pg_isready didn't use the conninfo specified in -d option
for calculating those host name and port number. This can lead to wrong display
to a user. This commit changes pg_isready so that it uses the conninfo for that
calculation.

Original patch by Phil Sorber, modified by me.

getSchemaData() must identify extension member objects and mark them
as not to be dumped. This must happen after reading all objects that can be
direct members of extensions, but before we begin to process table subsidiary
objects. Both rules and event triggers were wrong in this regard.

Backport rules portion of patch to 9.1 -- event triggers do not exist prior to 9.3.
Suggested fix by Tom Lane, initial complaint and patch by me.

Autovacuum occurring while the test runs could allow some of the inserts to
go into recycled space, thus changing the output ordering of later queries.
While we could complicate those queries to force sorting of their output
rows, it doesn't seem like that would make the test better in any
meaningful way, and conceivably it could hide unexpected diffs.  Instead,
tweak the affected queries so that the inserted rows aren't updated by the
following UPDATE.  Per buildfarm.

When the existing code here was written, it made sense to special-case
RowExprs because that was the only way that we could handle row comparisons
at all.  Now that we have record_eq() and arrays of composites, the generic
logic for "scalar" types will in fact work on RowExprs too, so there's no
reason to throw error for combinations of RowExprs and other ways of
forming composite values, nor to ignore the possibility of using a
ScalarArrayOpExpr.  But keep using the old logic when comparing two
RowExprs, for consistency with the main transformAExprOp() logic.  (This
allows some cases with not-quite-identical rowtypes to succeed, so we might
get push-back if we removed it.)  Per bug #8198 from Rafal Rzepecki.

Back-patch to all supported branches, since this works fine as far back as
8.4.

Rafal Rzepecki and Tom Lane

Per discussion, this restriction isn't needed for any real security reason,
and it seems to confuse people more often than it helps them.  It could
also result in some database states being unrestorable.  So just drop it.

Back-patch to 9.0, where ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES was introduced.

AllocateFile(), AllocateDir(), and some sister routines share a small array
for remembering requests, so that the files can be closed on transaction
failure.  Previously that array had a fixed size, MAX_ALLOCATED_DESCS (32).
While historically that had seemed sufficient, Steve Toutant pointed out
that this meant you couldn't scan more than 32 file_fdw foreign tables in
one query, because file_fdw depends on the COPY code which uses
AllocateFile().  There are probably other cases, or will be in the future,
where this nonconfigurable limit impedes users.

We can't completely remove any such limit, at least not without a lot of
work, since each such request requires a kernel file descriptor and most
platforms limit the number we can have.  (In principle we could
"virtualize" these descriptors, as fd.c already does for the main VFD pool,
but not without an additional layer of overhead and a lot of notational
impact on the calling code.)  But we can at least let the array size be
configurable.  Hence, change the code to allow up to max_safe_fds/2
allocated file requests.  On modern platforms this should allow several
hundred concurrent file_fdw scans, or more if one increases the value of
max_files_per_process.  To go much further than that, we'd need to do some
more work on the data structure, since the current code for closing
requests has potentially O(N^2) runtime; but it should still be all right
for request counts in this range.

Back-patch to 9.1 where contrib/file_fdw was introduced.

Long-standing code has called tolower() on identifier character bytes
with the high bit set. This is clearly an error and produces junk output
when the encoding is multi-byte. This patch therefore restricts this
activity to cases where there is a character with the high bit set AND
the encoding is single-byte.

There have been numerous gripes about this, most recently from Martin
Schäfer.

Backpatch to all live releases.

In 9.2, Unicode escape sequences are not analysed at all other than
to make sure that they are in the form \uXXXX. But in 9.3 many of the
new operators and functions try to turn JSON text values into text in
the server encoding, and this includes de-escaping Unicode escape
sequences. This processing had not taken into account the possibility
that this might contain a surrogate pair to designate a character
outside the BMP. That is now handled correctly.

This also enforces correct use of surrogate pairs, something that is not
done by the type's input routines. This fact is noted in the docs.

Although the DTD technically allows this, the resulting HTML is invalid
because it puts block elements inside inline elements.  DocBook 5.0 also
doesn't allow it anymore, so it's fair to assume that this was never
really intended to work.  Replace <synopsis> with <literal>, which is
the markup used elsewhere in the documentation in similar cases.

It claimed the value was always zero; it is really always -1.

Per report from Hari Babu

Swap the order of a couple of phrases to clarify what the adjective
"subsequent" applies to.

Joshua Tolley

Greg Smith

Andres Freund

Backpatch to 9.2.

The planner is aware that it mustn't push down upper-level quals into
subqueries if the quals reference subquery output columns that contain
set-returning functions or volatile functions, or are non-DISTINCT outputs
of a DISTINCT ON subquery.  However, it missed making this check when
there were one or more levels of UNION or INTERSECT above the dangerous
expression.  This could lead to "set-valued function called in context that
cannot accept a set" errors, as seen in bug #8213 from Eric Soroos, or to
silently wrong answers in the other cases.

To fix, refactor the checks so that we make the column-is-unsafe checks
during subquery_is_pushdown_safe(), which already has to recursively
inspect all arms of a set-operation tree.  This makes
qual_is_pushdown_safe() considerably simpler, at the cost that we will
spend some cycles checking output columns that possibly aren't referenced
in any upper qual.  But the cases where this code gets executed at all
are already nontrivial queries, so it's unlikely anybody will notice any
slowdown of planning.

This has been broken since commit 05f916e6,
which makes the bug over ten years old.  A bit surprising nobody noticed it
before now.

In commit 2c92edad, I broke "EXPLAIN
(ANALYZE)" syntax, because I mistakenly thought that ANALYZE/ANALYSE were
only partially reserved and thus would be included in NonReservedWord;
but actually they're fully reserved so they still need to be called out
here.

A nicer solution would be to demote these words to type_func_name_keyword
status (they can't be less than that because of "VACUUM [ANALYZE] ColId").
While that works fine so far as the core grammar is concerned, it breaks
ECPG's grammar for reasons I don't have time to isolate at the moment.
So do this for the time being.

Per report from Kevin Grittner.  Back-patch to 9.0, like the previous
commit.

The new message (and SQLSTATE) matches the corresponding error cases in
namespace.c.

This was thought to be a "can't happen" case when extension.c was written,
so we didn't think hard about how to report it.  But it definitely can
happen in 9.2 and later, since we no longer require search_path to contain
any valid schema names.  It's probably also possible in 9.1 if search_path
came from a noninteractive source.  So, back-patch to all releases
containing this code.

Per report from Sean Chittenden, though this isn't exactly his patch.

Use the same gcc atomic functions as we do on newer ARM chips.
(Basically this is a copy and paste of the __arm__ code block,
but omitting the SWPB option since that definitely won't work.)

Back-patch to 9.2.  The patch would work further back, but we'd also
need to update config.guess/config.sub in older branches to make them
build out-of-the-box, and there hasn't been demand for it.

Mark Salter

The array allocated by GetRunningTransactionLocks() needs to be pfree'd
when we're done with it.  Otherwise we leak some memory during each
checkpoint, if wal_level = hot_standby.  This manifests as memory bloat
in the checkpointer process, or in bgwriter in versions before we made
the checkpointer separate.

Reported and fixed by Naoya Anzai.  Back-patch to 9.0 where the issue
was introduced.

In passing, improve comments for GetRunningTransactionLocks(), and add
an Assert that we didn't overrun the palloc'd array.

Because of the bug, -r would not accept the rmgr with the highest ID.

"eval q{foo}" used to complain that the error was on line 2 of the eval'd
string, because eval internally tacked on "\n;" so that the end of the
erroneous command was indeed on line 2.  But as of Perl 5.18 it more
sanely says that the error is on line 1.  To avoid Perl-version-dependent
regression test results, use "eval q{foo;}" instead in the two places
where this matters.  Per buildfarm.

Since people might try to use newer Perl versions with older PG releases,
back-patch as far as 9.0 where these test cases were added.

This reverts commit a475c603.

Erik Rijkers reported back in January 2013 that after the patch, if you do
"pg_dump -t myschema.mytable" to dump a single table, and restore that in
a database where myschema does not exist, the table is silently created in
pg_catalog instead. That is because pg_dump uses
"SET search_path=myschema, pg_catalog" to set schema the table is created
in. While allow_system_table_mods is not a very elegant solution to this,
we can't leave it as it is, so for now, revert it back to the way it was
previously.

A few more minor spelling corrections, no functional changes.

Thom Brown

Seems cleaner to get the currently-replayed TLI in the same call to
GetXLogReplayRecPtr that we get the WAL position. Make it more clear in the
comment what the code does when recovery has already ended
(RecoveryInProgress() will set ThisTimeLineID in that case). Finally, make
resetting ThisTimeLineID afterwards more explicit.

This change makes type_func_name_keywords less reserved than they were
before, by allowing them for role names, language names, EXPLAIN and COPY
options, and SET values for GUCs; which are all places where few if any
actual keywords could appear instead, so no new ambiguities are introduced.

The main driver for this change is to allow "COPY ... (FORMAT BINARY)"
to work without quoting the word "binary".  That is an inconsistency that
has been complained of repeatedly over the years (at least by Pavel Golub,
Kurt Lidl, and Simon Riggs); but we hadn't thought of any non-ugly solution
until now.

Back-patch to 9.0 where the COPY (FORMAT BINARY) syntax was introduced.

See 00b0c73f for an explanation.

Must cast char argument to unsigned to avoid doing the wrong thing
with high-bit-set characters.  Oversight in commit
30b5ede7.

Fix a few spelling mistakes.

Per bug report #8193 from Lajos Veres.

Make slightly better decisions about indentation than what pgindent
is capable of.  Mostly breaking out long function calls into one
line per argument, with a few other minor adjustments.

No functional changes- all whitespace.
pgindent ran cleanly (didn't change anything) after.
Passes all regressions.

They no longer match reality with the web site style sheets, and it is
difficult to keep the up to date in a CSS world.

Dean Rasheed

Ian Lawrence Barwick