Since commit 044c99bc, eqjoinsel passes the passed-in collation
to any operators it invokes.  However, neqjoinsel failed to pass
on whatever collation it got, so that if we invoked a
collation-dependent operator via that code path, we'd get "could not
determine which collation to use for string comparison" or the like.

Per report from Justin Pryzby.  Back-patch to v12, like the previous
commit.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200721191606.GL5748@telsasoft.com

Holding just a buffer pin (with no buffer lock) on an nbtree buffer/page
provides very weak guarantees, especially compared to heapam, where it's
often safe to read a page while only holding a buffer pin.  This commit
has Valgrind enforce the following rule: it is never okay to access an
nbtree buffer without holding both a pin and a lock on the buffer.

A draft version of this patch detected questionable code that was
cleaned up by commits fa7ff642 and 7154aa16.  The code in question used
to access an nbtree buffer page's special/opaque area with no buffer
lock (only a buffer pin).  This practice (which isn't obviously unsafe)
is hereby formally disallowed in nbtree.  There doesn't seem to be any
reason to allow it, and banning it keeps things simple for Valgrind.

The new checks are implemented by adding custom nbtree client requests
(located in LockBuffer() wrapper functions); these requests are
"superimposed" on top of the generic bufmgr.c Valgrind client requests
added by commit 1e0dfd16.  No custom resource management cleanup code is
needed to undo the effects of marking buffers as non-accessible under
this scheme.

Author: Peter Geoghegan
Reviewed-By: Anastasia Lubennikova, Georgios Kokolatos
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkLgyN3zBvRZ1pkNJThC=xi_0gpWRUb_45eexLH1+k2_Q@mail.gmail.com

Rather than always insisting on an exact match of the type OID in the
data to the element type or column type we expect, complain only when
both OIDs fall within the manually-assigned range.  This acknowledges
the reality that user-defined types don't have stable OIDs, while
still preserving some of the mistake-detection value of the old test.

(It's not entirely clear whether to error if one OID is manually
assigned and the other isn't.  But perhaps that case could arise in
cross-version cases where a former extension type has been imported
into core, so I let it pass.)

This change allows us to remove the prohibition on binary transfer
of user-defined arrays and composites in the recently-landed support
for binary logical replication (commit 9de77b54).  We can just
unconditionally drop that check, since if the client has asked for
binary transfer it must be >= v14 and must have this change.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CADK3HH+R3xMn=8t3Ct+uD+qJ1KD=Hbif5NFMJ+d5DkoCzp6Vgw@mail.gmail.com

Author: Jürgen Purtz <juergen@purtz.de>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/95f90a5d-7692-701d-2c0c-0c88eb5cea7d@purtz.de

Add "(process)" qualifier to two terms, remove self-reference in one
term.

Author: Jürgen Purtz <juergen@purtz.de>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/95f90a5d-7692-701d-2c0c-0c88eb5cea7d@purtz.de

The bug fixed in commit 72eab84a would not have occurred if initdb
had a less surprising rule about which columns should be marked
NOT NULL by default.  Let's make that rule be strictly that the
column must be fixed-width and its predecessors must be fixed-width
and NOT NULL, removing the hacky and unsafe exceptions for oidvector
and int2vector.

Since we do still want all existing oidvector and int2vector columns
to be marked NOT NULL, we have to put BKI_FORCE_NOT_NULL labels on
them.  But making this less magic and more documented seems like a
good idea, even if it's a shade more verbose.

I didn't bump catversion since the initial catalog contents are
not actually changed by this patch.  Note however that the
contents of postgres.bki do change, and feeding an old copy of
that to a new backend will produce wrong results.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/204760.1595181800@sss.pgh.pa.us

The executor checks for this error, and so does the bootstrap catalog
loader, but we never checked for it in retail catalog manipulations.
The folly of that has now been exposed, so let's add assertions
checking it.  Checking in CatalogTupleInsert[WithInfo] and
CatalogTupleUpdate[WithInfo] should be enough to cover this.

Back-patch to v10; the aforesaid functions didn't exist before that,
and it didn't seem worth adapting the patch to the oldest branches.
But given the risk of JIT crashes, I think we certainly need this
as far back as v11.

Pre-v13, we have to explicitly exclude pg_subscription.subslotname
and pg_subscription_rel.srsublsn from the checks, since they are
mismarked.  (Even if we change our mind about applying BKI_FORCE_NULL
in the branch tips, it doesn't seem wise to have assertions that
would fire in existing databases.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/298837.1595196283@sss.pgh.pa.us

This corrects and simplifies $subject in a number of ways:
- Remove from the completion the pre-9.0 grammar still supported for
compatibility purposes.  This simplifies the code, and allows to extend
it more easily with new patterns.
- Add completion for the options of FORMAT within a WITH clause.
- Complete WHERE and WITH clauses correctly depending on if TO or FROM
are used, WHERE being only available with COPY FROM.

Author: Vignesh C, Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Ahsan Hadi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALDaNm3zWr=OmxeNqOqfT=uZTSdam_j-gkX94CL8eTNfgUtf6A@mail.gmail.com

Many situations where the offset is infinity were not handled sanely.
We should generally allow the val versus base +/- offset comparison to
proceed according to the normal rules of IEEE arithmetic; however, we
must do something special for the corner cases where base +/- offset
would produce NaN due to subtracting two like-signed infinities.
That corresponds to asking which values infinitely precede +inf or
infinitely follow -inf, which should certainly be true of any finite
value or of the opposite-signed infinity.  After some discussion it
seems that the best decision is to make it true of the same-signed
infinity as well, ie, just return constant TRUE if the calculation
would produce a NaN.

(We could write this with a bit less code by subtracting anyway,
and then checking for a NaN result.  However, I prefer this
formulation because it'll be easier to transpose into numeric.c.)

Although this seems like clearly a bug fix with respect to finite
values, it is less obviously correct for infinite values.  Between
that and the fact that the whole issue only arises for very strange
window specifications (e.g. RANGE BETWEEN 'inf' PRECEDING AND 'inf'
PRECEDING), I'll desist from back-patching.

Noted by Dean Rasheed.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3393130.1594925893@sss.pgh.pa.us

This is more consistent with the IEEE 754 spec and our treatment of
NaNs elsewhere; in particular, the case has always acted that way in
"numeric" arithmetic.

Noted by Dean Rasheed.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3421746.1594927785@sss.pgh.pa.us

Strengthen the LockBuffer() assertion that verifies BufferIsValid() by
making it verify BufferIsPinned() instead.  Do the same in nearby
related functions.

There is probably not much chance that anybody will try to lock a buffer
that is not already pinned, but we might as well make sure of that.

The code has always set this column to NULL when it's not valid,
but the catalog header's description failed to reflect that,
as did the SGML docs, as did some of the code.  To prevent future
coding errors of the same ilk, let's hide the field from C code
as though it were variable-length (which, in a sense, it is).

As with commit 72eab84a, we can only fix this cleanly in HEAD
and v13; the problem extends further back but we'll need some
klugery in the released branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/367660.1595202498@sss.pgh.pa.us

Commit b9c130a1 failed to apply the publisher-to-subscriber column
mapping while checking which columns were updated.  Perhaps less
significantly, it didn't exclude dropped columns either.  This could
result in an incorrect updated-columns bitmap and thus wrong decisions
about whether to fire column-specific triggers on the subscriber while
applying updates.  In HEAD (since commit 9de77b54), it could also
result in accesses off the end of the colstatus array, as detected by
buildfarm member skink.  Fix the logic, and adjust 003_constraints.pl
so that the problem is exposed in unpatched code.

In HEAD, also add some assertions to check that we don't access off
the ends of these newly variable-sized arrays.

Back-patch to v10, as b9c130a1 was.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-Wz=79hKQ4++c5A060RYbjTHgiYTHz=fw6mptCtgghH2gJA@mail.gmail.com

All functions provided by this extension are PARALLEL SAFE.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/AM5PR0901MB1587E47B1ACF23C6089DFCA3FD9B0%40AM5PR0901MB1587.eurprd09.prod.outlook.com
Author: Steven Winfield

max_slot_wal_keep_size that was added in v13 and wal_keep_segments are
the GUC parameters to specify how much WAL files to retain for
the standby servers. While max_slot_wal_keep_size accepts the number of
bytes of WAL files, wal_keep_segments accepts the number of WAL files.
This difference of setting units between those similar parameters could
be confusing to users.

To alleviate this situation, this commit renames wal_keep_segments to
wal_keep_size, and make users specify the WAL size in it instead of
the number of WAL files.

There was also the idea to rename max_slot_wal_keep_size to
max_slot_wal_keep_segments, in the discussion. But we have been moving
away from measuring in segments, for example, checkpoint_segments was
replaced by max_wal_size. So we concluded to rename wal_keep_segments
to wal_keep_size.

Back-patch to v13 where max_slot_wal_keep_size was added.

Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Álvaro Herrera, Kyotaro Horiguchi, David Steele
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/574b4ea3-e0f9-b175-ead2-ebea7faea855@oss.nttdata.com

The logical decoding infrastructure needs to know which top-level
transaction the subxact belongs to, in order to decode all the
changes. Until now that might be delayed until commit, due to the
caching (GPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS), preventing features requiring
incremental decoding.

So we also write the assignment info into WAL immediately, as part
of the next WAL record (to minimize overhead) only when wal_level=logical.
We can not remove the existing XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT WAL as that is
required for avoiding overflow in the hot standby snapshot.

Bump XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC, since this introduces XLR_BLOCK_ID_TOPLEVEL_XID.

Author: Tomas Vondra, Dilip Kumar, Amit Kapila
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Tested-by: Neha Sharma and Mahendra Singh Thalor
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/688b0b7f-2f6c-d827-c27b-216a8e3ea700@2ndquadrant.com

There was no easy way to find how many times generic and custom plans
have been executed for a prepared statement. This commit exposes those
numbers of times in pg_prepared_statements view.

Author: Atsushi Torikoshi, Kyotaro Horiguchi
Reviewed-by: Tatsuro Yamada, Masahiro Ikeda, Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CACZ0uYHZ4M=NZpofH6JuPHeX=__5xcDELF8hT8_2T+R55w4RQw@mail.gmail.com

Author: Vignesh C
Reviewed-by: James Coleman
Backpatch-through: 13, where it was introduced
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALDaNm0WjZqRvdeL59ZfYH0o4mLbKQ23jm-bnjXcFzgpANx55g@mail.gmail.com

Valgrind builds with assertions enabled sometimes perform a
theoretically unsafe page access inside an assertion in
heapam_tuple_lock().  This happened when the eval-plan-qual isolation
test ran one of the permutations added by commit a2418f9e.

Avoid complaints from Valgrind by moving the assertion ever so slightly.
This is minor cleanup for commit 1e0dfd16, which added Valgrind buffer
access instrumentation.

No backpatch, since this only happens within an assertion, and seems
very unlikely to cause any real problems even with assert-enabled
builds.

Make PinBuffer() mark buffers as defined to Valgrind unconditionally,
including when the buffer header spinlock must be acquired.  Failure to
handle that case could lead to false positive reports from Valgrind.

This theoretically creates a risk that we'll mark buffers defined even
when external callers don't end up with a buffer pin.  That seems
perfectly acceptable, though, since in general we make no guarantees
about buffers that are unsafe to access being reliably marked as unsafe.

Oversight in commit 1e0dfd16, which added valgrind buffer access
instrumentation.

Due to the layout of this catalog, subslotname has to be explicitly
marked BKI_FORCE_NULL, else initdb will default to the assumption
that it's non-nullable.  Since, in fact, CREATE/ALTER SUBSCRIPTION
will store null values there, the existing marking is just wrong,
and has been since this catalog was invented.

We haven't noticed because not much in the system actually depends
on attnotnull being truthful.  However, JIT'ed tuple deconstruction
does depend on that in some cases, allowing crashes or wrong answers
in queries that inspect pg_subscription.  Commit 9de77b54 quite
accidentally exposed this on the buildfarm members that force JIT
activation.

Back-patch to v13.  The problem goes further back, but we cannot
force initdb in released branches, so some klugier solution will
be needed there.  Before working on that, push this simple fix
to try to get the buildfarm back to green.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/4118109.1595096139@sss.pgh.pa.us

This avoids deprecation warnings from newer OpenSSL versions (3.0.0 in
particular).

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/FEF81714-D479-4512-839B-C769D2605F8A%40yesql.se

This header hasn't changed recently, so the fact that it now fails
headerscheck/cpluspluscheck testing must be due to changes in what
it includes.  Probably f2191679 is to blame, but I didn't try to
verify that.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3699703.1595016554@sss.pgh.pa.us

This patch adds a "binary" option to CREATE/ALTER SUBSCRIPTION.
When that's set, the publisher will send data using the data type's
typsend function if any, rather than typoutput.  This is generally
faster, if slightly less robust.

As committed, we won't try to transfer user-defined array or composite
types in binary, for fear that type OIDs won't match at the subscriber.
This might be changed later, but it seems like fit material for a
follow-on patch.

Dave Cramer, reviewed by Daniel Gustafsson, Petr Jelinek, and others;
adjusted some by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CADK3HH+R3xMn=8t3Ct+uD+qJ1KD=Hbif5NFMJ+d5DkoCzp6Vgw@mail.gmail.com

This updates some URLs that are redirections, mostly to an equivalent
using https.  One URL referring to generalized partial indexes was
outdated.

Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200717.121308.1369606287593685396.horikyota.ntt@gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 9.5

Author: Dave Cramer
Reviewed-by: David G. Johnston
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CADK3HHL8do4Fp1bsymgNasx375njV3AR7zY3UgYwzbL_Dx-n2Q@mail.gmail.com

Author: Dave Cramer
Reviewed-by: David G. Johnston
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CADK3HHL8do4Fp1bsymgNasx375njV3AR7zY3UgYwzbL_Dx-n2Q@mail.gmail.com

The WHERE clause introduced by 31f38174 was not described.  While on it,
split the grammar of \copy FROM and TO into two distinct parts for
clarity as they support different set of options.

Author: Vignesh C
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALDaNm3zWr=OmxeNqOqfT=uZTSdam_j-gkX94CL8eTNfgUtf6A@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 12

The term "hash_mem" will take on new significance when pending work to
add a new hash_mem_multiplier GUC is committed.  Rename a local variable
that happens to have been called hash_mem now to avoid confusion.

Teach Valgrind memcheck to maintain the "defined-ness" of each shared
buffer based on whether the backend holds at least one pin at the point
it is accessed by access method code.  Bugs like the one fixed by commit
b0229f26 can be detected using this new instrumentation.

Note that backends running with Valgrind naturally have their own
independent ideas about whether any given byte in shared memory is safe
or unsafe to access.  There is no risk that concurrent access by
multiple backends to the same shared memory will confuse Valgrind's
instrumentation, because everything already works at the process level
(or at the memory mapping level, if you prefer).

Author: Álvaro Herrera, Peter Geoghegan
Reviewed-By: Anastasia Lubennikova
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20150723195349.GW5596@postgresql.org
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkLgyN3zBvRZ1pkNJThC=xi_0gpWRUb_45eexLH1+k2_Q@mail.gmail.com

pg_dump produces custom-format archive files that lack data offsets
when it is unable to seek its output.  Up to now that's been a hazard
for pg_restore.  But if pg_restore is able to seek in the archive
file, there is no reason to throw up our hands when asked to restore
data blocks out of order.  Instead, whenever we are searching for a
data block, record the locations of the blocks we passed over (that
is, fill in the missing data-offset fields in our in-memory copy of
the TOC data).  Then, when we hit a case that requires going
backwards, we can just seek back.

Also track the furthest point that we've searched to, and seek back
to there when beginning a search for a new data block.  This avoids
possible O(N^2) time consumption, by ensuring that each data block
is examined at most twice.  (On Unix systems, that's at most twice
per parallel-restore job; but since Windows uses threads here, the
threads can share block location knowledge, reducing the amount of
duplicated work.)

We can also improve the code a bit by using fseeko() to skip over
data blocks during the search.

This is all of some use even in simple restores, but it's really
significant for parallel pg_restore.  In that case, we require
seekability of the input already, and we will very probably need
to do out-of-order restores.

Back-patch to v12, as this fixes a regression introduced by commit
548e5097.  Before that, parallel restore avoided requesting
out-of-order restores, so it would work on a data-offset-less
archive.  Now it will again.

Ideally this patch would include some test coverage, but there are
other open bugs that need to be fixed before we can extend our
coverage of parallel restore very much.  Plan to revisit that later.

David Gilman and Tom Lane; reviewed by Justin Pryzby

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALBH9DDuJ+scZc4MEvw5uO-=vRyR2=QF9+Yh=3hPEnKHWfS81A@mail.gmail.com

We do not really need to track the file position by hand.  We were
already relying on ftello() whenever the archive file is seekable,
while if it's not seekable we don't need the file position info
anyway because we're not going to be able to re-write the TOC.

Moreover, that tracking was buggy since it failed to account for
the effects of fseeko().  Somewhat remarkably, that seems not to
have made for any live bugs up to now.  We could fix the oversights,
but it seems better to just get rid of the whole error-prone mess.

In itself this is merely code cleanup.  However, it's necessary
infrastructure for an upcoming bug-fix patch (because that code
*does* need valid file position after fseeko).  The bug fix
needs to go back as far as v12; hence, back-patch that far.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALBH9DDuJ+scZc4MEvw5uO-=vRyR2=QF9+Yh=3hPEnKHWfS81A@mail.gmail.com

There is no advantage to attempting deduplication for a unique index
during CREATE INDEX, since there cannot possibly be any duplicates.
Doing so wastes cycles due to unnecessary copying.  Make sure that we
avoid it consistently.

We already avoided unique index deduplication in the case where there
were some spool2 tuples to merge.  That didn't account for the fact that
spool2 is removed early/unset in the common case where it has no tuples
that need to be merged (i.e. it failed to account for the "spool2 turns
out to be unnecessary" optimization in _bt_spools_heapscan()).

Oversight in commit 0d861bbb, which added nbtree deduplication

Backpatch: 13-, where nbtree deduplication was introduced.

We had two occurrences of "Mitteleuropäische Zeit" in Europe.txt,
though the corresponding entries in Default were spelled
"Mitteleuropaeische Zeit".  Standardize on the latter spelling to
avoid questions of which encoding to use.

While here, correct a couple of other trivial inconsistencies between
the Default file and the supposedly-matching entries in the *.txt
files, as exposed by some checking with comm(1).  Also, add BDST to
the Europe.txt file; it previously was only listed in Default.
None of this has any direct functional effect.

Per complaint from Christoph Berg.  As usual for timezone data patches,
apply to all branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200716100743.GE3534683@msg.df7cb.de

Commit 1e53fe0e has unified the usage of the config-file reload flag by
using the same signal handler function for the SIGHUP signal at many places
in the code.  By mistake, it used the wrong SIGNAL in apply launcher
process for the SIGHUP signal handler function.

Author: Bharath Rupireddy
Reviewed-by: Dilip Kumar
Backpatch-through: 13, where it was introduced
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALj2ACVzHCRnS20bOiEHaLtP5PVBENZQn4khdsSJQgOv_GM-LA@mail.gmail.com

This representation saves 8 bytes per tuple compared to HeapTuple, and
avoids the need to allocate, copy and free on the receiving side.

Gather can emit the returned MinimalTuple directly, but GatherMerge now
needs to make an explicit copy because it buffers multiple tuples at a
time.  That should be no worse than before.
Reviewed-by: Soumyadeep Chakraborty <soumyadeep2007@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKG%2B8T_ggoUTAE-U%3DA%2BOcPc4%3DB0nPPHcSfffuQhvXXjML6w%40mail.gmail.com

This allows the huge page size to be set explicitly.  The default is 0,
meaning it will use the system default, as before.

Author: Odin Ugedal <odin@ugedal.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20200608154639.20254-1-odin%40ugedal.com

Windows has junction points which function as symbolic links for
directories. This patch introduces a new function TestLib::dir_symlink()
which creates a junction point on Windows and a standard Unix type
symbolic link elsewhere.

The function TestLib::perl2host is also modified, first to use cygpath
where it's available (e.g. msys2) and second to allow it to succeed if
the gandparent directory exists but the parent does not.

Given these changes the only symlink tests that need to be skipped on
Windows are those related to permissions or to use of readlink. The
relevant tests for pg_basebackup and pg_rewind are therefore adjusted
accordingly.

Andrew Dunstan, reviewed by Peter Eisentraut and Michael Paquier.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/c50a646c-d9bb-7c62-a4bf-8256ff6ff338@2ndquadrant.com