Previously, we left the EPQ sub-executor alone until ExecEndLockRows.
This caused any buffer pins or other resources that it might hold to
remain held until ExecutorEnd, which in some code paths means that
they are held till the Portal is closed.  That can cause user-visible
problems, such as blocking VACUUM; and it's unlike the behavior of
ordinary table-scanning nodes, which will have released all buffer
pins by the time they return an EOF indication.

We can make LockRows work more like other plan nodes by calling
EvalPlanQualEnd just before returning NULL.  We still need to call it
in ExecEndLockRows in case the node was not run to completion, but in
the normal case the second call does nothing and costs little.

Per report from Yura Sokolov.  In principle this is a longstanding
bug, but in view of the lack of other complaints and the low severity
of the consequences, I chose not to back-patch.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/4aa370cb91ecf2f9885d98b80ad1109c@postgrespro.ru

Buildfarm member hamerkop has been reporting that two cases in
connect/test5.pgc show different error messages than the test expects,
because since commit ffa2e467 libpq's connection failure messages
are exposing the fact that a GSS-encrypted connection was attempted
and failed.  That's pretty interesting information in itself, and
I certainly don't wish to shoot the messenger, but we need to do
something to stabilize the ECPG results.

For the second of these two failure cases, we can add the
gssencmode=disable option to prevent the discrepancy.  However,
that solution is problematic for the first failure, because the only
unique thing about that case is that it's testing a completely-omitted
connection target; there's noplace to add the option without defeating
the point of the test case.  After some thrashing around with
alternative fixes that turned out to have undesirable side-effects,
the most workable answer is just to give up and remove that test case.
Perhaps we can revert this later, if we figure out why the GSS code
is misbehaving in hamerkop's environment.

Thanks to Michael Paquier for exploration of alternatives.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/YLRZH6CWs9N6Pusy@paquier.xyz

One of these functions is new in PostgreSQL 14; might as well start it
out right.

Per buildfarm member conchuela and Kyotaro Horiguchi, it's possible
for the WAL segment that the cascading standby needs to be removed
too quickly. Hopefully this will prevent that.

Kyotaro Horiguchi

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/20210610.101240.1270925505780628275.horikyota.ntt@gmail.com

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvrbyJNOPBws4RUhXghZ7+TBjtdO-rznTsqZECuowNorXg@mail.gmail.com

This only happens if (1) the new standby has no WAL available locally,
(2) the new standby is starting from the old timeline, (3) the promotion
happened in the WAL segment from which the new standby is starting,
(4) the timeline history file for the new timeline is available from
the archive but the WAL files for are not (i.e. this is a race),
(5) the WAL files for the new timeline are available via streaming,
and (6) recovery_target_timeline='latest'.

Commit ee994272 introduced this
logic and was an improvement over the previous code, but it mishandled
this case. If recovery_target_timeline='latest' and restore_command is
set, validateRecoveryParameters() can change recoveryTargetTLI to be
different from receiveTLI. If streaming is then tried afterward,
expectedTLEs gets initialized with the history of the wrong timeline.
It's supposed to be a list of entries explaining how to get to the
target timeline, but in this case it ends up with a list of entries
explaining how to get to the new standby's original timeline, which
isn't right.

Dilip Kumar and Robert Haas, reviewed by Kyotaro Horiguchi.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFiTN-sE-jr=LB8jQuxeqikd-Ux+jHiXyh4YDiZMPedgQKup0g@mail.gmail.com

The set of subcommands supported by \dAp, \do and \dy was described
incorrectly in psql's --help.  The documentation was already consistent
with the code.

Reported-by: inoas, from IRC
Author: Matthijs van der Vleuten
Reviewed-by: Neil Chen
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/6a984e24-2171-4039-9050-92d55e7b23fe@www.fastmail.com
Backpatch-through: 9.6

Further thought about bug #17050 suggests that it's a good idea
to use CURSOR_OPT_NO_SCROLL for the implicit cursor opened by
a plpgsql FOR-over-query loop.  This ensures that, if somebody
commits inside the loop, PersistHoldablePortal won't try to
rewind and re-read the cursor.  While we'd have selected NO_SCROLL
anyway if FOR UPDATE/SHARE appears in the query, there are other
hazards with volatile functions; and in any case, it's silly to
expend effort storing rows that we know for certain won't be needed.

(While here, improve the comment in exec_run_select, which was a bit
confused about the rationale for when we can use parallel mode.
Cursor operations aren't a hazard for nameless portals.)

This wasn't an issue until v11, which introduced the possibility
of persisting such cursors.  Hence, back-patch to v11.

Per bug #17050 from Алексей Булгаков.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17050-f77aa827dc85247c@postgresql.org

PersistHoldablePortal has long assumed that it should store the
entire output of the query-to-be-persisted, which requires rewinding
and re-reading the output.  This is problematic if the query is not
stable: we might get different row contents, or even a different
number of rows, which'd confuse the cursor state mightily.

In the case where the cursor is NO SCROLL, this is very easy to
solve: just store the remaining query output, without any rewinding,
and tweak the portal's cursor state to match.  Aside from removing
the semantic problem, this could be significantly more efficient
than storing the whole output.

If the cursor is scrollable, there's not much we can do, but it
was already the case that scrolling a volatile query's result was
pretty unsafe.  We can just document more clearly that getting
correct results from that is not guaranteed.

There are already prohibitions in place on using SCROLL with
FOR UPDATE/SHARE, which is one way for a SELECT query to have
non-stable results.  We could imagine prohibiting SCROLL when
the query contains volatile functions, but that would be
expensive to enforce.  Moreover, it could break applications
that work just fine, if they have functions that are in fact
stable but the user neglected to mark them so.  So settle for
documenting the hazard.

While this problem has existed in some guise for a long time,
it got a lot worse in v11, which introduced the possibility
of persisting plpgsql cursors (perhaps implicit ones) even
when they violate the rules for what can be marked WITH HOLD.
Hence, I've chosen to back-patch to v11 but not further.

Per bug #17050 from Алексей Булгаков.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17050-f77aa827dc85247c@postgresql.org

Protocol v2 was last used in PG 7.3, not 7.2.

Reported-by: Tatsuo Ishii

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20210608.091329.906837606658882674.t-ishii@sraoss.co.jp

The FE/BE protocol identifies parameters with an Int16 index, which
limits the maximum number of parameters per query to 65535. With
batching added to postges_fdw this limit is much easier to hit, as
the whole batch is essentially a single query, making this error much
easier to hit.

The failures are a bit unpredictable, because it also depends on the
number of columns in the query. So instead of just failing, this patch
tweaks the batch_size to not exceed the maximum number of parameters.
Reported-by: Hou Zhijie <houzj.fnst@cn.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Bharath Rupireddy <bharath.rupireddyforpostgres@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/OS0PR01MB571603973C0AC2874AD6BF2594299%40OS0PR01MB5716.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com

Commit 8e03eb92 reverted a bit too much code, reintroducing one of the
issues fixed by 39b66a91 - a page might have been left partially empty
after relcache invalidation.

Reported-By: Tom Lane
Author: Masahiko Sawada
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/822752.1623032114@sss.pgh.pa.us
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoA%3D%3Df2VSw3c-Cp_y%3DWLKHMKc1D6s7g3YWsCOvgaYPpJcg%40mail.gmail.com

gram.y should discard NULL pointers (empty statements) when
assembling a routine_body_stmt_list, as it does for other
sorts of statement lists.

Julien Rouhaud and Tom Lane, per report from Noah Misch.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20210606044418.GA297923@rfd.leadboat.com

Fix handling of NULL host name (possibly by using hostaddr).  It
previously crashed.  Also, we should look at connhost, not pghost, to
handle multi-host specifications.

Also remove an unnecessary SSL_CTX_free().
Reported-by: Jacob Champion <pchampion@vmware.com>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/504c276ab6eee000bb23d571ea9b0ced4250774e.camel@vmware.com

Add a note about asynchronous execution by postgres_fdw when applied to
Append nodes that contain synchronous subplan(s) as well.  Follow-up for
commit 27e1f145.

Andrey Lepikhov and Etsuro Fujita

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/58fa2aa5-07f5-80b5-59a1-fec8a349fee7%40postgrespro.ru

The use of this function is limited to superusers and the code includes
a hardcoded check for that.  However, the code would look for the PGPROC
entry to signal for the memory dump before checking if the user is a
superuser or not, which does not make sense if we know that an error
will be returned.  Note that the code would let one know if a process
was a PostgreSQL process or not even for non-authorized users, which is
not the case now, but this avoids taking ProcArrayLock that will most
likely finish by being unnecessary.

Thanks to Julien Rouhaud and Tom Lane for the discussion.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/YLxw1uVGIAP5uMPl@paquier.xyz

We have outNode() coverage for all path nodes, but this one was
missed when it was added.

If autovacuum comes along just after we fill table test_seg with
some data, it will update the stats to the point where we prefer
a plain indexscan over a bitmap scan, breaking the expected
output (as well as the point of the test case).  To fix, just
force a bitmap scan to be chosen here.

This has evidently been wrong since commit de1d042f.  It's not
clear why we just recently saw any buildfarm failures due to it;
but prairiedog has failed twice on this test in the past week.
Hence, backpatch to v11 where this test case came in.

An incorrectly-encoded multibyte character near the end of a string
could cause various processing loops to run past the string's
terminating NUL, with results ranging from no detectable issue to
a program crash, depending on what happens to be in the following
memory.

This isn't an issue in the server, because we take care to verify
the encoding of strings before doing any interesting processing
on them.  However, that lack of care leaked into client-side code
which shouldn't assume that anyone has validated the encoding of
its input.

Although this is certainly a bug worth fixing, the PG security team
elected not to regard it as a security issue, primarily because
any untrusted text should be sanitized by PQescapeLiteral or
the like before being incorporated into a SQL or psql command.
(If an app fails to do so, the same technique can be used to
cause SQL injection, with probably much more dire consequences
than a mere client-program crash.)  Those functions were already
made proof against this class of problem, cf CVE-2006-2313.

To fix, invent PQmblenBounded() which is like PQmblen() except it
won't return more than the number of bytes remaining in the string.
In HEAD we can make this a new libpq function, as PQmblen() is.
It seems imprudent to change libpq's API in stable branches though,
so in the back branches define PQmblenBounded as a macro in the files
that need it.  (Note that just changing PQmblen's behavior would not
be a good idea; notably, it would completely break the escaping
functions' defense against this exact problem.  So we just want a
version for those callers that don't have any better way of handling
this issue.)

Per private report from houjingyi.  Back-patch to all supported branches.

When run on a server using default_toast_compression set to LZ4, this
test would fail because of a consistency issue with the order of the
tuples treated.  LZ4 causes one tuple to be stored inline instead of
getting externalized.  As the goal of this test is to check after data
stored externally, stick to pglz as the compression algorithm used, so
as all data of this test is stored the way it should.

Analyzed-by: Dilip Kumar
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/YLrDWxJgM8WWMoCg@paquier.xyz

Commit 19890a06 added the option to enable two_phase commits via
pg_create_logical_replication_slot but didn't extend the support of same
in replication protocol. However, by mistake, it added the two_phase
variable in CreateReplicationSlotCmd which is required only when we extend
the replication protocol.

Reported-by: Jeff Davis
Author: Ajin Cherian
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/64b9f783c6e125f18f88fbc0c0234e34e71d8639.camel@j-davis.com

In cases where run-time pruning isn't required, the synchronous and
asynchronous subplans for an async-aware Append node determined using
classify_matching_subplans() should be re-used when rescanning the node,
but the previous code re-determined them using that function repeatedly
each time when rescanning the node, leading to incorrect results in a
normal build and an Assert failure in an Assert-enabled build as that
function doesn't assume that it's called repeatedly in such cases.  Fix
the code as mentioned above.

My oversight in commit 27e1f145.

While at it, initialize async-related pointers/variables to NULL/zero
explicitly in ExecInitAppend() and ExecReScanAppend(), just to be sure.
(The variables would have been set to zero before we get to the latter
function, but let's do so.)

Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPmGK16Q4B2_KY%2BJH7rb7wQbw54AUprp7TMekGTd2T1B62yysQ%40mail.gmail.com

Other equalfuncs.c checks on CoercionForm fields use
COMPARE_COERCIONFORM_FIELD (which makes them no-ops),
but commit 40c24bfe neglected to make _equalFuncCall
do likewise.  Fix that.

This is only strictly correct if FuncCall.funcformat has
no semantic effect, instead just determining ruleutils.c
display formatting.  40c24bfe added a couple of checks
in parse analysis that could break that rule; but on closer
inspection, they're redundant, so just take them out again.

Per report from Noah Misch.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20210606063331.GC297923@rfd.leadboat.com

Commit a4d75c86 added a new flag, tracking if the statement was
processed by transformStatsStmt(), but failed to add this flag to
nodes/*funcs.c.

Catversion bump, due to adding a flag to copy/equal/out functions.

Reported-by: Noah Misch
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/ad7891d2-e90c-b446-9fe2-7419143847d7%40enterprisedb.com

catversion bump due to readfuncs.c field order change.

Just say that objects that reside in schemas can be schema-qualified.
Don't list all possible such objects.  The existing lists weren't
complete anyway.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/b2ec2234-67fe-d861-5cea-f526cd18c086%40enterprisedb.com

Use "reside in" rather than "belong to" for objects in a schema.
Previous use was a mix of the two.

Author: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/202106021932.idmbjjaqk7ke@alvherre.pgsql

Starting with Python 3.10, the stacktrace looks differently:
  -  PL/Python function "subtransaction_exit_subtransaction_in_with", line 3, in <module>
  -    s.__exit__(None, None, None)
  +  PL/Python function "subtransaction_exit_subtransaction_in_with", line 2, in <module>
  +    with plpy.subtransaction() as s:
Using try/except specifically makes the error look always the same.

(See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/25719 for the discussion
of this change in Python.)

Author: Honza Horak <hhorak@redhat.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/853083.1620749597%40sss.pgh.pa.us
RHBZ: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1959080

Commit 86dc9005 expects that FDWs can cope with whole-row Vars for
their tables, even if the Vars are marked with vartype RECORDOID.
Previously, whole-row Vars generated by the planner had vartype equal
to the relevant table's rowtype OID.  (The point behind this change is
to enable sharing of resjunk columns across inheritance child tables.)

It turns out that postgres_fdw fails to cope with this, though through
bad fortune none of its test cases exposed that.  Things mostly work,
but when we try to read back a value of such a Var, the expected
rowtype is not available to record_in().  Fortunately, it's not
difficult to hack up the tupdesc that controls this process to
substitute the foreign table's rowtype for RECORDOID.  Thus we can
solve the runtime problem while still sharing the resjunk column
with other tables.

Per report from Alexander Pyhalov.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/7817fb9ebd6661cdf9b67dec6e129a78@postgrespro.ru

Author: Daniel Gustafsson
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/7838B8EE-CFD6-48D7-AE2D-520D69FD84BD@yesql.se

This tidies up some questionable coding which made use of
DatumGetPointer() for Datums being passed into functions where the
parameter is expected to be a cstring.  We saw no compiler warnings with
the old code as the Pointer type used in DatumGetPointer() happens to
be a char * rather than a void *.  However, that's no excuse and we should
be using the correct macro for the job.

Here we also make use of OutputFunctionCall() rather than using
FunctionCall1() directly to call the type's output function.
OutputFunctionCall() is the standard way to do this.  It casts the
returned value to a cstring for us.

In passing get rid of a duplicate call to strlen().  Most compilers will
likely optimize away the 2nd call, but there may be some that won't.  In
any case, this just aligns the code to some other nearby code that already
does this.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvq1D=ehZ8hey8Hz67N+_Zth0GHO5wiVCfv1YcGPMXJq0A@mail.gmail.com

The siglen parameter is provided by gist__intbig_ops not
gist__int_ops.

Simon Norris

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/11BF2AA9-17AE-432A-AFE1-584FB9FB079D@hillcrestgeo.ca

This was missing in the section dedicated to the supported environment
variables of libpq.  Oversight in f5465fad.

Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson, Kyotaro Horiguchi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/YLhI0mLoRkY3u4Wj@paquier.xyz

The link was pointing to the minimum protocol version.  Incorrect as of
ff8ca5fa.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/F893F184-C645-4C21-A2BA-583441B7288F@yesql.se
Backpatch-through: 13

A few patches committed after ca3b3748 mistakenly forgot to make the
copyright year 2021.  Fix these.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvqyLmd9P2oBQYJ=DbrV8QwyPRdmXtCTFYPE08h+ip0UJw@mail.gmail.com

The Msys shell mangles certain patterns in its command line, so avoid
handing arbitrary SQL to psql on the command line and instead use
IPC::Run's redirection facility for stdin. This pattern is already
mostly whats used, but query_poll_until() was not doing the right thing.

Problem discovered on the buildfarm when a new TAP test failed on msys.

The documented intent is for all columns except subconninfo to be
publicly readable.  However, this has been overlooked twice.
subsynccommit has never been readable since it was introduced,
nor has the oid column (which is important for joining).

Given the lack of previous complaints, it's not clear that it's
worth doing anything about this in the back branches.  But there's
still time to fix it inexpensively for v14.

Per report from Israel Barth (via Euler Taveira).

Patch by Euler Taveira, possibly-vain comment updates by me.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/b8f7c17c-0041-46b6-acfe-2d1f5a985ab4@www.fastmail.com

The internal SQL queries used by REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY
include some aliases for its diff and temporary relations with
rather-generic names: diff, newdata, newdata2 and mv.  Depending on the
queries used for the materialized view, using CONCURRENTLY could lead to
some internal failures if the matview query and those internal aliases
conflict.

Those names have been chosen in 841c29c8.  This commit switches instead
to a naming pattern which is less likely going to cause conflicts, based
on an idea from Thomas Munro, by appending _$ to those aliases.  This is
not perfect as those new names could still conflict, but at least it has
the advantage to keep the code readable and simple while reducing the
likelihood of conflicts to be close to zero.

Reported-by: Mathis Rudolf
Author: Bharath Rupireddy
Reviewed-by: Bernd Helmle, Thomas Munro, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/109c267a-10d2-3c53-b60e-720fcf44d9e8@credativ.de
Backpatch-through: 9.6

The previous arrangement was just one big list, and the internal order
was not all consistent either.  Now arrange the options by group and
sort them, the way it's already done in the --help output and one
other reference pages.  Also fix some ordering in the --help output.