In the v10 branch, also back-patch the effects of 1ff01b39 and c29c5789
on these files, to reduce future maintenance issues.  (I'd do it further
back, except that the 9.X branches differ anyway due to xlog-to-wal
link tag renaming.)

This restores the ability, essentially lost in commit
ffaa44cb, to use COPY FREEZE under
REPEATABLE READ isolation.  Back-patch to 9.4, like that commit.

Reviewed by Tom Lane.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmoahWDm-7fperBxzU9uZ99LPMUmEpSXLTw9TmrOgzwnORw@mail.gmail.com

Author: Bernd Helmle <mailings@oopsware.de>

As usual, the release notes for other branches will be made by cutting
these down, but put them up for community review first.  Note that a
fair percentage of the entries apply only to prior branches because
their issue was already fixed in 10.0.

Reported-by: Tomonari Katsumata <t.katsumata1122@gmail.com>
Author: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

Use "bool" for Boolean variables, rather than "int", matching backend
change f505edac.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

Remove useless or inconsistently used return values from functions,
matching backend changes 99bf3282 and
791359fe.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

NSUnLinkModule() doesn't take a bool as second argument but one of set
of specific constants.  The numeric values are the same in this case,
but clean it up while we're cleaning up bool use elsewhere.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

There doesn't seem to be any good reason to do the filling of the
itemidbase[] array separately from the first traversal of the pointers.
It's certainly not a win if there are any line pointers with storage,
and even if there aren't, this change doesn't insert code into the part
of the first loop that will be traversed in that case.  So let's just
merge the two loops.

Yura Sokolov, reviewed by Claudio Freire

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/e49befcc6f1d7099834c6fdf5c675a60@postgrespro.ru

btree, hash, and bloom indexes all set up their metapages in standard
format (that is, with pd_lower and pd_upper correctly delimiting the
unused area); but they mostly didn't inform the xlog routines of this.
When calling log_newpage[_buffer], this is bad because it loses the
opportunity to compress unused data out of the WAL record.  When
calling XLogRegisterBuffer, it's not such a performance problem because
all of these call sites also use REGBUF_WILL_INIT, preventing an FPI
image from being written.  But it's still a good idea to provide the
flag when relevant, because that aids WAL consistency checking.

This completes the project of getting all the in-core index AMs to
handle their metapage WAL operations similarly.

Amit Kapila, reviewed by Michael Paquier

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/0d273805-0e9e-ec1a-cb84-d4da400b8f85@lab.ntt.co.jp

The previous commit contained a thinko that made a single-range
summarization request process from there to end of table.  Fix by
setting the correct end range point.  Per buildfarm.

This makes the produced HTML anchors upper case, making it backward
compatible with the previous (9.6) build system.
Reported-by: Thomas Kellerer <spam_eater@gmx.net>

When a publisher table has fewer columns than a subscriber, the update
of a row on the publisher should result in updating of only the columns
in common.  The previous coding mistakenly reset the values of
additional columns on the subscriber to NULL because it failed to skip
updates of columns not found in the attribute map.

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

If a process is extending a table concurrently with some BRIN
summarization process, it is possible for the latter to miss pages added
by the former because the number of pages is computed ahead of time.

Fix by determining a fresh relation size after inserting the placeholder
tuple: any process that further extends the table concurrently will
update the placeholder tuple, while previous pages will be processed by
the heap scan.

Reported-by: Tomas Vondra
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Author: Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/083d996a-4a8a-0e13-800a-851dd09ad8cc@2ndquadrant.com
Backpatch-to: 9.5

Minor refactoring that should yield some performance benefit.

Fabien Coelho, reviewed by Aleksandr Parfenov

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.20.1709230538130.4999@lancre

Previously, these index types left the pd_lower field set to the default
SizeOfPageHeaderData, which is really a lie because it ought to point past
whatever space is being used for metadata.  The coding accidentally failed
to fail because we never told xlog.c that the metapage is of standard
format --- but that's not very good, because it impedes WAL consistency
checking, and in some cases prevents compression of full-page images.

To fix, ensure that we set pd_lower correctly, not only when creating a
metapage but whenever we write it out (these apparently redundant steps are
needed to cope with pg_upgrade'd indexes that don't yet contain the right
value).  This allows telling xlog.c that the page is of standard format.

The WAL consistency check mask functions are made to mask only if pd_lower
appears valid, which I think is likely unnecessary complication, since
any metapage appearing in a v11 WAL stream should contain valid pd_lower.
But it doesn't cost much to be paranoid.

Amit Langote, reviewed by Michael Paquier and Amit Kapila

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/0d273805-0e9e-ec1a-cb84-d4da400b8f85@lab.ntt.co.jp

Change message for restarting a server from a directory without a PID
file.  This accounts for the case where a restart happens after an
initdb.  The new message indicates that the start has not completed yet
and might fail.

Author: Jesper Pedersen <jesper.pedersen@redhat.com>

This changes the use of a custom configuration file to enforce the value
of preload_shared_libraries to simply load the library during the tests.
This removes the restriction of running installcheck on the tests, and
simplifies its makefile contrary to what has been introduced in af7211e9.

Author: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

In some cases the BRIN code releases lock on an index page, and later
re-acquires lock and tries to check that the tuple it was working on is
still there.  That check was a couple bricks shy of a load.  It didn't
consider that the page might have turned into a "revmap" page.  (The
samepage code path doesn't call brin_getinsertbuffer(), so it isn't
protected by the checks for revmap status there.)  It also didn't check
whether the tuple offset was now off the end of the linepointer array.
Since commit 24992c6d the latter case is pretty common, but at least
in principle it could have occurred before that.  The net result is
that concurrent updates of a BRIN index could fail with errors like
"invalid index offnum" or "inconsistent range map".

Per report from Tomas Vondra.  Back-patch to 9.5, since this code is
substantially the same in all versions containing BRIN.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/10d2b9f9-f427-03b8-8ad9-6af4ecacbee9@2ndquadrant.com

This is only used in the pg_rewind tests, so only set it there.  It's
better if other tests run closer to a default configuration.

Author: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

The description has gotten a bit confusing over time, so rewrite the
paragraph a bit.
Reported-by: Feike Steenbergen <feikesteenbergen@gmail.com>

For some reason, we have never accounted for either the evaluation cost
or the selectivity of filter conditions attached to Agg and Group nodes
(which, in practice, are always conditions from a HAVING clause).

Applying our regular selectivity logic to post-grouping conditions is a
bit bogus, but it's surely better than taking the selectivity as 1.0.
Perhaps someday the extended-statistics mechanism can be taught to provide
statistics that would help us in getting non-default estimates here.

Per a gripe from Benjamin Coutu.  This is surely a bug fix, but I'm
hesitant to back-patch because of the prospect of destabilizing existing
plan choices.  Given that it took us this long to notice the bug, it's
probably not hurting too many people in the field.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20968.1509486337@sss.pgh.pa.us

It turns out we misdiagnosed what the real problem was.  Revert the
previous changes, because they may have worse consequences going
forward.  A better fix is forthcoming.

The simplistic test case is kept, though disabled.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20171102112019.33wb7g5wp4zpjelu@alap3.anarazel.de

per request of the named person

Back-patch to v10.  This continues the work of commit
08035146.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKOSWN=ds66zLw2SqkLTM8wbXFgDbc_OdkmT3dJfPT2mE5kipA@mail.gmail.com

Reported by Dan Vianello.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/e6e12f18f70e46848c058084d42fb651@KSTLMEXGP001.CORP.CHARTERCOM.com

If we don't have to return any columns from heap tuples, and there's
no need to recheck qual conditions, and the heap page is all-visible,
then we can skip fetching the heap page altogether.

Skip prefetching pages too, when possible, on the assumption that the
recheck flag will remain the same from one page to the next.  While that
assumption is hardly bulletproof, it seems like a good bet most of the
time, and better than prefetching pages we don't need.

This commit installs the executor infrastructure, but doesn't change
any planner cost estimates, thus possibly causing bitmap scans to
not be chosen in cases where this change renders them the best choice.
I (tgl) am not entirely convinced that we need to account for this
behavior in the planner, because I think typically the bitmap scan would
get chosen anyway if it's the best bet.  In any case the submitted patch
took way too many shortcuts, resulting in too many clearly-bad choices,
to be committable.

Alexander Kuzmenkov, reviewed by Alexey Chernyshov, and whacked around
rather heavily by me.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/239a8955-c0fc-f506-026d-c837e86c827b@postgrespro.ru

Also make the link to pg_stat_replication more precise.

Author: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Janes <jeff.janes@gmail.com>

It's possible for dropping a column, or altering its type, to require
changes in domain CHECK constraint expressions; but the code was
previously only expecting to find dependent table CHECK constraints.
Make the necessary adjustments.

This is a fairly old oversight, but it's a lot easier to encounter
the problem in the context of domains over composite types than it
was before.  Given the lack of field complaints, I'm not going to
bother with a back-patch, though I'd be willing to reconsider that
decision if someone does complain.

Patch by me, reviewed by Michael Paquier

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/30656.1509128130@sss.pgh.pa.us

Document the order of changing certain settings when using hot-standby
servers.  This is just a logical consequence of what was already
documented, but it gives the users some more practical advice.

Author: Yorick Peterse <yorickpeterse@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Aleksander Alekseev <a.alekseev@postgrespro.ru>
Reviewed-by: Robert Haas <robertmhaas@gmail.com>

A candidate path needs to be canonicalized before being checked against
the mappings, because the mappings are also canonicalized.  This is
especially relevant on Windows
Reported-by: nb <nbedxp@gmail.com>
Author: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Ashutosh Sharma <ashu.coek88@gmail.com>

Informix mode.

Spotted and fixed by 高增琦 <pgf00a@gmail.com>

CREATE USER is an alias for CREATE ROLE, not its own command any longer,
so clean up references to the 'sql-createuser' link to go to
'sql-createrole' instead.

In passing, change a few cases of 'CREATE USER' to be
'CREATE ROLE ...  LOGIN'.  The remaining cases appear reasonable and
also mention the distinction between 'CREATE ROLE' and 'CREATE USER'.
Also, don't say CREATE USER "assumes" LOGIN, but rather "includes".

Patch-by: David G. Johnston, with assumes->includes by me.
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKFQuwYrbhKV8hH4TEABrDRBwf=gKremF=mLPQ6X2yGqxgFpYA@mail.gmail.com

Queries running with some non-pg_catalog schema frontmost in their search
path need to be careful to schema-qualify type names that should be sought
in pg_catalog.  Vitaly Burovoy reported an oversight of this sort in
pg_dump's dumpSequence, and grepping detected another one in psql's
describeOneTableDetails, both introduced by sequence-related changes in
v10.  In pg_dump, we can fix things by removing the cast altogether, since
it doesn't really matter what data types are reported for these query
result columns.  Likewise in psql, the query seemed to be working unduly
hard to get a result that's guaranteed to be exactly 'bigint'.

I also changed a couple of occurrences of "::char" similarly.  These are
not bugs, since "char" is a typename keyword and not subject to search_path
rules, but it seems better to use uniform style.

Vitaly Burovoy and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKOSWN=ds66zLw2SqkLTM8wbXFgDbc_OdkmT3dJfPT2mE5kipA@mail.gmail.com

A read that returns zero bytes (or an error) should not increment
the number of temporary blocks read.

Thomas Munro

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=21xgihg=WaG+O5MFotEZfN6kFETpfw+RkSnEqNQqGn2Q@mail.gmail.com

The entry in appinfo->translated_vars can be NULL; if so, we must avoid
dereferencing it.

Ashutosh Bapat

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFjFpReL7+1ien=-21rhjpO3bV7aAm1rQ8XgLVk2csFagSzpZQ@mail.gmail.com

Check that the values from pg_proc.h match what ProcedureCreate would
have done.

Robert Haas and Amul Sul

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmoZ_UGXfq5ygeDDMdUSJ4J_VX7nFnjC6mfY6BgOJ3qZCmw@mail.gmail.com

The change made by commit 906bfcad means that if you're writing
a parenthesized column list in UPDATE ... SET, but that column list
is only one column, you now need to write ROW(expression) on the
righthand side, not just a parenthesized expression.  This was an
intentional change for spec compatibility and potential future
expansion of the possibilities for the RHS, but I'd neglected to
document it as a compatibility issue, figuring that hardly anyone
would bother with parenthesized syntax for a single target column.
I was wrong, as shown by questions from Justin Pryzby, Adam Brusselback,
and others.  Move the release note item into the compatibility section
and point out the behavior change for a single target column.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAMjNa7cDLzPcs0xnRpkvqmJ6Vb6G3EH8CYGp9ZBjXdpFfTz6dg@mail.gmail.com