When copying into a partitioned table, the target heap may change from
one tuple to next.  We must ask ReadBufferBI() to get a new buffer
every time such change occurs.  To do that, use new function
ReleaseBulkInsertStatePin().  This fixes the bug that tuples ended up
being inserted into the wrong partition, which occurred exactly
because the wrong buffer was used.

Amit Langote, per a suggestion from Robert Haas.  Some cosmetic
adjustments by me.

Reports by 高增琦 (Gao Zengqi), Venkata B Nagothi, and
Ragnar Ouchterlony.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFmBtr32FDOqofo8yG-4mjzL1HnYHxXK5S9OGFJ%3D%3DcJpgEW4vA%40mail.gmail.com
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAEyp7J9WiX0L3DoiNcRrY-9iyw%3DqP%2Bj%3DDLsAnNFF1xT2J1ggfQ%40mail.gmail.com
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/16d73804-c9cd-14c5-463e-5caad563ff77%40agama.tv
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmoaiZpDVUUN8LZ4jv1qFE_QyR+H9ec+79f5vNczYarg5Zg@mail.gmail.com

Craig Ringer

Petr Jelinek

The interface for the function was changed in
d72731a7 but the comments of the
function was not updated.

Patch by Yugo Nagata.

The make rules needed further refinement so that we don't run multiple
generations per build.

reported by Tom Lane

For some reason that is lost in history, a descending sequence would
default its minimum value to -2^63+1 (-PG_INT64_MAX) instead of
-2^63 (PG_INT64_MIN), even though explicitly specifying a minimum value
of -2^63 would work.  Fix this inconsistency by using the full range by
default.
Reported-by: Daniel Verite <daniel@manitou-mail.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

initdb used to warn about that, but it was changed to an error in
pg_import_system_locales, but some build farm members failed because of
that.  Change it back to a warning.

From: Petr Jelinek <pjmodos@pjmodos.net>

get_object_address_publication_rel() needed to check *relation, not
relation.  Rename the variables to match style used nearby to avoid the
confusion.

The results of the libpq functions PQescapeIdentifier() and
PQescapeLiteral() must be freed explicitly.  Also handle errors in these
functions better.

Vacuum truncation scan can be sped up on rotating media by prefetching
blocks in forward direction.  That makes the blocks already present in
memory by the time they are needed, while also letting OS read-ahead
kick in.

The truncate scan has been measured to be five times faster than without
this patch (that was on a slow disk, but it shouldn't hurt on fast
disks.)

Author: Álvaro Herrera, loosely based on a submission by Claudio Freire
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAGTBQpa6NFGO_6g_y_7zQx8L9GcHDSQKYdo1tGuh791z6PYgEg@mail.gmail.com

Joining three tables only takes two join nodes.  I think when I (tgl)
wrote this, I was envisioning possible additional joins; but since the
example doesn't show any fourth table, it's just confusing to write
a third join node.

Etsuro Fujita

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/e6cfbaa3-af02-1abc-c25e-8fa5c6bc4e21@lab.ntt.co.jp

This appears to be necessary to fix a failure seen on buildfarm member
sittella.  It shouldn't be necessary according to the letter of the C
standard, because we don't change the values of these variables within
the PG_TRY blocks; but somehow gcc 4.7.2 is dropping the ball.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17555.1485179975@sss.pgh.pa.us

Missing a destroyPQExpBuffer() in the early exit branch.  The early
exits aren't really necessary.  Most similar functions just proceed
running the rest of the code zero times and clean up at the end.

Project style is to put things in this order, for the good and sufficient
reason that you often need the typedefs in the function declarations.
There already was one function declaration that needed a typedef, which
was randomly placed away from all the other static function declarations
in consequence.  And the submitted patch for better json_populate_record
functionality jumped through even more hoops in order to preserve this
bad idea.

This patch only moves lines from point A to point B, no other changes.

Coverity complained quite properly that commit ea15e186 had introduced
unreachable code into ExecGather(); to wit, it was no longer possible to
iterate the final for-loop more or less than once.  So remove the for().

In passing, clean up a couple of comments, and make better use of a local
variable.

Turns out this has been broken for years and we'd not noticed.  The one
case that was getting exercised in the buildfarm, or probably anywhere
else, was postgres_fdw.sl's reference to libpq.sl; and it turns out that
that was always going to libpq.sl in the actual installation directory
not the temporary install.  We'd not noticed because the buildfarm script
does "make install" before it tests contrib.  However, the recent addition
of a logical-replication test to the core regression scripts resulted in
trying to use libpqwalreceiver.sl before "make install" happens, and that
failed for lack of finding libpq.sl, as shown by failures on buildfarm
members gaur and pademelon.

There are two changes needed to fix it: the magic environment variable to
specify shlib search path at runtime is SHLIB_PATH not LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
and the shlib link command needs to specify the +s switch else the library
will not honor SHLIB_PATH.

I'm not quite sure why buildfarm members anole and gharial (HPUX 11) didn't
show the same failure.  Consulting man pages on the web says that HPUX 11
honors both LD_LIBRARY_PATH and SHLIB_PATH, which would explain half of it,
and the rather confusing wording I've been able to find suggests that +s
might effectively be the default in HPUX 11.  But it seems at least as
likely that there's just a libpq.so installed in /usr/lib on that machine;
as long as it's not too ancient, that would satisfy the test.  In any case
I do not think this patch will break HPUX 11.

At the moment I don't see a need to back-patch this, since it only matters
for testing purposes, not to mention that HPUX 10 is probably dead in the
real world anyway.

This avoids that builtins.h has to include additional header files.

When (1) autovacuum = off and (2) there's at least one database with
an XID age greater than autovacuum_freeze_max_age and (3) all tables
in that database that need vacuuming are already being processed by a
worker and (4) the autovacuum launcher is started, a kind of infinite
loop occurs.  The launcher starts a worker and immediately exits.  The
worker, finding no worker to do, immediately starts the launcher,
supposedly so that the next database can be processed.  But because
datfrozenxid for that database hasn't been advanced yet, the new
worker gets put right back into the same database as the old one,
where it once again starts the launcher and exits.  High-speed ping
pong ensues.

There are several possible ways to break the cycle; this seems like
the safest one.

Amit Khandekar (code) and Robert Haas (comments), reviewed by
Álvaro Herrera.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAJ3gD9eWejf72HKquKSzax0r+epS=nAbQKNnykkMA0E8c+rMDg@mail.gmail.com

If either bound is infinite, then we shouldn't even try to perform a
comparison of the values themselves.  Rearrange the logic so that
we don't.

Per buildfarm member skink and Tom Lane.

This was forgotten in 665d1fad and
caused the whole buildfarm to become red for a little while.

Author: Petr Jelínek

Also fix a typo in a nearby error message.

We were using != to compare strings, for which "ne" is the right thing.
It's not clear why it works everywhere except on Pavan's machine, but
it's clearly bogus anyway.

Author and reporter: Pavan Deolasee
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CABOikdPhsHM+pX8skoEY1_T0OtKdO1udzUj4VCjU5VEt+bj4eA@mail.gmail.com

pgoutput evidently needs to be built without -DBUILDING_DLL.  (It seems
like a pretty bad idea that these makefiles need to know exactly where
all the shlibs are in the tree, or maybe what's bad is putting them under
src/backend/.  But right now is not the time to redesign that.)

Also, remove "override CPPFLAGS" in pgoutput's Makefile.  I don't think
that that actually has any bad consequences, but it's certainly useless
in a directory that has no .h files, and it might be contributing to the
failure somehow.

Per buildfarm.

A pgbench meta command can now be continued onto additional line(s) of a
script file by writing backslash-return.  The continuation marker is
equivalent to white space in that it separates tokens.

Eventually it'd be nice to have the same thing in psql, but that will
be a much larger project.

Fabien Coelho, reviewed by Rafia Sabih

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.20.1610031049310.19411@lancre

Ayumi Ishii

The publication test didn't drop all the publications it was creating
when it was probably intending to do that.  There is still a bug with
dependency tracking in there, but this should at least quiet down the
build farm.

- Add PUBLICATION catalogs and DDL
- Add SUBSCRIPTION catalog and DDL
- Define logical replication protocol and output plugin
- Add logical replication workers

From: Petr Jelinek <petr@2ndquadrant.com>
Reviewed-by: Steve Singer <steve@ssinger.info>
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Reviewed-by: Erik Rijkers <er@xs4all.nl>
Reviewed-by: Peter Eisentraut <peter.eisentraut@2ndquadrant.com>

Brown-paper-bag bug in commit ab1f0c82: the old code here coped with
null CachedPlanSource.raw_parse_tree, the new code not so much.
Per report from Dave Cramer.

No regression test, because our core testing infrastructure doesn't
provide any easy way to exercise this path.  Fortunately, the JDBC
crew test it regularly.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CADK3HH+Ug3xCysKqw_dZOnaNnytZ1Rh5yP05hjO-e4NoyRxVvA@mail.gmail.com

I'd somehow talked myself into believing that set_append_rel_size
doesn't need to worry about getting back an AND clause when it applies
eval_const_expressions to the result of adjust_appendrel_attrs (that is,
transposing the appendrel parent's restriction clauses for one child).
But that is nonsense, and Andreas Seltenreich's fuzz tester soon
turned up a counterexample.  Put back the make_ands_implicit step
that was there before, and add a regression test covering the case.

Report: https://postgr.es/m/878tq6vja6.fsf@ansel.ydns.eu

Due to the changed costing in that commit hash-aggregates started to
be used, which results in big-endian vs. little-endian output
differences.  Disable hash-aggs for those tests.

Author: Andres Freund, with input from Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/22891.1484791792@sss.pgh.pa.us

Since 69f4b9c8 plain expression evaluation (and thus normal projection)
can't return sets of tuples anymore. Thus remove code dealing with
that possibility.

This will require adjustments in external code using
ExecEvalExpr()/ExecProject() - that should neither be hard nor very
common.

Author: Andres Freund and Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20160822214023.aaxz5l4igypowyri@alap3.anarazel.de

If a user requests the commit timestamp for a transaction old enough
that its data is concurrently being truncated away by vacuum at just the
right time, they would receive an ugly internal file-not-found error
message from slru.c rather than the expected NULL return value.

In a primary server, the window for the race is very small: the lookup
has to occur exactly between the two calls by vacuum, and there's not a
lot that happens between them (mostly just a multixact truncate).  In a
standby server, however, the window is larger because the truncation is
executed as soon as the WAL record for it is replayed, but the advance
of the oldest-Xid is not executed until the next checkpoint record.

To fix in the primary, simply reverse the order of operations in
vac_truncate_clog.  To fix in the standby, augment the WAL truncation
record so that the standby is aware of the new oldest-XID value and can
apply the update immediately.  WAL version bumped because of this.

No backpatch, because of the low importance of the bug and its rarity.

Author: Craig Ringer
Reviewed-By: Petr Jelínek, Peter Eisentraut
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAMsr+YFhVtRQT1VAwC+WGbbxZZRzNou=N9Ed-FrCqkwQ8H8oJQ@mail.gmail.com

The previous coding did not properly quote the user name before casting
it to regrole.  To avoid all that, just pass in BOOTSTRAP_SUPERUSERID
numerically.

Also fix one place where the BOOTSTRAP_SUPERUSERID was hardcoded as 10.

This occasionally causes failures; the order in which the affected
objects are listed is not 100% consistent.

Amit Langote

Code to map attribute numbers in map_partition_varattnos() duplicates
what convert_tuples_by_name_map() does.  Avoid that.

Amit Langote, per a report from Álvaro Herrera.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/9ce97382-54c8-deb3-9ee9-a2ec271d866b%40lab.ntt.co.jp

Account for the fact that the highest bound less than or equal to the
upper bound might be either the lower or the upper bound of the
overlapping partition, depending on whether the proposed partition
completely contains the existing partition or merely overlaps it.

Also, we need not continue searching for even greater bound in
partition_bound_bsearch() once we find the first bound that is *equal*
to the probe, because we don't have duplicate datums.  That spends
cycles needlessly.

Amit Langote, per a report from Amul Sul.  Cosmetic changes by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAAJ_b94XgbqVoXMyxxs63CaqWoMS1o2gpHiU0F7yGnJBnvDc_A%40mail.gmail.com