Backpatch to 9.0.X.

Josh Berkus

default is low because of pg_clog file removal.

Backpatch to 9.0.X.

Pavel Stehule, reviewed by me.

There is no reason that proc.c should have to get involved in this dirty hack
for letting the postmaster know which children are walsenders.  Revert that
file to the way it was, and confine the kluge to pmsignal.c and postmaster.c.

Erik Rijkers

This is mostly about grammar, style, and presentation, though I did find
a few small factual errors.

We already mentioned xid wraparound.

array_in discards unquoted leading and trailing whitespace in array values,
while array_out is careful to quote array elements that contain whitespace.
This is problematic when the definition of "whitespace" varies between
locales: array_in could drop characters that were meant to be part of the
value.  To avoid that, lock down "whitespace" to mean only the traditional
six ASCII space characters.

This change also works around a bug in OS X and some older BSD systems, in
which isspace() could return true for character fragments in UTF8 locales.
(There may be other places in PG where that bug could cause problems, but
this is the only one complained of so far; see recent report from Steven
Schlansker.)

Back-patch to 9.0, but not further.  Given the lack of previous reports
of trouble, changing this behavior in stable branches seems to offer
more risk of breaking applications than reward of avoiding problems.

The original coding tended to break down in the face of modified restore
orders, as shown in bug #5626 from Albert Ullrich, because it would flip over
into parallel-restore operation too soon.  That causes problems because we
don't have sufficient dependency information in dump archives to allow safe
parallel processing of SECTION_PRE_DATA items.  Even if we did, it's probably
undesirable to allow that to override the commanded restore order.

To fix the problem of omitted items causing unexpected changes in restore
order, tweak SortTocFromFile so that omitted items end up at the head of
the list not the tail.  This ensures that they'll be examined and their
dependencies will be marked satisfied before we get to any interesting
items.

In HEAD and 9.0, we can easily change restore_toc_entries_parallel so that
all SECTION_PRE_DATA items are guaranteed to be processed in the initial
serial-restore loop, and hence in commanded order.  Only DATA and POST_DATA
items are candidates for parallel processing.  For them there might be
variations from the commanded order because of parallelism, but we should
do it in a safe order thanks to dependencies.

In 8.4 it's much harder to make such a guarantee.  I settled for not
letting the initial loop break out into parallel processing mode if
it sees a DATA/POST_DATA item that's not to be restored; this at least
prevents a non-restorable item from causing premature exit from the loop.
This means that 8.4 will be more likely to fail given a badly-ordered -L
list than 9.x, but we don't really promise any such thing will work anyway.

to include...

for typed tables.  Noted by Robert Haas.

Per Thom Brown.

Since an SMgrRelation now knows whether or not the underlying relation is
temporary, there's no point in also passing that information via an
additional argument.

Per gripe from Fujii Masao, though this is not exactly his proposed patch.
Categorize as DEVELOPER_OPTIONS and set context PGC_SIGHUP, as per Fujii,
but set the default to LOG because higher values aren't really sensible
(see the code for trace_recovery()).  Fix the documentation to agree with
the code and to try to explain what the variable actually does.  Get rid
of no-op calls trace_recovery(LOG), which accomplish nothing except to
demonstrate that this option confuses even its author.

Aside from being more forgiving, this prevents a rather surprising misbehavior
when the "wrong" order was used: the old code didn't throw a syntax error,
but absorbed the INTO clause into the last USING expression, which then did
strange things downstream.

Intentionally not changing the documentation; we'll continue to advertise
only the "standard" clause order.

Backpatch to 8.4, where the USING clause was added to EXECUTE.

It's not clear if this situation can occur in plpgsql other than via the
EXECUTE USING case Heikki illustrated, which I will shortly close off.
However, ignoring the intoClause if it's there is surely wrong, so let's
patch it for safety.

Backpatch to 8.3, which is as far back as this code has a PlannedStmt
to deal with.  There might be another way to make an equivalent test
before that, but since this is just preventing hypothetical bugs,
I'm not going to obsess about it.

pointed out, it would need a 2nd pass after the whole query is processed to
correctly check that an unknown Param is coerced to the same target type
everywhere. Adding the 2nd pass would add a lot more code, which doesn't
seem worth the risk given that there isn't much of a use case for passing
unknown Params in the first place. The code would work without that check,
but it might be confusing and the behavior would be different from the
varparams case.

Instead, just coerce all unknown params in a PL/pgSQL USING clause to text.
That's simple, and is usually what users expect.

Revert the patch in CVS HEAD and master, and backpatch the new solution to
8.4. Unlike the previous solution, this applies easily to 8.4 too.

into TopMemoryContext.  This makes no functional difference, but makes it
easier to see what the space is being used for in MemoryContextStats dumps.
Per a recent example in which I was surprised by the size of TopMemoryContext.

afterTriggerInvokeEvents failed to adjust events->tailfree when truncating
the last chunk of an event list.  This could result in the data being
"de-truncated" by afterTriggerRestoreEventList during a subsequent
subtransaction abort.  Even that wouldn't kill us, because the re-added data
would just be events marked DONE --- unless the data had been partially
overwritten by new events.  Then we might crash, or in any case misbehave
(perhaps fire triggers twice, or fire triggers with the wrong event data).
Per bug #5622 from Thue Janus Kristensen.

Back-patch to 8.4 where the current trigger list representation was introduced.

at end of files.

In the new API introduced by my patch to include the backend ID in
temprel filenames, the last argument to smrgextend() became skipFsync
rather than isTemp, but these calls didn't get the memo.  It's not
really a problem to pass rel->rd_istemp rather than just plain false,
because smgrextend() now automatically skips the fsync for temprels
anyway, but this seems cleaner and saves some minute number of cycles.

ExecModifyTable().  This avoids memory leakage when trigger functions leave
junk behind in that context (as they more or less must).  Problem and solution
identified by Dean Rasheed.

I'm a bit concerned about the longevity of this solution --- once a plan can
have multiple ModifyTable nodes, we are very possibly going to have to do
something different.  But it should hold up for 9.0.

elsewhere.

Similarly rename the version in mbprint.c, not because this affects anything
but just to keep the two copies in exact sync.  There was some discussion of
having only one copy in src/port/ instead, but this function is so small
and unlikely to change that that seems like overkill.

Slightly editorialized version of a patch by Joseph Adams.  (The bug-fix
aspect of his patch was applied separately, and back-patched.)

The implicitly created sequence was created as owned by the current user,
who could be different from the table owner, eg if current user is a
superuser or some member of the table's owning role.  This caused sanity
checks in the SEQUENCE OWNED BY code to spit up.  Although possibly we
don't need those sanity checks, the safest fix seems to be to make sure
the implicit sequence is assigned the same owner role as the table has.
(We still do all permissions checks as the current user, however.)
Per report from Josh Berkus.

Back-patch to 9.0.  The bug goes back to the invention of SEQUENCE OWNED BY
in 8.2, but the fix requires an API change for DefineRelation(), which seems
to have potential for breaking third-party code if done in a minor release.
Given the lack of prior complaints, it's probably not worth fixing in the
stable branches.

_outPlannedStmt is only debug support, so the omission there was not very
serious, but the omission in _copyPlannedStmt is a real bug.  The consequence
would be that a copied plan tree would never be marked as a transient plan,
so that we would forget we ought to replan it after some not-yet-ready index
becomes ready for use.  This might explain some past complaints about indexes
created with CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY not being used right away.  Problem
spotted by Yeb Havinga.

Back-patch to 8.3, where the field was added.

parse_analyze() function. That case occurs e.g with PL/pgSQL
EXECUTE ... USING 'stringconstant'.

The coercion with a CoerceViaIO node. The result is similar to the coercion
via input function performed for unknown constants in coerce_type(),
except that this happens at runtime.

Backpatch to 9.0. The issue is present in 8.4 as well, but the coerce param
hook infrastructure this patch relies on was introduced in 9.0. Given the
lack of user reports and harmlessness of the bug, it's not worth attempting
a different fix just for 8.4.

socket lockfile) when writing them.  The lack of an fsync here may well
explain two different reports we've seen of corrupted lockfile contents,
which doesn't particularly bother the running server but can prevent a
new server from starting if the old one crashes.  Per suggestion from
Alvaro.

Back-patch to all supported versions.

This is appropriate for the same reasons we already do it in
LockSharedObject(): things might have changed while we were waiting
for the lock.  There doesn't seem to be a live bug here at the moment,
but that's mostly because it isn't currently used for very much.

in particular, propagate a fix in the test to see whether a UTF8 character has
length 4 bytes.  This is likely of little real-world consequence because
5-or-more-byte UTF8 sequences are not supported by Postgres nor seen anywhere
in the wild, but still we may as well get it right.  Problem found by Joseph
Adams.

Bug is aboriginal, so back-patch all the way.

Boszormenyi Zoltan.

Robert Haas, per gripe from Erik Rijkers

Kevin Grittner, with markup adjustments.