Previously the test knew how to find an OpenLDAP installation at the
paths used by Homebrew.  Add the MacPorts paths too.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKGKrjGS7sO4jc53gp3qipCtEvThtdP_%3DzoixgX5ZBq4Nbw%40mail.gmail.com

We were getting just DEFAULT_INEQ_SEL for comparisons such as
"ctid >= constant", but it's possible to do a lot better if we don't
mind some assumptions about the table's tuple density being reasonably
uniform.  There are already assumptions much like that elsewhere in
the planner, so that hardly seems like much of an objection.

Extracted from a patch set that also proposes to introduce a special
executor node type for such queries.  Not sure if that's going to make
it into v12, but improving the selectivity estimate is useful
independently of that.

Edmund Horner, reviewed by David Rowley

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAMyN-kB-nFTkF=VA_JPwFNo08S0d-Yk0F741S2B7LDmYAi8eyA@mail.gmail.com

It doesn't touch regular privileges either, but only the latter was
explicitly stated.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/155348282848.9808.12629518043813943231@wrigleys.postgresql.org

If there's only one child relation, the Append or MergeAppend isn't
doing anything useful, and can be elided.  It does have a purpose
during planning though, which is to serve as a buffer between parent
and child Var numbering.  Therefore we keep it all the way through
to setrefs.c, and get rid of it only after fixing references in the
plan level(s) above it.  This works largely the same as setrefs.c's
ancient hack to get rid of no-op SubqueryScan nodes, and can even
share some code with that.

Note the change to make setrefs.c use apply_tlist_labeling rather than
ad-hoc code.  This has the effect of propagating the child's resjunk
and ressortgroupref labels, which formerly weren't propagated when
removing a SubqueryScan.  Doing that is demonstrably necessary for
the [Merge]Append cases, and seems harmless for SubqueryScan, if only
because trivial_subqueryscan is afraid to collapse cases where the
resjunk marking differs.  (I suspect that restriction could now be
removed, though it's unclear that it'd make any new matches possible,
since the outer query can't have references to a child resjunk column.)

David Rowley, reviewed by Alvaro Herrera and Tomas Vondra

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f_7u8ATyJ1JGTMHFoKDvZdeF-iEBhs+sM_SXowOr9cArg@mail.gmail.com

Add additional heuristics to the algorithm for locating an optimal split
location.  New logic identifies localized monotonically increasing
values in indexes with multiple columns.  When this insertion pattern is
detected, page splits split just after the new item that provoked a page
split (or apply leaf fillfactor in the style of a rightmost page split).
This optimization is a variation of the long established leaf fillfactor
optimization used during rightmost page splits.

50/50 page splits are only appropriate with a pattern of truly random
insertions, where the average space utilization ends up at 65% - 70%.
Without this patch, affected cases have leaf pages that are no more than
about 50% full on average.  Future insertions can never make use of the
free space left behind.  With this patch, affected cases have leaf pages
that are about 90% full on average (assuming a fillfactor of 90).

Localized monotonically increasing insertion patterns are presumed to be
fairly common in real-world applications.  There is a fair amount of
anecdotal evidence for this.  Both pg_depend system catalog indexes
(pg_depend_depender_index and pg_depend_reference_index) are at least
20% smaller after the regression tests are run when the optimization is
available.  Furthermore, many of the indexes created by a fair use
implementation of TPC-C for Postgres are consistently about 40% smaller
when the optimization is available.

Note that even pg_upgrade'd v3 indexes make use of this optimization.

Author: Peter Geoghegan
Reviewed-By: Heikki Linnakangas
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkpKeZJrXvR_p7VSY1b-s85E3gHyTbZQzR0BkJ5LrWF_A@mail.gmail.com

Mostly cosmetic adjustments, but I added a more reliable method of
detecting whether an iteration is in progress.

threadRun() function is very long and deeply-nested. Extract the code to
print progress reports to a separate function, to make it slightly easier
to read.

Author: Fabien Coelho
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/alpine.DEB.2.21.1903101225270.17271%40lancre

OID and int are the same size, but they are not the same thing.

David Rowley

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f_MhS++XngkTvWL9X1v8M5t-0N0B-R465yHQY=TmNV0Ew@mail.gmail.com

Partial revert of commit 6260cc55, "pgbench: add \cset and \gset
commands".

While \gset is widely considered a useful and necessary tool for user-
defined benchmarks, \cset does not have as much value, and its
implementation was considered "not to be up to project standards"
(though I, Álvaro, can't quite understand exactly how).  Therefore,
remove \cset.

Author: Fabien Coelho
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.21.1903230716030.18811@lancre
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/201901101900.mv7zduch6sad@alvherre.pgsql

This uses the same progress reporting infrastructure added in commit
c16dc1ac and extends it to these
additional cases.  We lack the ability to track the internal progress
of sorts and index builds so the information reported is
coarse-grained for some parts of the operation, but it still seems
like a significant improvement over having nothing at all.

Tatsuro Yamada, reviewed by Thomas Munro, Masahiko Sawada, Michael
Paquier, Jeff Janes, Alvaro Herrera, Rafia Sabih, and by me.  A fair
amount of polishing also by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/59A77072.3090401@lab.ntt.co.jp

Non-backtracking flex parsers work faster than backtracking ones.  So, this
commit gets rid of backtracking in jsonpath_scan.l.  That required explicit
handling of some cases as well as manual backtracking for some cases.  More
regression tests for numerics are added.

Discussion: https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ik=a20b091faa&view=om&permmsgid=msg-f%3A1628425344167939063
Author: John Naylor, Nikita Gluknov, Alexander Korotkov

This commit include formatting improvements, renamings and comments.  Also,
it makes jsonpath_scan.l be more uniform with other our lexers.  Firstly,
states names are renamed to more short alternatives.  Secondly, <INITIAL>
prefix removed from the rules.  Corresponding rules are moved to the tail, so
they would anyway work only in initial state.

Author: Alexander Korotkov
Reviewed-by: John Naylor

Coverity complained that simple8b_encode() might read beyond the end of
the 'diffs' array, in the loop to encode the integers. That was a false
positive, because we never get into the loop in modes 0 or 1, and the
array is large enough for all the other modes. But I admit it's very
subtle, so it's not surprising that Coverity didn't see it, and it's not
very obvious to humans either. Refactor it, so that the second loop
re-computes the differences, instead of carrying them over from the first
loop in the 'diffs' array. This way, the 'diffs' array is not needed
anymore. It makes no measurable difference in performance, and seems more
straightforward this way.

Also, improve the comments in simple8b_encode(): fix the comment about its
return value that was flat-out wrong, and explain the condition when it
returns EMPTY_CODEWORD better.

In the passing, move the 'selector' from the codeword's low bits to the
high bits. It doesn't matter much, but looking at the original paper, and
googling around for other Simple-8b implementations, that's how it's
usually done.

Per Coverity, and Tom Lane's report off-list.

This way the timestamps line up in a mix of "ok" and "FAILED" output.

Author: Christoph Berg <christoph.berg@credativ.de>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20190321115059.GF2687%40msg.df7cb.de

This adds unvolatize(), which works just like unconstify() but for volatile.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/7a5cbea7-b8df-e910-0f10-04014bcad701%402ndquadrant.com

Avoids extra memset call and cast.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/7a5cbea7-b8df-e910-0f10-04014bcad701%402ndquadrant.com

This is essentially the tableam version of heapam_fetch(),
i.e. fetching a tuple identified by a tid, performing visibility
checks.

Note that this different from table_index_fetch_tuple(), which is for
index lookups. It therefore has to handle a tid pointing to an earlier
version of a tuple if the AM uses an optimization like heap's HOT. Add
comments to that end.

This commit removes the stats_relation argument from heap_fetch, as
it's been unused for a long time.

Author: Andres Freund
Reviewed-By: Haribabu Kommi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Apparently, the output order is different on different endianness, per
build farm member snapper.

Previously those directly performed a heap_insert(). Use
table_insert() instead.  The input slot of those routines is not of
the target relation - we could fix that by copying if necessary, but
that'd not be beneficial for performance. As those codepaths don't
access any AM specific tuple fields (say xmin/xmax), there's no need
to use an AM specific slot.

Author: Andres Freund
Reviewed-By: Haribabu Kommi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Now that the ordering of DROP messages ought to be stable everywhere,
we should not need these kluges of hiding DETAIL output just to avoid
unstable ordering.  Hiding it's not great for test coverage, so
let's undo that where possible.

In a small number of places, it's necessary to leave it in, for
example because the output might include a variable pg_temp_nnn
schema name.  I also left things alone in places where the details
would depend on other regression test scripts, e.g. plpython_drop.sql.

Perhaps buildfarm experience will show this to be a bad idea,
but if so I'd like to know why.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1h6eep-0001Mw-Vd@gemulon.postgresql.org

Commit 8aa9dd74 didn't quite finish the job in this area after all,
because DROP ROLE has a code path distinct from DROP OWNED BY, and
it was still reporting dependent objects in whatever order the index
scan returned them in.

Buildfarm experience shows that index ordering of equal-keyed objects is
significantly less stable than before in the wake of using heap TIDs as
tie-breakers.  So if we try to hide the unstable ordering by suppressing
DETAIL reports, we're just going to end up having to do that for every
DROP that reports multiple objects.  That's not great from a coverage
or problem-detection standpoint, and it's something we'll inevitably
forget in future patches, leading to more iterations of fixing-an-
unstable-result.  So let's just bite the bullet and sort here too.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1h6eep-0001Mw-Vd@gemulon.postgresql.org

It doesn't make sense to consider the possibility that there will only
be one candidate split point when choosing among split points to find
the split with the lowest penalty.  This is a vestige of an earlier
version of the patch that became commit fab25024.

Issue spotted while rereviewing coverage of the nbtree patch series
using gcov.

The code would do "PQclear(res)" twice if lo_unlink failed, evidently
due to careless thinking about how far out a "break" would break.
Remove the extra PQclear and adjust the loop logic so that we'll fall
out of both levels of loop after an error, as was clearly the intent.

Spotted by Coverity.  I have no idea why it took this long to notice,
since the bug has been there since commit 67ccbb08.  Accordingly,
back-patch to all supported branches.

Since its introduction in 19dc233c, current_logfiles has been assigned
the same permissions as a log file, which can be enforced with
log_file_mode.  This setup can lead to incompatibility problems with
group access permissions as current_logfiles is not located in the log
directory, but at the root of the data folder.  Hence, if group
permissions are used but log_file_mode is more restrictive, a backup
with a user in the group having read access could fail even if the log
directory is located outside of the data folder.

Per discussion with the folks mentioned below, we have concluded that
current_logfiles should not be treated as a log file as it only stores
metadata related to log files, and that it should use the same
permissions as all other files in the data directory.  This solution has
the merit to be simple and fixes all the interaction problems between
group access and log_file_mode.

Author: Haribabu Kommi
Reviewed-by: Stephen Frost, Robert Haas, Tom Lane, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAJrrPGcEotF1P7AWoeQyD3Pqr-0xkQg_Herv98DjbaMj+naozw@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 11, where group access has been added.

Add command variants COMMIT AND CHAIN and ROLLBACK AND CHAIN, which
start new transactions with the same transaction characteristics as the
just finished one, per SQL standard.

Support for transaction chaining in PL/pgSQL is also added.  This
functionality is especially useful when running COMMIT in a loop in
PL/pgSQL.
Reviewed-by: Fabien COELHO <coelho@cri.ensmp.fr>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/28536681-324b-10dc-ade8-ab46f7645a5a@2ndquadrant.com

Per buildfarm member anole.

Author: Andres Freund

This adds new, required, table AM callbacks for insert/delete/update
and lock_tuple. To be able to reasonably use those, the EvalPlanQual
mechanism had to be adapted, moving more logic into the AM.

Previously both delete/update/lock call-sites and the EPQ mechanism had
to have awareness of the specific tuple format to be able to fetch the
latest version of a tuple. Obviously that needs to be abstracted
away. To do so, move the logic that find the latest row version into
the AM. lock_tuple has a new flag argument,
TUPLE_LOCK_FLAG_FIND_LAST_VERSION, that forces it to lock the last
version, rather than the current one.  It'd have been possible to do
so via a separate callback as well, but finding the last version
usually also necessitates locking the newest version, making it
sensible to combine the two. This replaces the previous use of
EvalPlanQualFetch().  Additionally HeapTupleUpdated, which previously
signaled either a concurrent update or delete, is now split into two,
to avoid callers needing AM specific knowledge to differentiate.

The move of finding the latest row version into tuple_lock means that
encountering a row concurrently moved into another partition will now
raise an error about "tuple to be locked" rather than "tuple to be
updated/deleted" - which is accurate, as that always happens when
locking rows. While possible slightly less helpful for users, it seems
like an acceptable trade-off.

As part of this commit HTSU_Result has been renamed to TM_Result, and
its members been expanded to differentiated between updating and
deleting. HeapUpdateFailureData has been renamed to TM_FailureData.

The interface to speculative insertion is changed so nodeModifyTable.c
does not have to set the speculative token itself anymore. Instead
there's a version of tuple_insert, tuple_insert_speculative, that
performs the speculative insertion (without requiring a flag to signal
that fact), and the speculative insertion is either made permanent
with table_complete_speculative(succeeded = true) or aborted with
succeeded = false).

Note that multi_insert is not yet routed through tableam, nor is
COPY. Changing multi_insert requires changes to copy.c that are large
enough to better be done separately.

Similarly, although simpler, CREATE TABLE AS and CREATE MATERIALIZED
VIEW are also only going to be adjusted in a later commit.

Author: Andres Freund and Haribabu Kommi
Discussion:
    https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de
    https://postgr.es/m/20190313003903.nwvrxi7rw3ywhdel@alap3.anarazel.de
    https://postgr.es/m/20160812231527.GA690404@alvherre.pgsql

I failed to think about PIs starting with "xml".  We don't really
need this check at all, so just take it out.  Oversight in
commit 8d1dadb2 et al.

In combination with the previous commit, this ensures that valid XML
data can always be dumped and reloaded, whether it is "document"
or "content".

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAN-V+g-6JqUQEQZ55Q3toXEN6d5Ez5uvzL4VR+8KtvJKj31taw@mail.gmail.com

Previously we were using the SQL:2003 definition, which doesn't allow
this, but that creates a serious dump/restore gotcha: there is no
setting of xmloption that will allow all valid XML data.  Hence,
switch to the 2006 definition.

Since libxml doesn't accept <!DOCTYPE> directives in the mode we
use for CONTENT parsing, the implementation is to detect <!DOCTYPE>
in the input and switch to DOCUMENT parsing mode.  This should not
cost much, because <!DOCTYPE> should be close to the front of the
input if it's there at all.  It's possible that this causes the
error messages for malformed input to be slightly different than
they were before, if said input includes <!DOCTYPE>; but that does
not seem like a big problem.

In passing, buy back a few cycles in parsing of large XML documents
by not doing strlen() of the whole input in parse_xml_decl().

Back-patch because dump/restore failures are not nice.  This change
shouldn't break any cases that worked before, so it seems safe to
back-patch.

Chapman Flack (revised a bit by me)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAN-V+g-6JqUQEQZ55Q3toXEN6d5Ez5uvzL4VR+8KtvJKj31taw@mail.gmail.com

Suppress 3 lines of unstable DETAIL output from a DROP ROLE statement in
event_trigger.sql.  This is further cleanup for commit dd299df8.

Note that the event_trigger test instability issue is very similar to
the recently suppressed foreign_data test instability issue.  Both
issues involve DETAIL output for a DROP ROLE statement that needed to be
changed as part of dd299df8.

Per buildfarm member macaque.

Teach nbtree forward index scans to check the high key before moving to
the right sibling page in the hope of finding that it isn't actually
necessary to do so.  The new check may indicate that the scan definitely
cannot find matching tuples to the right, ending the scan immediately.
We already opportunistically force a similar "continuescan orientated"
key check of the final non-pivot tuple when it's clear that it cannot be
returned to the scan due to being dead-to-all.  The new high key check
is complementary.

The new approach for forward scans is more effective than checking the
final non-pivot tuple, especially with composite indexes and non-unique
indexes.  The improvements to the logic for picking a split point added
by commit fab25024 make it likely that relatively dissimilar high keys
will appear on a page.  A distinguishing key value that can only appear
on non-pivot tuples on the right sibling page will often be present in
leaf page high keys.

Since forcing the final item to be key checked no longer makes any
difference in the case of forward scans, the existing extra key check is
now only used for backwards scans.  Backward scans continue to
opportunistically check the final non-pivot tuple, which is actually the
first non-pivot tuple on the page (not the last).

Note that even pg_upgrade'd v3 indexes make use of this optimization.

Author: Peter Geoghegan, Heikki Linnakangas
Reviewed-By: Heikki Linnakangas
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2-WzkOmUduME31QnuTFpimejuQoiZ-HOf0pOWeFZNhTMctvA@mail.gmail.com

This makes the code more consistent with the surroundings.

Author: Fabrízio de Royes Mello
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFcNs+pXb_35r5feMU3-dWsWxXU=Yjq+spUsthFyGFbT0QcaKg@mail.gmail.com

gcc is a bit pickier about this than perhaps it should be.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/E1h6zzT-0003ft-DD@gemulon.postgresql.org

Previously there was basically no coverage for UPDATEs encountering
deleted rows, and no coverage for DELETE having to perform EPQ. That's
problematic for an upcoming commit in which EPQ is tought to integrate
with tableams.  Also, there was no test for UPDATE to encounter a row
UPDATEd into another partition.

Author: Andres Freund

This is an option consistent with what pg_dump, pg_rewind and
pg_basebackup provide which is useful for leveraging the I/O effort when
testing things, not to be used in a production environment.

Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Michael Banck, Fabien Coelho, Sergei Kornilov
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181221201616.GD4974@nighthawk.caipicrew.dd-dns.de

This reverts commit 4e274a04.

These files aren't actually built anymore since 550b9d26.

An offline cluster can now work with more modes in pg_checksums:
- --enable enables checksums in a cluster, updating all blocks with a
correct checksum, and updating the control file at the end.
- --disable disables checksums in a cluster, updating only the control
file.
- --check is an extra option able to verify checksums for a cluster, and
the default used if no mode is specified.

When running --enable or --disable, the data folder gets fsync'd for
durability, and then it is followed by a control file update and flush
to keep the operation consistent should the tool be interrupted, killed
or the host unplugged.  If no mode is specified in the options, then
--check is used for compatibility with older versions of pg_checksums
(named pg_verify_checksums in v11 where it was introduced).

Author: Michael Banck, Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Fabien Coelho, Magnus Hagander, Sergei Kornilov
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181221201616.GD4974@nighthawk.caipicrew.dd-dns.de

We need to set the database to UTF8 encoding so that the test can use
Unicode escapes.