We were trying to make that strictly an internal implementation detail,
but it turns out that it's exposed anyway when dumping a view defined
like
	CREATE VIEW test_view AS VALUES (1), (2), (3) ORDER BY 1;
This comes out as
	CREATE VIEW ... ORDER BY "*VALUES*".column1;
which fails to parse when reloading the dump.

Hacking ruleutils.c to suppress the column qualification looks like it'd
be a risky business, so instead promote the RTE alias to full-fledged
usability.

Per bug #6049 from Dylan Adams.  Back-patch to all supported branches.

This case was missed when NOT VALID constraints were first introduced in
commit 722bf701 by Simon Riggs on
2011-02-08.  Among other things, it causes pg_dump to omit the NOT VALID
flag when dumping such constraints, which may cause them to fail to
load afterwards, if they contained values failing the constraint.

Per report from Thom Brown.

The existence of a btree opclass accepting composite types caused us to
assume that every composite type is sortable.  This isn't true of course;
we need to check if the column types are all sortable.  There was logic
for this for the case of array comparison (ie, check that the element
type is sortable), but we missed the point for rowtypes.  Per Teodor's
report of an ANALYZE failure for an unsortable composite type.

Rather than just add some more ad-hoc logic for this, I moved knowledge of
the issue into typcache.c.  The typcache will now only report out array_eq,
record_cmp, and friends as usable operators if the array or composite type
will work with those functions.

Unfortunately we don't have enough info to do this for anonymous RECORD
types; in that case, just assume it will work, and take the runtime failure
as before if it doesn't.

This patch might be a candidate for back-patching at some point, but
given the lack of complaints from the field, I'd rather just test it in
HEAD for now.

Note: most of the places touched in this patch will need further work
when we get around to supporting hashing of record types.

This is the original DocBook SGML limit, but apparently most
installations have changed it or ignore it, which is why few people
have run into this problem.

pointed out by Brendan Jurd

flag actually means that the transaction has a conflict out to a transaction
that committed before the flagged transaction.

Kevin Grittner

Marco Nenciarini

We need this now because we allow domains over arrays, and we'll probably
allow domains over composites pretty soon, which makes the problem even
more obvious.

Although domains over arrays also exist in previous versions, this does not
need to be back-patched, because the coding used in older versions
successfully "looked through" domains over arrays.  The problem is exposed
by not treating a domain as having a typelem.

Problem identified by Noah Misch, though I did not use his patch, since
it would require additional work to handle domains over composites that
way.  This approach is more future-proof.

... for lack of the uid_t and gid_t typedefs.  Per buildfarm.

... on some platforms, anyway.  Per buildfarm.

Josh Kupershmidt

My previous commit disallowed this operation, but did nothing about
cleaning up the damage if one had already been done.  With the operation
disallowed, it's okay to just forcibly clear xmax in a sequence's tuple,
since any value seen there could not represent a live transaction's lock.
So, any sequence-specific operation will repair the problem automatically,
whether or not the user has already seen "could not access status of
transaction" failures.

We can't allow this because such an operation stores its transaction XID
into the sequence tuple's xmax.  Because VACUUM doesn't process sequences
(and we don't want it to start doing so), such an xmax value won't get
frozen, meaning it will eventually refer to nonexistent pg_clog storage,
and even wrap around completely.  Since the row lock is ignored by nextval
and setval, the usefulness of the operation is highly debatable anyway.
Per reports of trouble with pgpool 3.0, which had ill-advisedly started
using such commands as a form of locking.

In HEAD, also disallow SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE on toast tables.  Although
this does work safely given the current implementation, there seems no
good reason to allow it.  I refrained from changing that behavior in
back branches, however.

Report by Greg Sabino Mullane, diagnosis and preliminary patch by
Andres Freund, corrections by me.

This unifies a bunch of ugly #ifdef's in one place.  Per discussion,
we only need this where HAVE_UNIX_SOCKETS, so no need to cover Windows.

Marko Kreen, some adjustment by Tom Lane

Per experimentation with a recent example, in which unreasonable amounts
of time could elapse before the backend would respond to a query-cancel.

This might be something to back-patch, but the patch doesn't apply cleanly
because this code was rewritten for 9.1.  Given the lack of field
complaints I won't bother for now.

Cédric Villemain

Add a postmaster_is_alive() test to the wait loop, so that we stop waiting
if the postmaster dies without removing its pidfile.  Unfortunately this
only helps after the postmaster has created its pidfile, since until then
we don't know which PID to check.  But if it never does create the pidfile,
we can give up in a relatively short time, so this is a useful addition
in practice.  Per suggestion from Fujii Masao, though this doesn't look
very much like his patch.

In addition, improve pg_ctl's ability to cope with pre-existing pidfiles.
Such a file might or might not represent a live postmaster that is going to
block our postmaster from starting, but the previous code pre-judged the
situation and gave up waiting immediately.  Now, we will wait for up to 5
seconds to see if our postmaster overwrites such a file.  This issue
interacts with Fujii's patch because we would make the wrong conclusion
if we did the postmaster_is_alive() test with a pre-existing PID.

All of this could be improved if we rewrote start_postmaster() so that it
could report the child postmaster's PID, so that we'd know a-priori the
correct PID to test with postmaster_is_alive().  That looks like a bit too
much change for so late in the 9.1 development cycle, unfortunately.

Apparently sane-looking penalty code might return small negative values,
for example because of roundoff error.  This will confuse places like
gistchoose().  Prevent problems by clamping negative penalty values to
zero.  (Just to be really sure, I also made it force NaNs to zero.)
Back-patch to all supported branches.

Alexander Korotkov

For consistency, have all non-ASCII characters from contributors'
names in the source be in UTF-8.  But remove some other more
gratuitous uses of non-ASCII characters.

This has already been the case for the most part; just some cases had
slipped through.

It turns out the reason we hadn't found out about the portability issues
with our credential-control-message code is that almost no modern platforms
use that code at all; the ones that used to need it now offer getpeereid(),
which we choose first.  The last holdout was NetBSD, and they added
getpeereid() as of 5.0.  So far as I can tell, the only live platform on
which that code was being exercised was Debian/kFreeBSD, ie, FreeBSD kernel
with Linux userland --- since glibc doesn't provide getpeereid(), we fell
back to the control message code.  However, the FreeBSD kernel provides a
LOCAL_PEERCRED socket parameter that's functionally equivalent to Linux's
SO_PEERCRED.  That is both much simpler to use than control messages, and
superior because it doesn't require receiving a message from the other end
at just the right time.

Therefore, add code to use LOCAL_PEERCRED when necessary, and rip out all
the credential-control-message code in the backend.  (libpq still has such
code so that it can still talk to pre-9.1 servers ... but eventually we can
get rid of it there too.)  Clean up related autoconf probes, too.

This means that libpq's requirepeer parameter now works on exactly the same
platforms where the backend supports peer authentication, so adjust the
documentation accordingly.

Even though our existing code for handling credentials control messages has
been basically unchanged since 2001, it was fundamentally wrong: it did not
ensure proper alignment of the supplied buffer, and it was calculating
buffer sizes and message sizes incorrectly.  This led to failures on
platforms where alignment padding is relevant, for instance FreeBSD on
64-bit platforms, as seen in a recent Debian bug report passed on by
Martin Pitt (http://bugs.debian.org//cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=612888).

Rewrite to do the message-whacking using the macros specified in RFC 2292,
following a suggestion from Theo de Raadt in that thread.  Tested by me
on Debian/kFreeBSD-amd64; since OpenBSD and NetBSD document the identical
CMSG API, it should work there too.

Back-patch to all supported branches.

When we added the ability for vacuum to skip heap pages by consulting the
visibility map, we made it just not update the reltuples/relpages
statistics if it skipped any pages.  But this could leave us with extremely
out-of-date stats for a table that contains any unchanging areas,
especially for TOAST tables which never get processed by ANALYZE.  In
particular this could result in autovacuum making poor decisions about when
to process the table, as in recent report from Florian Helmberger.  And in
general it's a bad idea to not update the stats at all.  Instead, use the
previous values of reltuples/relpages as an estimate of the tuple density
in unvisited pages.  This approach results in a "moving average" estimate
of reltuples, which should converge to the correct value over multiple
VACUUM and ANALYZE cycles even when individual measurements aren't very
good.

This new method for updating reltuples is used by both VACUUM and ANALYZE,
with the result that we no longer need the grotty interconnections that
caused ANALYZE to not update the stats depending on what had happened
in the parent VACUUM command.

Also, fix the logic for skipping all-visible pages during VACUUM so that it
looks ahead rather than behind to decide what to do, as per a suggestion
from Greg Stark.  This eliminates useless scanning of all-visible pages at
the start of the relation or just after a not-all-visible page.  In
particular, the first few pages of the relation will not be invariably
included in the scanned pages, which seems to help in not overweighting
them in the reltuples estimate.

Back-patch to 8.4, where the visibility map was introduced.

This is consistent with the behavior of other global objects such as
languages and extensions.

Omitting foreign servers also omits the respective user mappings.

We only support up to version 7.0, so don't recommend
upgrading past it. The rest of the documentation around this
was already updated, but one spot was missed.

This makes the behavior compatible with that of hostssl, which
also throws an error when there is no SSL support included.

Since we now include a sample line for replication on local
connections in pg_hba.conf, don't include it where local
connections aren't available (such as on win32).

Also make sure we use authmethodlocal and not authmethod on
the sample line.

On further analysis, it turns out that it is not needed to duplicate predicate
locks to the new row version at update, the lock on the version that the
transaction saw as visible is enough. However, there was a different bug in
the code that checks for dangerous structures when a new rw-conflict happens.
Fix that bug, and remove all the row-version chaining related code.

Kevin Grittner & Dan Ports, with some comment editorialization by me.

According to perlguts, &PL_sv_undef is not the right thing to use in
those cases because it doesn't behave the same way as an undef value via
Perl code.  Seems the intuitive way to deal with undef values is subtly
enough broken that it's hard to notice when misused.

The broken uses got inadvertently introduced in commit
87bb2ade by Alexey Klyukin, Alex
Hunsaker and myself on 2011-02-17; no backpatch is necessary.

Per testing report from Greg Mullane.

Author: Alex Hunsaker

The previous claim when these parameters could be changed was
incorrect.

Fujii Masao

parse_xml_decl's header comment says you can pass NULL for any unwanted
output parameter, but it failed to honor this contract for the "standalone"
flag.  The only currently-affected caller is xml_recv, so the net effect is
that sending a binary XML value containing a standalone parameter in its
xml declaration would crash the backend.  Per bug #6044 from Christopher
Dillard.

In passing, remove useless initializations of parse_xml_decl's output
parameters in xml_parse.

Back-patch to 8.3, where this code was introduced.

Cédric Villemain