The restore() function assumed that the result of sprintf() with %e format
would necessarily contain an 'e', which is false: what if the supplied
number is an infinity or NaN?  If that did happen, we'd get a
null-pointer-dereference core dump.  The case appears impossible currently,
because seg_in() does not accept such values, and there are no seg-creating
functions that would create one.  But it seems unwise to rely on it never
happening in future.

Quite aside from that, the code was pretty ugly: it relied on modifying a
static format string when it could use a "*" precision argument, and it
used strtok() entirely gratuitously, and it stripped off trailing spaces
by hand instead of just not asking for them to begin with.

Coverity noticed the potential null pointer dereference (though I wonder
why it didn't complain years ago, since this code is ancient).

Since this is just code cleanup and forestalling a hypothetical future
bug, there seems no need for back-patching.

The code was supposing that rd_amcache wouldn't disappear from under it
during a scan; which is wrong.  Copy the data out of the relcache rather
than trying to reference it there.

Coverity complained about implicit sign-extension in the
BloomPageGetFreeSpace macro, probably because sizeOfBloomTuple isn't wide
enough for size calculations.  No overflow is really possible as long as
maxoff and sizeOfBloomTuple are small enough to represent a realistic
situation, but it seems like a good idea to declare sizeOfBloomTuple as
Size not int32.

Add missing check on BloomPageAddItem() result, again from Coverity.

Avoid core dump due to not allocating so->sign array when
scan->numberOfKeys is zero.  Also thanks to Coverity.

Use FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER rather than declaring an array as size 1
when it isn't necessarily.

Very minor beautification of related code.

Unfortunately, none of the Coverity-detected mistakes look like they
could account for the remaining buildfarm unhappiness with this
module.  It's barely possible that the FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER mistake
does account for that, if it's enabling bogus compiler optimizations;
but I'm not terribly optimistic.  We probably still have bugs to
find here.

Replay of XLOG_BTREE_VACUUM during Hot Standby was previously thought to require
complex interlocking that matched the requirements on the master. This required
an O(N) operation that became a significant problem with large indexes, causing
replication delays of seconds or in some cases minutes while the
XLOG_BTREE_VACUUM was replayed.

This commit skips the pin scan that was previously required, by observing in
detail when and how it is safe to do so, with full documentation. The pin
scan is skipped only in replay; the VACUUM code path on master is not
touched here and WAL is identical.

The current commit applies in all cases, effectively replacing commit
687f2cd7.

Often, upon getting an unexpected error in psql, one's first wish is that
the verbosity setting had been higher; for example, to be able to see the
schema-name field or the server code location info.  Up to now the only way
has been to adjust the VERBOSITY variable and repeat the failing query.
That's a pain, and it doesn't work if the error isn't reproducible.

This commit adds a psql feature that redisplays the most recent server
error at full verbosity, without needing to make any variable changes or
re-execute the failed command.  We just need to hang onto the latest error
PGresult in case the user executes \errverbose, and then apply libpq's
new PQresultVerboseErrorMessage() function to it.  This will consume
some trivial amount of psql memory, but otherwise the cost when the
feature isn't used should be negligible.

Alex Shulgin, reviewed by Daniel Vérité, some improvements by me

Often, upon getting an unexpected error in psql, one's first wish is that
the verbosity setting had been higher; for example, to be able to see the
schema-name field or the server code location info.  Up to now the only way
has been to adjust the VERBOSITY variable and repeat the failing query.
That's a pain, and it doesn't work if the error isn't reproducible.

This commit adds support in libpq for regenerating the error message for
an existing error PGresult at any desired verbosity level.  This is almost
just a matter of refactoring the existing code into a subroutine, but there
is one bit of possibly-needed information that was not getting put into
PGresults: the text of the last query sent to the server.  We must add that
string to the contents of an error PGresult.  But we only need to save it
if it might be used, which with the existing error-formatting code only
happens if there is a PG_DIAG_STATEMENT_POSITION error field, which is
probably pretty rare for errors in production situations.  So really the
overhead when the feature isn't used should be negligible.

Alex Shulgin, reviewed by Daniel Vérité, some improvements by me

Per buildfarm member pademelon.

The inconsistency here triggered compiler warnings on some buildfarm
members, and it's surely pretty pointless.

Some buildfarm members are showing "comparison is always false due to
limited range of data type" complaints on this test, so #ifdef it out
on machines with 32-bit int.

Comment is right, but if - not.

s/afer/after

Pointed out by Andreas 'ads' Scherbaum

Vacuum might put page into list of pages with some free space and mark as
deleted at the same time.

Looking at result of buildfarm member jaguarundi it seems to me that
BloomOptions isn't inited sometime, but I don't see yet how it's possible.
Nevertheless, check of signature length's is missed, so, add
a limit of it. Also add missed GenericXLogAbort() in case of already
deleted page in vacuum + minor code refactoring.

This corrects messages for can't-happen errors.  The corresponding "user
token" appears in the HANDLE argument of GetTokenInformation().

As with the previous patch, large numbers of null rows could skew this
calculation unfavorably, causing us to discard values that have a
legitimate claim to be MCVs, since our definition of MCV is that it's
most common among the non-null population of the column.  Hence, make
the numerator of avgcount be the number of non-null sample values not
the number of sample rows; likewise for maxmincount in the
compute_scalar_stats variant.

Also, make the denominator be the number of distinct values actually
observed in the sample, rather than reversing it back out of the computed
stadistinct.  This avoids depending on the accuracy of the Haas-Stokes
approximation, and really it's what we want anyway; the threshold should
depend only on what we see in the sample, not on what we extrapolate
about the contents of the whole column.

Alex Shulgin, reviewed by Tomas Vondra and myself

For some reason this parameter was introduced as unused in 3da0dfb4,
and has never been used for anything.  Remove it.

Author: Fabien Coelho

Previously, we included null rows in the values of n and N that went
into the formula, which amounts to considering null as a value in its
own right; but the d and f1 values do not include nulls.  This is
inconsistent, and it contributes to significant underestimation of
ndistinct when the column is mostly nulls.  In any case stadistinct
is defined as the number of distinct non-null values, so we should
exclude nulls when doing this computation.

This is an aboriginal bug in our application of the Haas-Stokes formula,
but we'll refrain from back-patching for fear of destabilizing plan
choices in released branches.

While at it, make the code a bit more readable by omitting unnecessary
casts and intermediate variables.

Observation and original patch by Tomas Vondra, adjusted to fix both
uses of the formula by Alex Shulgin, cosmetic improvements by me

In the test_slot_timelines test module, we were abusing passing NULL
values which was received as zeroes in x86, but this breaks in ARM
(buildfarm member hamster) by crashing instead.  Fix the breakage by
marking these functions as STRICT; the InvalidXid value that was
previously implicit in NULL values (on x86 at least) can now be passed
as 0.  Failing to follow the fmgr protocol to check for NULLs beforehand
was causing ARM to fail, as evidenced by segmentation faults in
buildfarm member hamster.

In order to use the new functionality in the test script, use COALESCE
in the right spot to avoid forwarding NULL values.

This was diagnosed from the hamster crash by Craig Ringer, who also
proposed a different patch (checking for NULL values explicitely in the
C function code, and keeping the non-strictness in the C functions).
I decided to go with this approach instead.

- macroses llike (var & FLAG) are changed to ((var & FLAG) != 0)
- do not copy uninitialized part of notFullPage array to page

Our actual convention, contrary to what I said in 59a2111b, is not to
quote type names, as evidenced by unquoted use of format_type_be()
result value in error messages.  Remove quotes from recently tweaked
messages accordingly.

Per note from Tom Lane

Commit acdf2a8b added a test case involving minus zero as a box endpoint.
This is not very portable, as evidenced by the several older buildfarm
members that are failing on the test because they print minus zero as
just "0".  If there were any significant reason to test this behavior,
we could consider carrying a separate expected-file; but it doesn't look
to me like there's adequate justification to accept such a maintenance
burden.  Just change the test to use plain zero, instead.

When getParamDescriptions was changed to handle out-of-memory better
by cribbing error recovery logic from getRowDescriptions/getAnotherTuple,
somebody omitted to copy the stanza about checking for excess data in
the message.  But you need to do that, since continue'ing out of the
switch in pqParseInput3 means no such check gets applied there anymore.
Noted while looking at Michael Paquier's patch that made yet another
copy of this advance_and_error logic.

(This whole business desperately needs refactoring, because I sure don't
want to see a dozen copies of this code, but that's where we seem to be
headed.  What's more, the "suspend parsing on EOF return" convention is a
holdover from protocol 2 and shouldn't exist at all in protocol 3, because
we don't process partial messages anymore.  But for now, just fix the
obvious bug.)

Also, fix some wrong/missing comments about what the API spec is
for these three functions.

This doesn't seem worthy of back-patching, even though it's a bug;
the case shouldn't ever arise in the field.

Author: Erik Rijkers

Module provides new access method. It is actually a simple Bloom filter
implemented as pgsql's index. It could give some benefits on search
with large number of columns.

Module is a single way to test generic WAL interface committed earlier.

Author: Teodor Sigaev, Alexander Korotkov
Reviewers: Aleksander Alekseev, Michael Paquier, Jim Nasby

Markus Nullmeier

This interface is designed to give an access to WAL for extensions which
could implement new access method, for example. Previously it was
impossible because restoring from custom WAL would need to access system
catalog to find a redo custom function. This patch suggests generic way
to describe changes on page with standart layout.

Bump XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC because of new record type.

Author: Alexander Korotkov with a help of Petr Jelinek, Markus Nullmeier and
	minor editorization by my
Reviewers: Petr Jelinek, Alvaro Herrera, Teodor Sigaev, Jim Nasby,
	Michael Paquier

I should have remembered that we can't use INT64_MODIFIER with sscanf():
configure chooses that to work with snprintf(), but it might be for our
src/port/snprintf.c implementation and so not compatible with the
platform's sscanf().  This appears to be the explanation for buildfarm
member frogmouth's continuing unhappiness with the tzcode update.

Fortunately, in all of the places where zic is attempting to read into
an int64 variable, it's reading a year which certainly will fit just fine
into an int.  So make it read into an int with %d, and then cast or copy
as necessary.

Previously this test was relying too much on WAL replay to occur in the
exact configured interval, which was unreliable on slow or overly busy
servers.  Use a custom loop instead of poll_query_until, which is
hopefully more reliable.

Per continued failures on buildfarm member hamster (which is probably
the only one running this test suite)

Author: Michaël Paquier

Previously, the planner would reject an index-only scan if any restriction
clause for its table used a column not available from the index, even
if that restriction clause would later be dropped from the plan entirely
because it's implied by the index's predicate.  This is a fairly common
situation for partial indexes because predicates using columns not included
in the index are often the most useful kind of predicate, and we have to
duplicate (or at least imply) the predicate in the WHERE clause in order
to get the index to be considered at all.  So index-only scans were
essentially unavailable with such partial indexes.

To fix, we have to do detection of implied-by-predicate clauses much
earlier in the planner.  This patch puts it in check_index_predicates
(nee check_partial_indexes), meaning it gets done for every partial index,
whereas we previously only considered this issue at createplan time,
so that the work was only done for an index actually selected for use.
That could result in a noticeable planning slowdown for queries against
tables with many partial indexes.  However, testing suggested that there
isn't really a significant cost, especially not with reasonable numbers
of partial indexes.  We do get a small additional benefit, which is that
cost_index is more accurate since it correctly discounts the evaluation
cost of clauses that will be removed.  We can also avoid considering such
clauses as potential indexquals, which saves useless matching cycles in
the case where the predicate columns aren't in the index, and prevents
generating bogus plans that double-count the clause's selectivity when
the columns are in the index.

Tomas Vondra and Kyotaro Horiguchi, reviewed by Kevin Grittner and
Konstantin Knizhnik, and whacked around a little by me

Author: Konstantin Knizhnik

As best as I can tell, MyReplicationSlot needs to be PGDLLIMPORT in
order for the new test_slot_timelines test module to compile.

Per buildfarm

Without this, the test_slot_timelines modules fails "make installcheck"
because the required feature is not enabled in a stock server.

Per buildfarm

When decoding from a logical slot, it's necessary for xlog reading to be
able to read xlog from historical (i.e. not current) timelines;
otherwise, decoding fails after failover, because the archives are in
the historical timeline.  This is required to make "failover logical
slots" possible; it currently has no other use, although theoretically
it could be used by an extension that creates a slot on a standby and
continues to replay from the slot when the standby is promoted.

This commit includes a module in src/test/modules with functions to
manipulate the slots (which is not otherwise possible in SQL code) in
order to enable testing, and a new test in src/test/recovery to ensure
that the behavior is as expected.

Author: Craig Ringer
Reviewed-By: Oleksii Kliukin, Andres Freund, Petr Jelínek

Some minor tweaks and comment additions, for cleanliness sake and to
avoid having the upcoming timeline-following patch be polluted with
unrelated cleanup.

Extracted from a larger patch by Craig Ringer, reviewed by Andres
Freund, with some additions by myself.

Formerly, the geometric I/O routines such as box_in and point_out relied
directly on strtod() and sprintf() for conversion of the float8 component
values of their data types.  However, the behavior of those functions is
pretty platform-dependent, especially for edge-case values such as
infinities and NaNs.  This was exposed by commit acdf2a8b, which
added test cases involving boxes with infinity endpoints, and immediately
failed on Windows and AIX buildfarm members.  We solved these problems
years ago in the main float8in and float8out functions, so let's fix it
by making the geometric types use that code instead of depending directly
on the platform-supplied functions.

To do this, refactor the float8in code so that it can be used to parse
just part of a string, and as a convenience make the guts of float8out
usable without going through DirectFunctionCall.

While at it, get rid of geo_ops.c's fairly shaky assumptions about the
maximum output string length for a double, by having it build results in
StringInfo buffers instead of fixed-length strings.

In passing, convert all the "invalid input syntax for type foo" messages
in this area of the code into "invalid input syntax for type %s" to reduce
the number of distinct translatable strings, per recent discussion.
We would have needed a fair number of the latter anyway for code-sharing
reasons, so we might as well just go whole hog.

Note: this patch is by no means intended to guarantee that the geometric
types uniformly behave sanely for infinity or NaN component values.
But any bugs we have in that line were there all along, they were just
harder to reach in a platform-independent way.

My compiler doesn't like the lack of initialization of "flag", and
I think it's right: if there were zero keys we'd have an undefined
result.  The AND of zero items is TRUE, so initialize to TRUE.