Use a macro to generate the in and out functions for pseudotypes that
reject all input and output, saving many lines of redundant code.
Parameterize the error messages to reduce translatable strings.

Meant to do this in 26abb50c, but forgot.

Jim Nasby, rather heavily editorialized by me

Patch: <f2134651-14b3-efeb-f274-c69f3c084031@BlueTreble.com>

Use Tcl_ListObjGetElements instead of Tcl_SplitList.  Aside from being
possibly more efficient in its own right, this means we are no longer
responsible for freeing a malloc'd result array, so we can get rid of
a PG_TRY/PG_CATCH block.

Use heap_form_tuple instead of SPI_modifytuple.  We don't need the
extra generality of the latter, since we're always replacing all
columns.  Nor do we need its memory-context-munging, since at this
point we're already out of the SPI environment.

Per comparison of this code to tuple-building code submitted by Jim Nasby.
I've abandoned the thought of merging the two cases into a single routine,
but we may as well make the older code simpler and faster where we can.

For a very long time, pltcl's spi_exec and spi_execp commands have had
a behavior of storing the current row number as an element of output
arrays, but this was never documented.  Fix that.

For an equally long time, pltcl_trigger_handler had a behavior of silently
ignoring ".tupno" as an output column name, evidently so that the result
of spi_exec could be used directly as a trigger result tuple.  Not sure
how useful that really is, but in any case it's bad that it would break
attempts to use ".tupno" as an actual column name.  We can fix it by not
checking for ".tupno" until after we check for a column name match.  This
comports with the effective behavior of spi_exec[p] that ".tupno" is only
magic when you don't have an actual column named that.

In passing, wordsmith the description of returning modified tuples from
a pltcl trigger.

Noted while working on Jim Nasby's patch to support composite results
from pltcl.  The inability to return trigger tuples using ".tupno" as
a column name is a bug, so back-patch to all supported branches.

We must do this in case the expression evaluation results in calling
another plpgsql function (or, really, anything using SPI).  I missed
the need for this when I converted exec_cast_value() from doing a
simple InputFunctionCall() to doing ExecEvalExpr() in commit 1345cc67.
There is a SPI_push_conditional in InputFunctionCall(), so that there
was no bug before that.

Per bug #14414 from Marcos Castedo.  Add a regression test based on his
example, which was that a plpgsql function in a domain check constraint
didn't work when assigning to a domain-type variable within plpgsql.

Report: <20161106010947.1387.66380@wrigleys.postgresql.org>

Don't fetch record->xl_info before we've verified that record isn't
NULL.  Per Coverity.

Michael Paquier

The workaround the IANA guys chose to get rid of the clang warning
we'd silenced in commit 23ed2ba8 turns out not to satisfy Coverity.
Go back to the previous solution, ie, remove the useless comparison
to SIZE_MAX.  (In principle, there could be machines out there where
it's not useless because ptrdiff_t is wider than size_t.  But the whole
thing is pretty academic anyway, as we could never approach this limit
for any sane estimate of the amount of data that zic will ever be asked
to work with.)

Also, s/lineno/lineno_t/g, because if we accept their decision to start
using "lineno" as a typedef, it is going to have very unpleasant
consequences in our next pgindent run.  Noted that while fooling with
pltcl yesterday.

Don't ask Tcl_GetIndexFromObj to store an error message in the interpreter
in cases where the next argument isn't necessarily one of the options
we're asking it to check for.  At best that is a waste of time, and at
worst it might cause an inappropriate error result to get left behind.

Be sure to check for valid syntax (ie, no command arguments) in
pltcl_SPI_lastoid.

Extracted from a larger and otherwise-unrelated patch.

Jim Nasby

Patch: <f2134651-14b3-efeb-f274-c69f3c084031@BlueTreble.com>

Commit 7a2fe9bd improved merge append so that replacement of a tuple
takes log(N) operations, not twice log(N).  Since cost_merge_append knew
about that explicitly, we should adjust it.  This probably makes little
difference in practice, but the obsolete comment is confusing.

Ideally this would have been put in in 9.3 with the underlying behavior
change; but I'm not going to back-patch it, since there's some small chance
of changing a plan choice that somebody's optimized for.

Thomas Munro

Discussion: <CAEepm=0WQBSvuYcMOUj4Ga4NXpu2J=ejZcE=e=eiTjTX-6_gDw@mail.gmail.com>

Seems to be a copy-and-pasteo.  Odd that we heard no reports of
compiler warnings about it.

Thomas Munro

We're passing const strings to it in places, and that's not an
unreasonable thing to do.  Per buildfarm (noted on frogmouth
in particular).

This messes up the whitespace in the output PDF document in some places.

Second try at the change originally made in commit 8518583c;
this time with contrib updates so that manual extern declarations
are also marked with PGDLLEXPORT.  The release notes should point
this out as a significant source-code change for extension authors,
since they'll have to make similar additions to avoid trouble on Windows.

Laurenz Albe, doc change by me

Patch: <A737B7A37273E048B164557ADEF4A58B53962ED8@ntex2010a.host.magwien.gv.at>

This function is unreferenced in modern usage; it was superseded in 9.1
by a core function of the same name.  It has been left in place in the C
code only so that pre-9.1 SQL definitions of the contrib/xml2 functions
would continue to work.  Six years seems like enough time for people to
have updated to the extension-style version of the xml2 module, so let's
drop this.

The key reason for not keeping it any longer is that we want to stick
an explicit PGDLLEXPORT into PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(), and the similarity
of name to the core function creates a conflict that compilers will
complain about.

Extracted from a larger patch for that purpose.  I'm committing this
change separately to give it more visibility in the commit logs.

While at it, remove the documentation entry that claimed that
xml_is_well_formed() is a function provided by contrib/xml2, and
instead mention the even more ancient alias xml_valid().

Laurenz Albe, doc change by me

Patch: <A737B7A37273E048B164557ADEF4A58B53962ED8@ntex2010a.host.magwien.gv.at>

Generally, WAL resource managers are only supposed to examine the
top 4 bits of a WAL record's xl_info; the rest are reserved for
the WAL mechanism itself.  A few places were not consistent about
doing this with respect to XLOG_CHECKPOINT and XLOG_SWITCH records.
There's no bug currently, since no additional bits ever get set in
these specific record types, but that might not be true forever.
Let's follow the generic coding rule here too.

Michael Paquier

On closer inspection, commit 84ad68d6 broke gin_leafpage_items(),
because the aligned copy of the page got palloc'd in a short-lived
context whereas it needs to be in the SRF's multi_call_memory_ctx.
This was not exposed by the regression test, because the regression
test doesn't actually exercise the function in a meaningful way.
Fix the code bug, and extend the test in what I hope is a portable
fashion.

This includes support for the new REFERENCING clause.

This is infrastructure for the complete SQL standard feature.  No
support is included at this point for execution nodes or PLs.  The
intent is to add that soon.

As this patch leaves things, standard syntax can create tuplestores
to contain old and/or new versions of rows affected by a statement.
References to these tuplestores are in the TriggerData structure.
C triggers can access the tuplestores directly, so they are usable,
but they cannot yet be referenced within a SQL statement.

Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

Also straighten out use of time unit abbreviations a bit.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

The raw page data that is passed into the functions will not be aligned
at 8-byte boundaries.  Casting that to a struct and accessing int64
fields will result in unaligned access.  On most platforms, you get away
with it, but it will result on a crash on pickier platforms such as ia64
and sparc64.

LockBufferForCleanup() acquires a cleanup lock unconditionally, and
ConditionalLockBufferForCleanup() acquires a cleanup lock if it is
possible to do so without waiting; this patch adds a new API,
IsBufferCleanupOK(), which tests whether an exclusive lock already
held happens to be a cleanup lock.  This is possible because a cleanup
lock simply means an exclusive lock plus the assurance any other pins
on the buffer are newer than our own pin.  Therefore, just as the
existing functions decide that the exclusive lock that they've just
taken is a cleanup lock if they observe the pin count to be 1, this
new function allows us to observe that the pin count is 1 on a buffer
we've already locked.

This is useful in situations where a backend definitely wishes to
modify the buffer and also wishes to perform cleanup operations if
possible.  The patch to eliminate heavyweight locking by hash indexes
uses this, and it may have other applications as well.

Amit Kapila, per a suggestion from me.  Some comment adjustments by me
as well.

Etsuro Fujita

This matches what was already implemented in the DSSSL HTML build.

This patch absorbs some unreleased fixes for symlink manipulation bugs
introduced in tzcode 2016g.  Ordinarily I'd wait around for a released
version, but in this case it seems like we could do with extra testing,
in particular checking whether it works in EDB's VMware build environment.
This corresponds to commit aec59156abbf8472ba201b6c7ca2592f9c10e077 in
https://github.com/eggert/tz.

Per a report from Sandeep Thakkar, building in an environment where hard
links are not supported in the timezone data installation directory failed,
because upstream code refactoring had broken the case of symlinking from an
existing symlink.  Further experimentation also showed that the symlinks
were sometimes made incorrectly, with too many or too few "../"'s in the
symlink contents.

This should get back-patched, but first let's see what the buildfarm
makes of it.  I'm not too sure about the new dependency on linkat(2).

Report: <CANFyU94_p6mqRQc2i26PFp5QAOQGB++AjGX=FO8LDpXw0GSTjw@mail.gmail.com>
Discussion: http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2016-November/024431.html

Make separate columns "Collation", "Nullable", "Default".
Reviewed-by: Kuntal Ghosh <kuntalghosh.2007@gmail.com>

Suggest the lock modes that begin with the word in question.

Thomas Munro, reviewed by Marllius Ribeiro.  Comments tweaked by me.

Tatsuro Yamada, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat

It's also possible to specify a separate port for each host.

Previously, we'd loop over every address returned by looking up the
host name; now, we'll try every address for every host name.

Patch by me.  Victor Wagner wrote an earlier patch for this feature,
which I read, but I didn't use any of his code.  Review by Mithun Cy.

The foreign-key-aware logic for estimation of join sizes (added in commit
100340e2) blindly tried to apply the concept to rels that are actually
parents of inheritance trees.  This is just plain wrong so far as the
referenced relation is concerned, since the inheritance scan may well
produce lots of rows that are not participating in the constraint.  It's
wrong for the referencing relation too, for the same reason; although on
that end we could conceivably detect whether all members of the inheritance
tree have equivalent FK constraints pointing to the same referenced rel,
and then proceed more or less as we do now.  But pending somebody writing
code to do that, we must disable this, because it's producing completely
silly estimates when there's an FK linking the heads of inheritance trees.

Per bug #14404 from Clinton Adams.  Back-patch to 9.6 where the new
estimation logic came in.

Report: <20161028200412.15987.96482@wrigleys.postgresql.org>

While converting expressions in an upper-level plan node so that they
reference Vars and expressions provided by the input plan node(s),
don't convert plain Const items, even if there happens to be a matching
Const in the input.  It's silly to do so because a Var is more expensive to
execute than a Const.  Moreover, converting can fool ExecCheckPlanOutput's
check that an insert or update query inserts nulls into dropped columns,
leading to "query provides a value for a dropped column" errors during
INSERT or UPDATE on a table with a dropped column.  We could solve this
by making that check more complicated, but I don't see the point; this fix
should save a marginal number of cycles, and it also makes for less messy
EXPLAIN output, as shown by the ensuing regression test result changes.

Per report from Pavel Hanák.  I have not incorporated a test case based
on that example, as there doesn't seem to be a simple way of checking
this in isolation without making a bunch of assumptions about other
planner and SQL-function behavior.

Back-patch to 9.6.  This setrefs.c behavior exists much further back,
but there is not currently reason to think that it causes problems
before 9.6.

Discussion: <83shraampf.fsf@is-it.eu>

Choose test data that makes the output independent of endianness.

Somebody apparently thought that "if Int32GetDatum is good,
Int64GetDatum must be better".  Per buildfarm failures now
that Peter has added some regression tests here.

Choose test data that makes the output independent of endianness and
alignment.

Etsuro Fujita

extracted from a patch from Jesper Pedersen <jesper.pedersen@redhat.com>