Previously it was an "old style" function declaration.

This was a relatively harmless leak, as createBackupLabel() is only
called once per pg_rewind invocation.

Author: Michael Paquier
Reported-By: Michael Paquier
Discussion: CAB7nPqRnOw30gOXe2_SPLjh37bgm4V+txbYAPwoXb97nGQ297w@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch: 9.5, where pg_rewind was introduced

I introduced several uses of !! to force bit arithmetic to be boolean,
but per discussion the project prefers != 0/NULL.

Discussion: CA+TgmoZP5KakLGP6B4vUjgMBUW0woq_dJYi0paOz-My0Hwt_vQ@mail.gmail.com

Returning the direct result of bit arithmetic, in a macro intended to be
used in a boolean manner, can be problematic if the return value is
stored in a variable of type 'bool'. If bool is implemented using C99's
_Bool, that can lead to comparison failures if the variable is then
compared again with the expression (see ginStepRight() for an example
that fails), as _Bool forces the result to be 0/1. That happens in some
configurations of newer MSVC compilers.  It's also problematic when
storing the result of such an expression in a narrower type.

Several gin macros have been declared in that style since gin's initial
commit in 8a3631f8.

There's a lot more macros like this, but this is the only one causing
regression test failures; and I don't want to commit and backpatch a
larger patch with lots of conflicts just before the next set of minor
releases.

Discussion: 20150811154237.GD17575@awork2.anarazel.de
Backpatch: All supported branches

As usual, the release notes for other branches will be made by cutting
these down, but put them up for community review first.

We really need to sync all of our IANA-derived timezone code with upstream,
but that's going to be a large patch and I certainly don't care to shove
such a thing into stable branches immediately before a release.  As a
stopgap, copy just the tzcode2016c logic that checks validity of timezone
abbreviations.  This prevents getting multiple "time zone abbreviation
differs from POSIX standard" bleats with tzdata 2014b and later.

cost_subplan() supposed that the given subplan must have plan_rows > 0,
which as far as I can tell was true until recent refactoring of the
code in createplan.c; but now that code allows the Result for a provably
empty subquery to have plan_rows = 0.  Rather than undo that change,
put in a clamp to prevent zero divide.

get_cheapest_fractional_path() likewise supposed that best_path->rows > 0.
This assumption has been wrong for longer.  It's actually harmless given
IEEE float math, because a positive value divided by zero gives +Infinity
and compare_fractional_path_costs() will do the right thing with that.
Still, best not to assume that.

final_cost_nestloop() also seems to have some risks in this area, so
borrow the clamping logic already present in the mergejoin cost functions.

Lastly, remove unnecessary clamp_row_est() in planner.c's calls to
get_number_of_groups().  The only thing that function does with path_rows
is pass it to estimate_num_groups() which already has an internal clamp,
so we don't need the extra call; and if we did, the callers are arguably
the wrong place for it anyway.

First two items reported by Piotr Stefaniak, the others are products
of my nosing around for similar problems.  No back-patch since there's
no evidence that problems arise in the back branches.

DST law changes in Azerbaijan, Chile, Haiti, Palestine, and Russia (Altai,
Astrakhan, Kirov, Sakhalin, Ulyanovsk regions).  Historical corrections
for Lithuania, Moldova, Russia (Kaliningrad, Samara, Volgograd).

As of 2015b, the keepers of the IANA timezone database started to use
numeric time zone abbreviations (e.g., "+04") instead of inventing
abbreviations not found in the wild like "ASTT".  This causes our rather
old copy of zic to whine "warning: time zone abbreviation differs from
POSIX standard" several times during "make install".  This warning is
harmless according to the IANA folk, and I don't see any problems with
these abbreviations in some simple tests; but it seems like now would be
a good time to update our copy of the tzcode stuff.  I'll look into that
soon.

Commit cd37bb78 works for in-tree builds, but not so much for
VPATH.  Per buildfarm.

We don't really want to encourage people to write numeric SQLSTATEs in
programs; that's unreadable and error-prone.  Copy plpgsql's infrastructure
for converting between SQLSTATEs and exception names shown in Appendix A,
and modify examples in tests and documentation to do it that way.

Tcl has a convention for returning additional info about an error in a
global variable named errorCode.  Up to now PL/Tcl has ignored that,
but this patch causes database errors caught by PL/Tcl to fill in
errorCode with useful information from the ErrorData struct.

Jim Nasby, reviewed by Pavel Stehule and myself

This avoids leaving dangling links in pg_operator; which while fairly
harmless are also unsightly.

While we're at it, simplify OperatorUpd, which went through
heap_modify_tuple for no very good reason considering it had already made
a tuple copy it could just scribble on.

Roma Sokolov, reviewed by Tomas Vondra, additional hacking by Robert Haas
and myself.

In commit 9118d03a we taught the planner to postpone evaluation of
set-returning functions in a SELECT's targetlist until after any sort done
to satisfy ORDER BY.  However, if we postpone some SRFs this way while
others do not get postponed (because they're sort or group key columns)
we will break the traditional behavior by which all SRFs in the tlist run
in-step during ExecTargetList(), so that you get the least common multiple
of their periods not the product.  Fix make_sort_input_target() so it will
not split up SRF evaluation in such cases.

There is still a hazard of similar odd behavior if there's a SRF in a
grouping column and another one that isn't, but that was true before
and we're just trying to preserve bug-compatibility with the traditional
behavior.  This whole area is overdue to be rethought and reimplemented,
but we'll try to avoid changing behavior until then.

Per report from Regina Obe.

Some of the non-MSVC Windows buildfarm members seem to need this to avoid
getting "undefined symbol" errors on libpgfeutils' references to libpq.
I could understand that if libpq were a static library, but surely it is
not?  Oh well, at least the extra reference is no more harmful than it is
for libpgcommon or libpgport.

This completes (at least for now) the project of getting rid of ad-hoc
linkages among the src/bin/ subdirectories.  Everything they share is now
in src/fe_utils/ and is included from a static library at link time.

A side benefit is that we can restore the FLEX_NO_BACKUP check for
psqlscanslash.l.  We might need to think of another way to do that check
if we ever need to build two lexers with that property in the same source
directory, but there's no foreseeable reason to need that.

Just turning the crank ...

Compilers that don't know that elog(ERROR) doesn't return complained
that this function might fail to return a value.  Per buildfarm.

While at it, const-ify the function's declaration, since the intent
is evidently to always return a constant string.

Per buildfarm.

Per discussion, we want to create a static library and put the stuff into
it that until now has been shared across src/bin/ directories by ad-hoc
methods like symlinking a source file.  This commit creates the library and
populates it with a couple of files that contain the widely-useful portions
of pg_dump's dumputils.c file.  dumputils.c survives, because it has some
stuff that didn't seem appropriate for fe_utils, but it's significantly
smaller and is no longer referenced from any other directory.

Follow-on patches will move more stuff into fe_utils.

The Mkvcbuild.pm hacking here is just a best guess; we'll see how the
buildfarm likes it.

David Rowley

Oops.

I was wondering if this would be an issue, and buildfarm member frogmouth
says it is.

This enables external code to create access methods.  This is useful so
that extensions can add their own access methods which can be formally
tracked for dependencies, so that DROP operates correctly.  Also, having
explicit support makes pg_dump work correctly.

Currently only index AMs are supported, but we expect different types to
be added in the future.

Authors: Alexander Korotkov, Petr Jelínek
Reviewed-By: Teodor Sigaev, Petr Jelínek, Jim Nasby
Commitfest-URL: https://commitfest.postgresql.org/9/353/
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAPpHfdsXwZmojm6Dx+TJnpYk27kT4o7Ri6X_4OSWcByu1Rm+VA@mail.gmail.com

Now that we have src/common/ for code shared between frontend and backend,
we can get rid of (most of) the klugy ways that the keyword table and
keyword lookup code were formerly shared between different uses.
This is a first step towards a more general plan of getting rid of
special-purpose kluges for sharing code in src/bin/.

I chose to merge kwlookup.c back into keywords.c, as it once was, and
always has been so far as keywords.h is concerned.  We could have
kept them separate, but there is noplace that uses ScanKeywordLookup
without also wanting access to the backend's keyword list, so there
seems little point.

ecpg is still a bit weird, but at least now the trickiness is documented.

I think that the MSVC build script should require no adjustments beyond
what's done here ... but we'll soon find out.

Unfortunately, every version of glibc thus far tested has bugs whereby
strcoll() ordering does not match strxfrm() ordering as required by
the standard.  This can result in, for example, corrupted indexes.
Disabling abbreviated keys in these cases slows down non-C-collation
string sorting considerably, but there seems to be no practical
alternative.  Users who are confident that their libc implementations
are solid in this regard can re-enable the optimization by compiling
with TRUST_STRXFRM.

Users who have built indexes using PostgreSQL 9.5 or PostgreSQL 9.5.1
should REINDEX if there is a possibility that they may have been
affected by this problem.

Report by Marc-Olaf Jaschke.  Investigation mostly by Tom Lane, with
help from Peter Geoghegan, Noah Misch, Stephen Frost, and me.  Patch
by me, reviewed by Peter Geoghegan and Tom Lane.

A join clause might mention multiple relations on either side, so it
need not be the case that a given joinrel's constituent relations are
all on one side of the join clause or all on the other.

Report by Rajkumar Raghuwanshi.  Analysis and fix by Michael Paquier
and Ashutosh Bapat.

Without this, contention on the freelist can become a pretty serious
problem on large servers.

Aleksander Alekseev, reviewed by Anastasia Lubennikova, Dilip Kumar,
and me.

User-facing (even tested by regression tests) error conditions were thrown
with elog(), hence had wrong SQLSTATE and were untranslatable.  And the
error message texts weren't up to project style, either.

jsonb_set() could produce wrong answers or incorrect error reports, or in
the worst case even crash, when trying to convert a path-array element into
an integer for use as an array subscript.  Per report from Vitaly Burovoy.
Back-patch to 9.5 where the faulty code was introduced (in commit
c6947010).

Michael Paquier

In commit afb9249d, we (probably I) made ExecLockRows assign
null test tuples to all relations of the query while setting up to do an
EvalPlanQual recheck for a newly-updated locked row.  This was sheerest
brain fade: we should only set test tuples for relations that are lockable
by the LockRows node, and in particular empty test tuples are only sensible
for inheritance child relations that weren't the source of the current
tuple from their inheritance tree.  Setting a null test tuple for an
unrelated table causes it to return NULLs when it should not, as exhibited
in bug #14034 from Bronislav Houdek.  To add insult to injury, doing it the
wrong way required two loops where one would suffice; so the corrected code
is even a bit shorter and faster.

Add a regression test case based on his example, and back-patch to 9.5
where the bug was introduced.

Artur Zakirov, per gripe from Jeff Janes

Jeff Janes

Instead of just "2" seconds, allow eg. "2.5" seconds.  Per request
from Alvaro Herrera.  No docs change since the docs didn't say you
couldn't do this already.

Include the \pset title string if there is one, and shorten the prefab
part of the header to be "timestamp (every Ns)".  Per suggestion by
David Johnston.

Michael Paquier and Tom Lane

The two get_tle_by_resno() calls introduced by this commit lacked any
check for a NULL return, unlike any other calls of that function anywhere
in our tree.  Coverity quite properly complained about it.  Also fix a
misindented line in process_query_params(), which Coverity also complained
about on the grounds that the bad indentation suggested possible programmer
misinterpretation.

It was intended to be this way all along, just like other planner
GUCs such as work_mem.  But I goofed.

Parallel workers can now partially aggregate the data and pass the
transition values back to the leader, which can combine the partial
results to produce the final answer.

David Rowley, based on earlier work by Haribabu Kommi.  Reviewed by
Álvaro Herrera, Tomas Vondra, Amit Kapila, James Sewell, and me.

Surprising that this worked on a number of systems. Reported by
buildfarm member longfin.

Commit ac1d7945 ("Make idle backends exit if the postmaster dies.")
introduced a regression on, at least, large linux systems. Constantly
adding the same postmaster_alive_fds to the OSs internal datastructures
for implementing poll/select can cause significant contention; leading
to a performance regression of nearly 3x in one example.

This can be avoided by using e.g. linux' epoll, which avoids having to
add/remove file descriptors to the wait datastructures at a high rate.
Unfortunately the current latch interface makes it hard to allocate any
persistent per-backend resources.

Replace, with a backward compatibility layer, WaitLatchOrSocket with a
new WaitEventSet API. Users can allocate such a Set across multiple
calls, and add more than one file-descriptor to wait on. The latter has
been added because there's upcoming postgres features where that will be
helpful.

In addition to the previously existing poll(2), select(2),
WaitForMultipleObjects() implementations also provide an epoll_wait(2)
based implementation to address the aforementioned performance
problem. Epoll is only available on linux, but that is the most likely
OS for machines large enough (four sockets) to reproduce the problem.

To actually address the aforementioned regression, create and use a
long-lived WaitEventSet for FE/BE communication.  There are additional
places that would benefit from a long-lived set, but that's a task for
another day.

Thanks to Amit Kapila, who helped make the windows code I blindly wrote
actually work.

Reported-By: Dmitry Vasilyev Discussion:
CAB-SwXZh44_2ybvS5Z67p_CDz=XFn4hNAD=CnMEF+QqkXwFrGg@mail.gmail.com
20160114143931.GG10941@awork2.anarazel.de