These bugs can cause data loss on standbys started with hot_standby=on at
the moment they start to accept read only queries, by marking committed
transactions as uncommited. The likelihood of such corruptions is small
unless the primary has a high transaction rate.

5a031a55 fixed bugs in HS's startup logic
by maintaining less state until at least STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING state
was reached, missing the fact that both clog and subtrans are written to
before that. This only failed to fail in common cases because the usage
of ExtendCLOG in procarray.c was superflous since clog extensions are
actually WAL logged.

f44eedc3f0f347a856eea8590730769125964597/I then tried to fix the missing
extensions of pg_subtrans due to the former commit's changes - which are
not WAL logged - by performing the extensions when switching to a state
> STANDBY_INITIALIZED and not performing xid assignments before that -
again missing the fact that ExtendCLOG is unneccessary - but screwed up
twice: Once because latestObservedXid wasn't updated anymore in that
state due to the earlier commit and once by having an off-by-one error in
the loop performing extensions. This means that whenever a
CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE (32768 with default settings) boundary was crossed
between the start of the checkpoint recovery started from and the first
xl_running_xact record old transactions commit bits in pg_clog could be
overwritten if they started and committed in that window.

Fix this mess by not performing ExtendCLOG() in HS at all anymore since
it's unneeded and evidently dangerous and by performing subtrans
extensions even before reaching STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING.

Analysis and patch by Andres Freund. Reported by Christophe Pettus.
Backpatch down to 9.0, like the previous commit that caused this.

RecoveryIsInProgress() can be called very frequently. During normal
operation, it just checks a backend-local variable and returns quickly,
but during hot standby, it checks a spinlock-protected shared variable.
Those spinlock acquisitions can become a point of contention on a busy
hot standby system.

Replace the spinlock acquisition with a memory barrier.

Per discussion with Andres Freund, Ants Aasma and Merlin Moncure.

The previous change added a new scan-build warning about need_password
assigned but not read.

This patch adds the ability to write TABLE( function1(), function2(), ...)
as a single FROM-clause entry.  The result is the concatenation of the
first row from each function, followed by the second row from each
function, etc; with NULLs inserted if any function produces fewer rows than
others.  This is believed to be a much more useful behavior than what
Postgres currently does with multiple SRFs in a SELECT list.

This syntax also provides a reasonable way to combine use of column
definition lists with WITH ORDINALITY: put the column definition list
inside TABLE(), where it's clear that it doesn't control the ordinality
column as well.

Also implement SQL-compliant multiple-argument UNNEST(), by turning
UNNEST(a,b,c) into TABLE(unnest(a), unnest(b), unnest(c)).

The SQL standard specifies TABLE() with only a single function, not
multiple functions, and it seems to require an implicit UNNEST() which is
not what this patch does.  There may be something wrong with that reading
of the spec, though, because if it's right then the spec's TABLE() is just
a pointless alternative spelling of UNNEST().  After further review of
that, we might choose to adopt a different syntax for what this patch does,
but in any case this functionality seems clearly worthwhile.

Andrew Gierth, reviewed by Zoltán Böszörményi and Heikki Linnakangas, and
significantly revised by me

Previously, -d option for pg_isready was broken. When the name of the
database was specified by -d option, pg_isready failed with an error.
When the conninfo specified by -d option contained the setting of the
host name but not Numeric IP address (i.e., hostaddr), pg_isready
displayed wrong connection message. -d option could not handle a valid
URI prefix at all. This commit fixes these bugs of pg_isready.

Backpatch to 9.3, where pg_isready was introduced.

Per report from Josh Berkus and Robert Haas.
Original patch by Fabrízio de Royes Mello, heavily modified by me.

Split off the portion of ginInsertValue that inserts the tuple to current
level into a separate function, ginPlaceToPage. ginInsertValue's charter
is now to recurse up the tree to insert the downlink, when a page split is
required.

This is in preparation for a patch to change the way incomplete splits are
handled, which will need to do these operations separately. And IMHO makes
the code more readable anyway.

This creates a new gin-btree callback function for creating a downlink for
a page. Previously, ginxlog.c duplicated the logic used during normal
operation.

Merge some functions that were always called together. Makes the code
little bit more readable.

This allows decorating mmfatal() with noreturn compiler hints, leading
to better diagnostics.

Backpatch to 9.3

Per report from Steffen Hildebrandt

This only affects upgrades from 8.3 currently, and is harmless as the
child just generates an error in the script, but we should get it right
in case we ever need this for more complex uses.

Per report from Peter Eisentraut

Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Ian Lawrence Barwick

Previously, pg_upgrade would abort copy_file() on a short write without
setting errno, which the caller would report as an error with the
message "Success".  We assume ENOSPC in that case, as we do elsewhere in
the code.  Also set errno in some other error cases in copy_file() to
avoid bogus "Success" error messages.

This was broken in 6b711cf3, so 9.2 and
before are OK.

The reverted patch to change functions from strict to immutable was
incorrect and needs additional research.

The server won't care, but let's be consistent.

David Rowley.

Arguably makes the code a bit more readable, and might give a small
performance gain.

David Rowley

This avoids a potentially-expensive extra call to strlen().

David Rowley

Previously, if VACUUM skipped vacuuming a page because it's pinned, it
didn't count that page as scanned. However, that meant that relfrozenxid
was not bumped up either, which prevented anti-wraparound vacuum from
doing its job.

Report by Миша Тюрин, analysis and patch by Sergey Burladyn and Jeff Janes.
Backpatch to 9.2, where the skip-locked-pages behavior was introduced.

Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Jeevan Chalke and Atri Sharma

This patch improves performance of most built-in aggregates that formerly
used a NUMERIC or NUMERIC array as their transition type; this includes
not only aggregates on numeric inputs, but some aggregates on integer
inputs where overflow of an int8 value is a possibility.  The code now
uses a special-purpose data structure to avoid array construction and
deconstruction overhead, as well as packing and unpacking overhead for
numeric values.

These aggregates' transition type is now declared as INTERNAL, since
it doesn't correspond to any SQL data type.  To keep the planner from
thinking that that means a lot of storage will be used, we make use
of the just-added pg_aggregate.aggtransspace feature.  The space estimate
is set to 128 bytes, which is at least in the right ballpark.

Hadi Moshayedi, reviewed by Pavel Stehule and Tomas Vondra

Formerly the planner had a hard-wired rule of thumb for guessing the amount
of space consumed by an aggregate function's transition state data.  This
estimate is critical to deciding whether it's OK to use hash aggregation,
and in many situations the built-in estimate isn't very good.  This patch
adds a column to pg_aggregate wherein a per-aggregate estimate can be
provided, overriding the planner's default, and infrastructure for setting
the column via CREATE AGGREGATE.

It may be that additional smarts will be required in future, perhaps even
a per-aggregate estimation function.  But this is already a step forward.

This is extracted from a larger patch to improve the performance of numeric
and int8 aggregates.  I (tgl) thought it was worth reviewing and committing
this infrastructure separately.  In this commit, all built-in aggregates
are given aggtransspace = 0, so no behavior should change.

Hadi Moshayedi, reviewed by Pavel Stehule and Tomas Vondra

pgbench formerly failed on lines longer than BUFSIZ, unexpectedly
splitting them into multiple commands.  Allow it to work with any
length of input line.

Sawada Masahiko

A couple of places that should have been iterating over WORDS_PER_CHUNK
words were iterating over WORDS_PER_PAGE words instead.  This thinko
accidentally failed to fail, because (at least on common architectures
with default BLCKSZ) WORDS_PER_CHUNK is a bit less than WORDS_PER_PAGE,
and the extra words being looked at were always zero so nothing happened.
Still, it's a bug waiting to happen if anybody ever fools with the
parameters affecting TIDBitmap sizes, and it's a small waste of cycles
too.  So back-patch to all active branches.

Etsuro Fujita

In --inserts and especially --column-inserts mode, we can get a useful
speedup by generating the common prefix of all a table's INSERT commands
just once, and then printing the prebuilt string for each row.  This avoids
multiple invocations of fmtId() and other minor fooling around.

David Rowley

The previous coding was fairly unreadable and drew double-free warnings
from clang.  I believe the double free was actually not reachable, because
PQconnectionNeedsPassword is coded to not return true if a password was
provided, so that the loop can't iterate more than twice.  Nonetheless
it seems worth rewriting.  No back-patch since this is just cosmetic.

Bug #8591 from Claudio Freire demonstrates that get_eclass_for_sort_expr
must be able to compute valid em_nullable_relids for any new equivalence
class members it creates.  I'd worried about this in the commit message
for db9f0e1d, but claimed that it wasn't a
problem because multi-member ECs should already exist when it runs.  That
is transparently wrong, though, because this function is also called by
initialize_mergeclause_eclasses, which runs during deconstruct_jointree.
The example given in the bug report (which the new regression test item
is based upon) fails because the COALESCE() expression is first seen by
initialize_mergeclause_eclasses rather than process_equivalence.

Fixing this requires passing the appropriate nullable_relids set to
get_eclass_for_sort_expr, and it requires new code to compute that set
for top-level expressions such as ORDER BY, GROUP BY, etc.  We store
the top-level nullable_relids in a new field in PlannerInfo to avoid
computing it many times.  In the back branches, I've added the new
field at the end of the struct to minimize ABI breakage for planner
plugins.  There doesn't seem to be a good alternative to changing
get_eclass_for_sort_expr's API signature, though.  There probably aren't
any third-party extensions calling that function directly; moreover,
if there are, they probably need to think about what to pass for
nullable_relids anyway.

Back-patch to 9.2, like the previous patch in this area.

plpgsql likes to cache query plans and simple-expression execution state
trees across calls.  This is a considerable win for multiple executions
of the same function.  However, it's useless for DO blocks, since by
definition those are executed only once and discarded.  Nonetheless,
we were allowing a DO block's expression execution trees to survive
until end of transaction, resulting in a significant intra-transaction
memory leak, as reported by Yeb Havinga.  Worse, if the DO block exited
with an error, the compiled form of the block's code was leaked till
end of session --- along with subsidiary plancache entries.

To fix, make DO blocks keep their expression execution trees in a private
EState that's deleted at exit from the block, and add a PG_TRY block
to plpgsql_inline_handler to make sure that memory cleanup happens
even on error exits.  Also add a regression test covering error handling
in a DO block, because my first try at this broke that.  (The test is
not meant to prove that we don't leak memory anymore, though it could
be used for that with a much larger loop count.)

Ideally we'd back-patch this into all versions supporting DO blocks;
but the patch needs to add a field to struct PLpgSQL_execstate, and that
would break ABI compatibility for third-party plugins such as the plpgsql
debugger.  Given the small number of complaints so far, fixing this in
HEAD only seems like an acceptable choice.

There were enough typos in the comments to annoy me ...

Commit 061b88c7 saved argv0 to a
global buffer without ensuring that it was zero terminated,
allowing references to it to overrun the buffer and access other
memory.  This probably would not have presented any security risk,
but could have resulted in very confusing failures if the path to
the executable was very long.

Reported by David Rowley

Colin 't Hart

Andres Freund

This speeds up nextval() and currval(), when you touch a lot of different
sequences in the same backend.

David Rowley

Previous commit shows the need for this.  The coverage isn't really
thorough, but it's better than nothing.

pg_index.indisreplident had at one time in its development been called
indisidentity.  describe.c got missed when it was renamed.
Bug introduced in commit 07cacba9.

Andres Freund

The previous text was a bit misleading, as well as unnecessarily vague
about what information would be discarded.  Per gripe from Craig Skinner.

The old code entered a new hash table entry first, then scanned
pg_class to determine what value to fill in, and then populated the
entry.  This fails to work properly if a cache invalidation happens
as a result of opening pg_class.  Repair.

Along the way, get rid of the idea of blowing away the entire hash
table as a method of processing invalidations.  Instead, just delete
all the entries one by one.  This is probably not quite as cheap but
it's simpler, and shouldn't happen often.

Andres Freund