syslog and eventlog severity levels, per suggestion from Josh Drake.
Also, some wordsmithing for the csvlog documentation.

per ITAGAKI Takahiro.  Also, rewrite syslogger_forkexec() in hopes of
eliminating the confusion in the first place.

uses of PG_DETOAST_DATUM_SLICE, but it's clearly trouble waiting to
happen.

buildfarm member grebe, I see no reason to revert the 1-byte-header-friendly
changes I made in varlena.c.  Instead, tweak the code a little bit to
get more advantage out of that.

malloc returns NULL for malloc(0).  Defend against that case.

character encodings that doesn't involve calling lower(). This should
cure the performance regression in this case complained of by Guillaume
Smet. It still leaves the horrid performance for multi-byte encodings
introduced in 8.2, but there's no obvious solution for that in sight.

demonstrably necessary for text_substring() since regexp_split functions
may pass it such a value; and we might as well convert the whole file
at once.  Per buildfarm results (though I wonder why most machines aren't
showing a failure).

to not cause needless copying of text datums that have 1-byte headers.
Greg Stark, in response to performance gripe from Guillaume Smet and
ITAGAKI Takahiro.

unpruned XMAX in its header.  At the cost of 4 bytes per page, this keeps us
from performing heap_page_prune when there's no chance of pruning anything.
Seems to be necessary per Heikki's preliminary performance testing.

TransactionIdDidAbort, when handling the case that xmin is one of the current
transaction's XIDs and the tuple has been deleted.  xmax must also be one of
the current transaction's XIDs, since no one else can see it yet, and it's
cheaper to look at local state than shared state to find out if xmax aborted.
Per an idea of Heikki's.

For XIDs of our own transaction and subtransactions, it's cheaper to ask
TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId() than to look in shared memory.
Also, the xids[] work array is always the same size within any given
process, so malloc it just once instead of doing a palloc/pfree on every
call; aside from being faster this lets us get rid of some goto's, since
we no longer have any end-of-function pfree to do.  Both ideas by Heikki.

it ought to know that you need -DLINUX_PROFILE on Linux.

has a bad habit of launching multiple threads within the backend and thereby
causing all kinds of havoc.  Fortunately, we don't need it, and recent Tcl
versions provide an easy way to disable it.  Diagnosis and fix by
Steve Marshall, Paul Bayer, and Doug Knight of WSI Corporation.

but got lost from the version committed to main tree.  Per Greg Stark.

truncates a table.  Introduces race condition, as shown by buildfarm
failures.

> * -Consider shrinking expired tuples to just their headers
> * -Allow heap reuse of UPDATEd rows if no indexed columns are changed,
>   and old and new versions are on the same heap page

Not needed anymore:

< * Reuse index tuples that point to heap tuples that are not visible to
<   anyone?

columns, and the new version can be stored on the same heap page, we no longer
generate extra index entries for the new version.  Instead, index searches
follow the HOT-chain links to ensure they find the correct tuple version.

In addition, this patch introduces the ability to "prune" dead tuples on a
per-page basis, without having to do a complete VACUUM pass to recover space.
VACUUM is still needed to clean up dead index entries, however.

Pavan Deolasee, with help from a bunch of other people.

values. The previous coding essentially assumed that x = sqrt(x*x), which
does not hold for x < 0.

Thanks to Jie Zhang at Greenplum and Gavin Sherry for reporting this
issue.

database via builtin functions, as recently discussed on -hackers.

chr() now returns a character in the database encoding. For UTF8 encoded databases
the argument is treated as a Unicode code point. For other multi-byte encodings
the argument must designate a strict ascii character, or an error is raised,
as is also the case if the argument is 0.

ascii() is adjusted so that it remains the inverse of chr().

The two argument form of convert() is gone, and the three argument form now
takes a bytea first argument and returns a bytea. To cover this loss three new
functions are introduced:
. convert_from(bytea, name) returns text - converts the first argument from the
  named encoding to the database encoding
. convert_to(text, name) returns bytea - converts the first argument from the
  database encoding to the named encoding
. length(bytea, name) returns int - gives the length of the first argument in
  characters in the named encoding

per notice by Gregory Stark <stark@enterprisedb.com>

we'd dump core anyway immediately afterward if it were null; and it
seems to confuse some versions of icc into generating bad code.
Per report from Sergey Koposov.  Patched in HEAD only, for the moment,
since this is only likely to affect developers.

Seems to have been introduced in 8.1 by careless SECS_PER_DAY
search-and-replace.

no-longer-needed pages at the end of a table.  We thought we could throw away
pages containing HEAPTUPLE_DEAD tuples; but this is not so, because such
tuples very likely have index entries pointing at them, and we wouldn't have
removed the index entries.  The problem only emerges in a somewhat unlikely
race condition: the dead tuples have to have been inserted by a transaction
that later aborted, and this has to have happened between VACUUM's initial
scan of the page and then rechecking it for empty in count_nondeletable_pages.
But that timespan will include an index-cleaning pass, so it's not all that
hard to hit.  This seems to explain a couple of previously unsolved bug
reports.

Jun Kuwamura

>
> 	o Prevent long-lived temporary tables from causing frozen-xid
> 	  advancement starvation
>
> 	  http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-general/2007-06/msg01645.php

>
> * Make it possible to use RETURNING together with conditional DO INSTEAD
>   rules, such as for partitioning setups
>
>   http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2007-09/msg00577.php

Heikki Linnakangas