certain foreign data wrappers.

This situation creates a dependency loop that confuses pg_dump and probably
other things.  Moreover, since the mental model is that the extension
"contains" schemas it owns, but "is contained in" its extschema (even
though neither is strictly true), having both true at once is confusing for
people too.  So prevent the situation from being set up.

Reported and patched by Thom Brown.  Back-patch to 9.1 where extensions
were added.

supported.  Also add assert to catch future breakage.

Also, improve documentation that "double"-quotes must be used in
pg_hba.conf (not single quotes).

This essentially reverts commit e54b10a6,
in which I'd decided that the "last ditch" join logic was useless.  The
folly of that is now exposed by a report from Pavel Stehule: although the
function should always find at least one join in a self-contained join
problem, it can still fail to do so in a sub-problem created by artificial
from_collapse_limit or join_collapse_limit constraints.  Adjust the
comments to describe this, and simplify the code a bit to match the new
coding of the earlier loop in the function.

I'm not terribly happy about this: I still subscribe to the opinion stated
in the previous commit message that the "last ditch" code can obscure logic
bugs elsewhere.  But the alternative seems to be to complicate the earlier
tests for does-this-relation-have-a-join-clause to the point where they can
tell whether the join clauses link outside the current join sub-problem.
And that looks messy, slow, and possibly a source of bugs in itself.
In any case, now is not the time to be inserting experimental code into
9.2, so let's just go back to the time-tested solution.

updates of the column of interest.

libxslt offers the ability to read and write both files and URLs through
stylesheet commands, thus allowing unprivileged database users to both read
and write data with the privileges of the database server.  Disable that
through proper use of libxslt's security options.

Also, remove xslt_process()'s ability to fetch documents and stylesheets
from external files/URLs.  While this was a documented "feature", it was
long regarded as a terrible idea.  The fix for CVE-2012-3489 broke that
capability, and rather than expend effort on trying to fix it, we're just
going to summarily remove it.

While the ability to write as well as read makes this security hole
considerably worse than CVE-2012-3489, the problem is mitigated by the fact
that xslt_process() is not available unless contrib/xml2 is installed,
and the longstanding warnings about security risks from that should have
discouraged prudent DBAs from installing it in security-exposed databases.

Reported and fixed by Peter Eisentraut.

Security: CVE-2012-3488

xml_parse() would attempt to fetch external files or URLs as needed to
resolve DTD and entity references in an XML value, thus allowing
unprivileged database users to attempt to fetch data with the privileges
of the database server.  While the external data wouldn't get returned
directly to the user, portions of it could be exposed in error messages
if the data didn't parse as valid XML; and in any case the mere ability
to check existence of a file might be useful to an attacker.

The ideal solution to this would still allow fetching of references that
are listed in the host system's XML catalogs, so that documents can be
validated according to installed DTDs.  However, doing that with the
available libxml2 APIs appears complex and error-prone, so we're not going
to risk it in a security patch that necessarily hasn't gotten wide review.
So this patch merely shuts off all access, causing any external fetch to
silently expand to an empty string.  A future patch may improve this.

In HEAD and 9.2, also suppress warnings about undefined entities, which
would otherwise occur as a result of not loading referenced DTDs.  Previous
branches don't show such warnings anyway, due to different error handling
arrangements.

Credit to Noah Misch for first reporting the problem, and for much work
towards a solution, though this simplistic approach was not his preference.
Also thanks to Daniel Veillard for consultation.

Security: CVE-2012-3489

a microsecond specification.

Also remove unnecessary units designation in postgresql.conf.sample.

consultation with word definitions.

Backpatch to 9.2.

DST law changes in Morocco; Tokelau has relocated to the other side of
the International Date Line; and apparently Olson had Tokelau's GMT
offset wrong by an hour even before that.

There are also a large number of non-significant changes in this update.
Upstream took the opportunity to remove trailing whitespace, and the
SCCS-style version numbers on the individual files are gone too.

The maximum number of parameters supported by the FE/BE protocol is 65535,
as it's transmitted as a 16-bit unsigned integer. However, the nParams
arguments to libpq functions are all of type 'int'. We can't change the
signature of libpq functions, but a simple bounds check is in order to make
it more clear what's going wrong if you try to pass more than 65535
parameters.

Per complaint from Jim Vanns.

Re-allow subquery pullup for LATERAL subqueries, except when the subquery
is below an outer join and contains lateral references to relations outside
that outer join.  If we pull up in such a case, we risk introducing lateral
cross-references into outer joins' ON quals, which is something the code is
entirely unprepared to cope with right now; and I'm not sure it'll ever be
worth coping with.

Support lateral refs in VALUES (this seems to be the only additional path
type that needs such support as a consequence of re-allowing subquery
pullup).

Put in a slightly hacky fix for joinpath.c's refusal to consider
parameterized join paths even when there cannot be any unparameterized
ones.  This was causing "could not devise a query plan for the given query"
failures in queries involving more than two FROM items.

Put in an even more hacky fix for distribute_qual_to_rels() being unhappy
with join quals that contain references to rels outside their syntactic
scope; which is to say, disable that test altogether.  Need to think about
how to preserve some sort of debugging cross-check here, while not
expending more cycles than befits a debugging cross-check.

The LATERAL marking has to be propagated down to the UNION leaf queries
when we pull them up.  Also, fix the formerly stubbed-off
set_append_rel_pathlist().  It does already have enough smarts to cope with
making a parameterized Append path at need; it just has to not assume that
there *must* be an unparameterized path.

Jeff Janes

This command generated new pg_depend entries linking the index to the
constraint and the constraint to the table, which match the entries made
when a unique or primary key constraint is built de novo.  However, it did
not bother to get rid of the entries linking the index directly to the
table.  We had considered the issue when the ADD CONSTRAINT USING INDEX
patch was written, and concluded that we didn't need to get rid of the
extra entries.  But this is wrong: ALTER COLUMN TYPE wasn't expecting such
redundant dependencies to exist, as reported by Hubert Depesz Lubaczewski.
On reflection it seems rather likely to break other things as well, since
there are many bits of code that crawl pg_depend for one purpose or
another, and most of them are pretty naive about what relationships they're
expecting to find.  Fortunately it's not that hard to get rid of the extra
dependency entries, so let's do that.

Back-patch to 9.1, where ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT USING INDEX was added.

Replace unix_socket_directory with unix_socket_directories, which is a list
of socket directories, and adjust postmaster's code to allow zero or more
Unix-domain sockets to be created.

This is mostly a straightforward change, but since the Unix sockets ought
to be created after the TCP/IP sockets for safety reasons (better chance
of detecting a port number conflict), AddToDataDirLockFile needs to be
fixed to support out-of-order updates of data directory lockfile lines.
That's a change that had been foreseen to be necessary someday anyway.

Honza Horak, reviewed and revised by Tom Lane

directory.

Backpatch to 9.2.

Formerly we relied on checking after-the-fact to see if an expression
contained aggregates, window functions, or sub-selects when it shouldn't.
This is grotty, easily forgotten (indeed, we had forgotten to teach
DefineIndex about rejecting window functions), and none too efficient
since it requires extra traversals of the parse tree.  To improve matters,
define an enum type that classifies all SQL sub-expressions, store it in
ParseState to show what kind of expression we are currently parsing, and
make transformAggregateCall, transformWindowFuncCall, and transformSubLink
check the expression type and throw error if the type indicates the
construct is disallowed.  This allows removal of a large number of ad-hoc
checks scattered around the code base.  The enum type is sufficiently
fine-grained that we can still produce error messages of at least the
same specificity as before.

Bringing these error checks together revealed that we'd been none too
consistent about phrasing of the error messages, so standardize the wording
a bit.

Also, rewrite checking of aggregate arguments so that it requires only one
traversal of the arguments, rather than up to three as before.

In passing, clean up some more comments left over from add_missing_from
support, and annotate some tests that I think are dead code now that that's
gone.  (I didn't risk actually removing said dead code, though.)

Should be limited to the maximum number of connections excluding
autovacuum workers, not including.

Add similar check for max_wal_senders, which should never be higher than
max_connections.

Previously, the -1 option was silently ignored.

Also, emit an error if -1 is used in a context where it won't be
respected, to avoid user confusion.

Original patch by Fabien COELHO, but this version is quite different
from the original submission.

Noted by Noah Misch, patch by Fujii Masao

Now that we are storing structs in these lists, the distinction between
the two lists can be represented with a couple of extra flags while using
only a single list.  This simplifies the code and should save a little
bit of palloc traffic, since the majority of RTEs are represented in both
lists anyway.

Cascading replication copied the incoming file into pg_xlog but
didn't set path correctly, so the first attempt to open file failed
causing it to loop around and look for file in pg_xlog. So the
earlier coding worked, but accidentally rather than by design.

Spotted by Fujii Masao, fix by Fujii Masao and Simon Riggs

Bug spotted by Jeff Davis using -DCLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS.

The directions explaining about running the prepared-transactions test
were not updated in commit ae55d9fb.

This was broken in commit ed0b409d,
which revised the GlobalTransactionData struct to not include the
associated PGPROC as its first member, but overlooked one place where
a cast was used in reliance on that equivalence.

The most effective way of fixing this seems to be to create a new function
that looks up the GlobalTransactionData struct given the XID, and make
both TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId and TwoPhaseGetDummyProc rely on that.

Per report from Robert Ross.

This patch implements the standard syntax of LATERAL attached to a
sub-SELECT in FROM, and also allows LATERAL attached to a function in FROM,
since set-returning function calls are expected to be one of the principal
use-cases.

The main change here is a rewrite of the mechanism for keeping track of
which relations are visible for column references while the FROM clause is
being scanned.  The parser "namespace" lists are no longer lists of bare
RTEs, but are lists of ParseNamespaceItem structs, which carry an RTE
pointer as well as some visibility-controlling flags.  Aside from
supporting LATERAL correctly, this lets us get rid of the ancient hacks
that required rechecking subqueries and JOIN/ON and function-in-FROM
expressions for invalid references after they were initially parsed.
Invalid column references are now always correctly detected on sight.

In passing, remove assorted parser error checks that are now dead code by
virtue of our having gotten rid of add_missing_from, as well as some
comments that are obsolete for the same reason.  (It was mainly
add_missing_from that caused so much fudging here in the first place.)

The planner support for this feature is very minimal, and will be improved
in future patches.  It works well enough for testing purposes, though.

catversion bump forced due to new field in RangeTblEntry.

We seem to have a rough policy that our Perl scripts should work with
Perl 5.8, so make this one do so.  Main change is to not use the newfangled
\h character class in regexes; "[ \t]" is a serviceable replacement.