The original code to propagate NOT NULL and default expressions
specified when creating a partition was mostly copy-pasted from
typed-tables creation, but not being a great match it contained some
duplicity, inefficiency and bugs.

This commit fixes the bug that NOT NULL constraints declared in the
parent table would not be honored in the partition.  One reported issue
that is not fixed is that a DEFAULT declared in the child is not used
when inserting through the parent.  That would amount to a behavioral
change that's better not back-patched.

This rewrite makes the code simpler:

1. instead of checking for duplicate column names in its own block,
reuse the original one that already did that;

2. instead of concatenating the list of columns from parent and the one
declared in the partition and scanning the result to (incorrectly)
propagate defaults and not-null constraints, just scan the latter
searching the former for a match, and merging sensibly.  This works
because we know the list in the parent is already correct and there can
only be one parent.

This rewrite makes ColumnDef->is_from_parent unused, so it's removed
on branch master; on released branches, it's kept as an unused field in
order not to cause ABI incompatibilities.

This commit also adds a test case for creating partitions with
collations mismatching that on the parent table, something that is
closely related to the code being patched.  No code change is introduced
though, since that'd be a behavior change that could break some (broken)
working applications.

Amit Langote wrote a less invasive fix for the original
NOT NULL/defaults bug, but while I kept the tests he added, I ended up
not using his original code.  Ashutosh Bapat reviewed Amit's fix.  Amit
reviewed mine.

Author: Álvaro Herrera, Amit Langote
Reviewed-by: Ashutosh Bapat, Amit Langote
Reported-by: Jürgen Strobel (bug #15212)
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/152746742177.1291.9847032632907407358@wrigleys.postgresql.org

lousyjack still wasn't happy. I have tested this modification and it
worked.

Author: Yuzuko Hosoya
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/00ac01d4774c$7feac860$7fc05920$@lab.ntt.co.jp

Author: Andres Freund

Per buildfarm, HAVE_COPYFILE is not the same thing as HAVE_COPYFILE_H.
Add the extra configure test.

This is to keep the test in sync with what's done in test.sh, which
acquired this change in commit da906766.

This mainly de-duplicates code. As evaluating a system variable isn't
the hottest path and the current inline implementation ends up calling
out to an external function anyway, this is OK from a performance POV.

The main motivation for de-duplicating is the upcoming slot
abstraction work, after which there's not guaranteed to be a HeapTuple
backing the slot.

Author: Andres Freund, Amit Khandekar
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181105210039.hh4vvi4vwoq5ba2q@alap3.anarazel.de

Per complaints from buildfarm and elsewhere
Patch from Jasper Pedersen
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/0f419c91-49ab-2399-0143-13063bd97c46@redhat.com

Add another transfer mode --clone to pg_upgrade (besides the existing
--link and the default copy), using special file cloning calls.  This
makes the file transfer faster and more space efficient, achieving
speed similar to --link mode without the associated drawbacks.

On Linux, file cloning is supported on Btrfs and XFS (if formatted with
reflink support).  On macOS, file cloning is supported on APFS.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>

Previously the expressions were built with the HashJoinState as a
parent. That's incorrect.

Currently this does not appear to be harmful, but for the upcoming
'slot abstraction' work this proves to be problematic, as the
underlying slot types can differ between Hash and HashJoin.  It's
possible that this already causes a problem, but I've not been able to
come up with a scenario.  Therefore don't backpatch at this point.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180220224318.gw4oe5jadhpmcdnm@alap3.anarazel.de

The installcheck run takes a sizable fraction of test.sh to run. Using
a parallel schedule reduces that noticably.

It's possible that we want to backpatch this at some point, to reduce
buildfarm times, but for now lets just see if this upsets the
buildfarm.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181105210039.hh4vvi4vwoq5ba2q@alap3.anarazel.de

The planner doesn't make any use of root->total_table_pages until it
estimates costs of indexscans, so we don't need to compute it as
early as that's currently done.  By doing the calculation between
set_base_rel_sizes and set_base_rel_pathlists, we can omit relations
that get removed from the query by partition pruning or constraint
exclusion, which seems like a more accurate basis for costing.

(Historical note: I think at the time this code was written, there
was not a separation between the "set sizes" and "set pathlists"
steps, so that this approach would have been impossible at the time.
But now that we have that separation, this is clearly the better way
to do things.)

David Rowley, reviewed by Edmund Horner

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f-NG1mRM0VOtkAG7=ZLQWihoqees9R4ki3CKBB0-fRfCA@mail.gmail.com

Add entries for v11 changes that went in post-stamping, but before
the final wrap.

The code added by commit c203d6cf causes a crash in at least one case,
where a potentially-optimizable expression index has a storage type
different from the input data type.  A cursory code review turned up
numerous other problems that seem impractical to fix on short notice.

Andres argued for revert of that patch some time ago, and if additional
senior committers had been paying attention, that's likely what would
have happened, but we were not :-(

At this point we can't just revert, at least not in v11, because that would
mean an ABI break for code touching relcache entries.  And we should not
remove the (also buggy) support for the recheck_on_update index reloption,
since it might already be used in some databases in the field.  So this
patch just does the as-little-invasive-as-possible measure of disabling
the feature as though recheck_on_update were forced off for all indexes.
I also removed the related regression tests (which would otherwise fail)
and the user-facing documentation of the reloption.

We should undertake a more thorough code cleanup if the patch can't be
fixed, but not under the extreme time pressure of being already overdue
for 11.1 release.

Per report from Ondřej Bouda and subsequent private discussion among
pgsql-release.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181106185255.776mstcyehnc63ty@alvherre.pgsql

Clean-up for commit c24dcd0c.

Reported-by: Andrew Dunstan
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2d52ff4a-5440-f6f1-7806-423b0e6370cb%402ndQuadrant.com

A ConvertRowtypeExpr is used to translate a whole-row reference of a
child to that of a parent. The planner produces nested
ConvertRowtypeExpr while translating whole-row reference of a leaf
partition in a multi-level partition hierarchy. Executor then
translates the whole-row reference from the leaf partition into all
the intermediate parent's whole-row references before arriving at the
final whole-row reference. It could instead translate the whole-row
reference from the leaf partition directly to the top-most parent's
whole-row reference skipping any intermediate translations.

Ashutosh Bapat, with tests by Kyotaro Horiguchi and some
editorialization by me. Reviewed by Andres Freund, Pavel Stehule,
Kyotaro Horiguchi, Dmitry Dolgov, Tom Lane.

Cut down on system calls by doing random I/O using offset-based OS
routines where available.  Remove the code for tracking the 'virtual'
seek position.  The only reason left to call FileSeek() was to get
the file's size, so provide a new function FileSize() instead.

Author: Oskari Saarenmaa, Thomas Munro
Reviewed-by: Thomas Munro, Jesper Pedersen, Tom Lane, Alvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=02rapCpPR3ZGF2vW=SBHSdFYO_bz_f-wwWJonmA3APgw@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/b8748d39-0b19-0514-a1b9-4e5a28e6a208%40gmail.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/a86bd200-ebbe-d829-e3ca-0c4474b2fcb7%40ohmu.fi

Forward to POSIX pread() and pwrite(), or emulate them if unavailable.
The emulation is not perfect as the file position is changed, so
we'll put pg_ prefixes on the names to minimize the risk of confusion
in future patches that might inadvertently try to mix pread() and read()
on the same file descriptor.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane, Jesper Pedersen
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=02rapCpPR3ZGF2vW=SBHSdFYO_bz_f-wwWJonmA3APgw@mail.gmail.com

Follow on patch for commit 3e0f1a47.

Reported-by: Peter Eisentraut

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/369ec766-b947-51bd-4dad-6fb9e026439f@2ndquadrant.com

Backpatch-through: 9.4

The "rb" prefix is used by Ruby, so that our existing code results
in name collisions that break plruby.  We discussed ways to prevent
that by adjusting dynamic linker options, but it seems that at best
we'd move the pain to other cases.  Renaming to avoid the collision
is the only portable fix anyway.  Fortunately, our rbtree code is
not (yet?) widely used --- in core, there's only a single usage
in GIN --- so it seems likely that we can get away with a rename.

I chose to do this basically as s/rb/rbt/g, except for places where
there already was a "t" after "rb".  The patch could have been made
smaller by only touching linker-visible symbols, but it would have
resulted in oddly inconsistent-looking code.  Better to make it look
like "rbt" was the plan all along.

Back-patch to v10.  The rbtree.c code exists back to 9.5, but
rb_iterate() which is the actual immediate source of pain was added
in v10, so it seems like changing the names before that would have
more risk than benefit.

Per report from Pavel Raiskup.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/4738198.8KVIIDhgEB@nb.usersys.redhat.com

I added HAVE_IPV6 to Makefile.global way back in commit 7703e55c
so that we could transmit its value to the shell-script version of
initdb.  Since initdb was rewritten in C, it's been finding that
out from pg_config.h instead, so this is useless.  Keeping it here
just wastes configure and make cycles, plus it's a potential
two-sources-of-truth problem.

A couple of obsolete comments and unreachable blocks remained after
commit 3c60d0fa.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAA4eK1%2B%3DyAFUvpFoHXFi_gm8YqmXN-TtkFH%2BVYjvDLS6-SFq-Q%40mail.gmail.com

This makes the addition of new formats easier, and documentation lookups
easier.

Author: Daniel Vérité
Reviewed-by: Fabien Coelho
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.20.1803081004241.2916@lancre

pg_promote uses nothing relying on a global state, so it is fine to mark
it as parallel-safe, conclusion based on a detailed analysis from Robert
Haas.  This also fixes an inconsistency where pg_proc.dat missed to mark
the function with its previous value for proparallel, update which does
not matter now as the default is used.

Based on a discussion between multiple folks: Laurenz Albe, Robert Haas,
Amit Kapila, Tom Lane and myself.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181029082530.GL14242@paquier.xyz

These interfaces were never used in core, didn't handle failure of
posix_fallocate() correctly and weren't supported on all platforms.
We agreed to remove them in 12.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reported-by: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAA4eK1%2B%3DyAFUvpFoHXFi_gm8YqmXN-TtkFH%2BVYjvDLS6-SFq-Q%40mail.gmail.com

I removed the item about the pg_stat_statements change from
release-11.sgml, as part of a sweep to delete items already committed
in 11.0; but actually we'd best keep it to ensure that people who've
pg_upgraded their databases will take the requisite action.  Also make
said action more visible by making it into its own para.  Noted by
Jonathan Katz.

Reported-By: Petr Jelinek
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/c95a620b-34f0-7930-aeb5-f7ab804f26cb@2ndquadrant.com
Backpatch: 9.4-, like the previous commit

The entry with OID 4035, for GIST jsonb_ops, is unused; apparently
it was added in preparation for index support that never materialized.
Remove it, and add a regression test case to detect future mistakes
of the same kind.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17188.1541379745@sss.pgh.pa.us

Security: CVE-2018-16850

When a partition is created as part of a trigger processing, it is
possible that the partition which just gets created changes the
properties of the table the executor of the ongoing command relies on,
causing a subsequent crash.  This has been found possible when for
example using a BEFORE INSERT which creates a new partition for a
partitioned table being inserted to.

Any attempt to do so is blocked when working on a partition, with
regression tests added for both CREATE TABLE PARTITION OF and ALTER
TABLE ATTACH PARTITION.

Reported-by: Dmitry Shalashov
Author: Amit Langote
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier, Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15437-3fe01ee66bd1bae1@postgresql.org
Backpatch-through: 10

Those tables have no physical storage, making this option unusable with
partition trees as at commit time an actual truncation was attempted.
There are still issues with the way ON COMMIT actions are done when
mixing several action types, however this impacts as well inheritance
trees, so this issue will be dealt with later.

Reported-by: Rajkumar Raghuwanshi
Author: Amit Langote
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier, Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKcux6mhgcjSiB_egqEAEFgX462QZtncU8QCAJ2HZwM-wWGVew@mail.gmail.com

Modifying the parse tree at execution time is, or at least ought to be,
verboten.  It seems quite difficult to actually cause a crash this way
in v11 (although you can exhibit it pretty easily in HEAD by messing
with plan_cache_mode).  Nonetheless, it's risky, so fix and back-patch.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/13789.1541359611@sss.pgh.pa.us

exec_stmt_call() tried to extract information out of a CALL statement's
argument list without using expand_function_arguments(), apparently in
the hope of saving a few nanoseconds by not processing defaulted
arguments.  It got that quite wrong though, leading to crashes with
named arguments, as well as failure to enforce writability of the
argument for a defaulted INOUT parameter.  Fix and simplify the logic
by using expand_function_arguments() before examining the list.

Also, move the argument-examination to just after producing the CALL
command's plan, before invoking the called procedure.  This ensures
that we'll track possible changes in the procedure's argument list
correctly, and avoids a hazard of the plan cache being flushed while
the procedure executes.

Also fix assorted falsehoods and omissions in associated documentation.

Per bug #15477 from Alexey Stepanov.

Patch by me, with some help from Pavel Stehule.  Back-patch to v11.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15477-86075b1d1d319e0a@postgresql.org
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFj8pRA6UsujpTs9Sdwmk-R6yQykPx46wgjj+YZ7zxm4onrDyw@mail.gmail.com

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAMkU=1xTHkS6d0iptCWykHc1Xrh3LBic_gZDo3JzDYru815fLQ@mail.gmail.com

This only became a problem with 4c640f4f, which didn't synchronize
the value agg_strict_input_check.nargs is set to, with the guard
condition for emitting the operation.

Besides such instructions being unnecessary overhead, currently the
LLVM JIT provider doesn't support them. It seems more sensible to
avoid generating such instruction than supporting them. Add assertions
to make it easier to debug a potential further occurance.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2a505161-2727-2473-7c46-591ed108ac52@email.cz
Backpatch: 11-, like 4c640f4f.

I (Andres) broke this unintentionally in 69c3936a, by checking
strictness for all input expressions computed for an aggregate, rather
than just the input for the aggregate transition function.

Reported-By: Ondřej Bouda
Bisected-By: Tom Lane
Diagnosed-By: Andrew Gierth
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2a505161-2727-2473-7c46-591ed108ac52@email.cz
Backpatch: 11-, like 69c3936a

On Windows, in UTF8 database encoding, what char2wchar() produces is
UTF16 not UTF32, ie, characters above U+FFFF will be represented by
surrogate pairs.  t_isdigit() and siblings did not account for this
and failed to provide a large enough result buffer.  That in turn
led to bogus "invalid multibyte character for locale" errors, because
contrary to what you might think from char2wchar()'s documentation,
its Windows code path doesn't cope sanely with buffer overflow.

The solution for t_isdigit() and siblings is pretty clear: provide
a 3-wchar_t result buffer not 2.

char2wchar() also needs some work to provide more consistent, and more
accurately documented, buffer overrun behavior.  But that's a bigger job
and it doesn't actually have any immediate payoff, so leave it for later.

Per bug #15476 from Kenji Uno, who deserves credit for identifying the
cause of the problem.  Back-patch to all active branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15476-4314f480acf0f114@postgresql.org

When creating partitioned indexes, the tablespace was not being saved
for the parent index. This meant that subsequently created partitions
would not use the right tablespace for their indexes.

ALTER INDEX SET TABLESPACE and ALTER INDEX ALL IN TABLESPACE raised
errors when tried; fix them too.  This requires bespoke code for
ATExecCmd() that applies to the special case when the tablespace move is
just a catalog change.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181102003138.uxpaca6qfxzskepi@alvherre.pgsql

Improve the documentation in the CREATE SUBSCRIPTION command a bit by
removing an extraneous word and spelling out 'information'.