This just moves the table/matview[/toast] determination of relation
size to a callback, and uses a copy of the existing logic to implement
that callback for heap.

It probably would make sense to also move the index specific logic
into a callback, so the metapage handling (and probably more) can be
index specific. But that's a separate task.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

This is a relatively straightforward move of the current
implementation to sit below tableam. As the current analyze sampling
implementation is pretty inherently block based, the tableam analyze
interface is as well. It might make sense to generalize that at some
point, but that seems like a larger project that shouldn't be
undertaken at the same time as the introduction of tableam.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Author: John Naylor

Previously, the planner created RangeTblEntry and RelOptInfo structs
for every partition of a partitioned table, even though many of them
might later be deemed uninteresting thanks to partition pruning logic.
This incurred significant overhead when there are many partitions.
Arrange to postpone creation of these data structures until after
we've processed the query enough to identify restriction quals for
the partitioned table, and then apply partition pruning before not
after creation of each partition's data structures.  In this way
we need not open the partition relations at all for partitions that
the planner has no real interest in.

For queries that can be proven at plan time to access only a small
number of partitions, this patch improves the practical maximum
number of partitions from under 100 to perhaps a few thousand.

Amit Langote, reviewed at various times by Dilip Kumar, Jesper Pedersen,
Yoshikazu Imai, and David Rowley

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9d7c5112-cb99-6a47-d3be-cf1ee6862a1d@lab.ntt.co.jp

Compiler warnings were observed on gcc 3.4.6 (on gaur).

The assert is unnecessary, as the indexes are uint16 and so always >= 0.

Reported-by: Tom Lane

Commit d85e0f36 tried to fix memory alignment issues in serialization
and deserialization of pg_mcv_list values, but it was a few bricks shy.
The arrays of uint16 indexes in serialized items was not aligned, and
the both the values and isnull flags were using the same pointer.

Per investigation by Tom Lane on gaur.

While trying to plan a partitionwise join, we may be faced with cases
where one or both input partitions for a particular segment of the join
have been pruned away.  In HEAD and v11, this is problematic because
earlier processing didn't bother to make a pruned RelOptInfo fully
valid.  With an upcoming patch to make partition pruning more efficient,
this'll be even more problematic because said RelOptInfo won't exist at
all.

The existing code attempts to deal with this by retroactively making the
RelOptInfo fully valid, but that causes crashes under GEQO because join
planning is done in a short-lived memory context.  In v11 we could
probably have fixed this by switching to the planner's main context
while fixing up the RelOptInfo, but that idea doesn't scale well to the
upcoming patch.  It would be better not to mess with the base-relation
data structures during join planning, anyway --- that's just a recipe
for order-of-operations bugs.

In many cases, though, we don't actually need the child RelOptInfo,
because if the input is certainly empty then the join segment's result
is certainly empty, so we can skip making a join plan altogether.  (The
existing code ultimately arrives at the same conclusion, but only after
doing a lot more work.)  This approach works except when the pruned-away
partition is on the nullable side of a LEFT, ANTI, or FULL join, and the
other side isn't pruned.  But in those cases the existing code leaves a
lot to be desired anyway --- the correct output is just the result of
the unpruned side of the join, but we were emitting a useless outer join
against a dummy Result.  Pending somebody writing code to handle that
more nicely, let's just abandon the partitionwise-join optimization in
such cases.

When the modified code skips making a join plan, it doesn't make a
join RelOptInfo either; this requires some upper-level code to
cope with nulls in part_rels[] arrays.  We would have had to have
that anyway after the upcoming patch.

Back-patch to v11 since the crash is demonstrable there.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/8305.1553884377@sss.pgh.pa.us

Author: Justin Pryzby <pryzby@telsasoft.com>

This is an SQL-standard feature that allows creating columns that are
computed from expressions rather than assigned, similar to a view or
materialized view but on a column basis.

This implements one kind of generated column: stored (computed on
write).  Another kind, virtual (computed on read), is planned for the
future, and some room is left for it.
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Reviewed-by: Pavel Stehule <pavel.stehule@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/b151f851-4019-bdb1-699e-ebab07d2f40a@2ndquadrant.com

This was left over from an earlier code structure.

Author: Justin Pryzby <pryzbyj@telsasoft.com>

Author: Bossart, Nathan <bossartn@amazon.com>

Blind attempt at fixing ia64, hppa an sparc builds.

The serialized representation of MCV lists did not enforce proper memory
alignment for internal fields, resulting in deserialization issues on
platforms that are more sensitive to this (ia64, sparc and hppa).

This forces a catalog version bump, because the layout of serialized
pg_mcv_list changes.

Broken since 7300a699.

Previously we didn't display a type for table access methods.

Author: Haribabu Kommi
Discussion: CAJrrPGeeYOqP3hkZyohDx_8dot4zvPuPMDBmhJ=iC85cTBNeYw@mail.gmail.com

Author: Haribabu Kommi
Discussion: CAJrrPGeeYOqP3hkZyohDx_8dot4zvPuPMDBmhJ=iC85cTBNeYw@mail.gmail.com

This commit reorders the paragraphs of the Notes section in order of
importance, and clarifies better the safe uses of pg_checksums for
replication setups.

Author: Fabien Coelho
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.21.1903231404280.18811@lancre

suggested by Chapman Flack <chap@anastigmatix.net>

This makes VACUUM work more like EXPLAIN already does without changing
the meaning of any commands that already work.  It is intended to
facilitate the addition of future VACUUM options that may take
non-Boolean parameters or that default to false.

Masahiko Sawada, reviewed by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmobpYrXr5sUaEe_T0boabV0DSm=utSOZzwCUNqfLEEm8Mw@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoBaFcKBAeL5_++j+Vzir2vBBcF4juW7qH8b3HsQY=Q6+w@mail.gmail.com

Especially, warn about the hazards of mishandling the backup_label
file.  Adjust a couple of server messages to be more clear about
the hazards associated with removing backup_label files, too.

David Steele and Robert Haas, reviewed by Laurenz Albe, Martín
Marqués, Peter Eisentraut, and Magnus Hagander.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/7d85c387-000e-16f0-e00b-50bf83c22127@pgmasters.net

The previous code was adding pointers to transient variables to a
list, but by the time the list was read, the variable might be gone,
depending on the compiler.  Fix it by making copies in the proper
memory context.

This adds the CONCURRENTLY option to the REINDEX command.  A REINDEX
CONCURRENTLY on a specific index creates a new index (like CREATE
INDEX CONCURRENTLY), then renames the old index away and the new index
in place and adjusts the dependencies, and then drops the old
index (like DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY).  The REINDEX command also has
the capability to run its other variants (TABLE, DATABASE) with the
CONCURRENTLY option (but not SYSTEM).

The reindexdb command gets the --concurrently option.

Author: Michael Paquier, Andreas Karlsson, Peter Eisentraut
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund, Fujii Masao, Jim Nasby, Sergei Kornilov
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/60052986-956b-4478-45ed-8bd119e9b9cf%402ndquadrant.com#74948a1044c56c5e817a5050f554ddee

This moves the responsibility for:
- creating the storage necessary for a relation, including creating a
  new relfilenode for a relation with existing storage
- non-transactional truncation of a relation
- VACUUM FULL / CLUSTER's rewrite of a table
below tableam.

This is fairly straight forward, with a bit of complexity smattered in
to move the computation of xid / multixid horizons below the AM, as
they don't make sense for every table AM.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Author: Masahiko Sawada

There were multiple issues in deserialization of pg_mcv_list values.

Firstly, the data is loaded from syscache, but the deserialization was
performed after ReleaseSysCache(), at which point the data might have
already disappeared.  Fixed by moving the calls in statext_mcv_load,
and using the same NULL-handling code as existing stats.

Secondly, the deserialized representation used pointers into the
serialized representation.  But that is also unsafe, because the data
may disappear at any time.  Fixed by reworking and simplifying the
deserialization code to always copy all the data.

And thirdly, when deserializing values for types passed by value, the
code simply did memcpy(d,s,typlen) which however does not work on
bigendian machines.  Fixed by using fetch_att/store_att_byval.

Provide GetTopFullTransactionId() and GetCurrentFullTransactionId().
The intended users of these interfaces are access methods that use
xids for visibility checks but don't want to have to go back and
"freeze" existing references some time later before the 32 bit xid
counter wraps around.

Use a new struct to serialize the transaction state for parallel
query, because FullTransactionId doesn't fit into the previous
serialization scheme very well.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reviewed-by: Heikki Linnakangas
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAA4eK1%2BMv%2Bmb0HFfWM9Srtc6MVe160WFurXV68iAFMcagRZ0dQ%40mail.gmail.com

Instead of inferring epoch progress from xids and checkpoints,
introduce a 64 bit FullTransactionId type and use it to track xid
generation.  This fixes an unlikely bug where the epoch is reported
incorrectly if the range of active xids wraps around more than once
between checkpoints.

The only user-visible effect of this commit is to correct the epoch
used by txid_current() and txid_status(), also visible with
pg_controldata, in those rare circumstances.  It also creates some
basic infrastructure so that later patches can use 64 bit
transaction IDs in more places.

The new type is a struct that we pass by value, as a form of strong
typedef.  This prevents the sort of accidental confusion between
TransactionId and FullTransactionId that would be possible if we
were to use a plain old uint64.

Author: Thomas Munro
Reported-by: Amit Kapila
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund, Tom Lane, Heikki Linnakangas
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAA4eK1%2BMv%2Bmb0HFfWM9Srtc6MVe160WFurXV68iAFMcagRZ0dQ%40mail.gmail.com

To support building indexes over tables of different AMs, the scans to
do so need to be routed through the table AM.  While moving a fair
amount of code, nearly all the changes are just moving code to below a
callback.

Currently the range based interface wouldn't make much sense for non
block based table AMs. But that seems aceptable for now.

Author: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20180703070645.wchpu5muyto5n647@alap3.anarazel.de

Skip doc/src/sgml/images/Makefile since the directory is not created.

Add infrastructure for having images in the documentation, in SVG
format.  Add two images to start with.  See the included README file
for instructions.

Author: Jürgen Purtz <juergen@purtz.de>
Author: Peter Eisentraut <peter.eisentraut@2ndquadrant.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/aaa54502-05c0-4ea5-9af8-770411a6bf4b@purtz.de

This makes it behave more like the html output.  That will make some
subsequent changes across all output formats easier.

The makefile rule for the (rarely used) plain-text output postgres.txt
was still written to use lynx, but in
96b8b8b6, where the INSTALL file was
switched to pandoc, the rest of the makefile support for lynx was
removed, so this was broken.  Rewrite the rule to also use pandoc for
postgres.txt.

The MCV build should always call get_mincount_for_mcv_list(), as the
there is no other logic to decide whether the MCV list represents all
the data. So just remove the (ngroups > nitems) condition.

Also, when building MCV lists, the number of items was limited by the
statistics target (i.e. up to 10000). But when deserializing the MCV
list, a different value (8192) was used to check the input, causing
an error.  Simply ensure that the same value is used in both places.

This should have been included in 7300a699, but I forgot to include it
in that commit.

Introduce a third extended statistic type, supported by the CREATE
STATISTICS command - MCV lists, a generalization of the statistic
already built and used for individual columns.

Compared to the already supported types (n-distinct coefficients and
functional dependencies), MCV lists are more complex, include column
values and allow estimation of much wider range of common clauses
(equality and inequality conditions, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL etc.).
Similarly to the other types, a new pseudo-type (pg_mcv_list) is used.

Author: Tomas Vondra
Reviewed-by: Dean Rasheed, David Rowley, Mark Dilger, Alvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/dfdac334-9cf2-2597-fb27-f0fb3753f435@2ndquadrant.com

In the dim past, the planner kept the fully-processed version of the query
targetlist (the result of preprocess_targetlist) in grouping_planner's
local variable "tlist", and only grudgingly passed it to individual other
routines as needed.  Later we discovered a need to still have it available
after grouping_planner finishes, and invented the root->processed_tlist
field for that purpose, but it wasn't used internally to grouping_planner;
the tlist was still being passed around separately in the same places as
before.

Now comes a proposed patch to allow appendrel expansion to add entries
to the processed tlist, well after preprocess_targetlist has finished
its work.  To avoid having to pass around the tlist explicitly, it's
proposed to allow appendrel expansion to modify root->processed_tlist.
That makes aliasing the tlist with assorted parameters and local
variables really scary.  It would accidentally work as long as the
tlist is initially nonempty, because then the List header won't move
around, but it's not exactly hard to think of ways for that to break.
Aliased values are poor programming practice anyway.

Hence, get rid of local variables and parameters that can be identified
with root->processed_tlist, in favor of just using that field directly.
And adjust comments to match.  (Some of the new comments speak as though
it's already possible for appendrel expansion to modify the tlist; that's
not true yet, but will happen in a later patch.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9d7c5112-cb99-6a47-d3be-cf1ee6862a1d@lab.ntt.co.jp

The new function is only in charge of meta commands, not SQL commands.
This change makes the code a little clearer: now all the state changes
are effected by advanceConnectionState.  It also removes one indent
level, which makes the diff look bulkier than it really is.

Author: Fabien Coelho
Reviewed-by: Kirk Jamison
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/alpine.DEB.2.21.1811240904500.12627@lancre

Apparently Andres' compiler is smart enough to see that hpage
must be initialized before use ... but mine isn't.

Column references are not allowed in default expressions and partition
bound expressions, and are restricted as such once the transformation of
their expressions is done.  However, trying to use more complex column
references can lead to confusing error messages.  For example, trying to
use a two-field column reference name for default expressions and
partition bounds leads to "missing FROM-clause entry for table", which
makes no sense in their respective context.

In order to make the errors generated more useful, this commit adds more
verbose messages when transforming column references depending on the
context.  This has a little consequence though: for example an
expression using an aggregate with a column reference as argument would
cause an error to be generated for the column reference, while the
aggregate was the problem reported before this commit because column
references get transformed first.

The confusion exists for default expressions for a long time, and the
problem is new as of v12 for partition bounds.  Still per the lack of
complaints on the matter no backpatch is done.

The patch has been written by Amit Langote and me, and Tom Lane has
provided the improvement of the documentation for default expressions on
the CREATE TABLE page.

Author: Amit Langote, Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190326020853.GM2558@paquier.xyz