Be more thorough about specifying the expectations for canonical and
subtype_diff functions, and move that info to the same place.

The original coding would not work for discrete ranges in which the
canonicalization rule is to produce symmetric boundaries (either [] or ()
style), as noted by Jeff Davis.  Florian Pflug pointed out that we could
fix that by invoking the canonicalization function to see if the range
"between" the two given ranges normalizes to empty.  This implementation
of Florian's idea is a tad slower than the original code, but only in the
case where there actually is a canonicalization function --- if not, it's
essentially the same logic as before.

Since range types can be created by non-superusers, we need to consider
their permissions.  Ideally we'd check this when the type is used, not
when it's created, but that seems like much more trouble than it's worth.
The existing restriction that the support functions be immutable already
prevents most cases where an unauthorized call to a function might be
thought a security issue, and the fact that the user has no access to
the results of the system's calls to subtype_diff closes off the other
plausible reason for concern.  So this check is basically pro-forma,
but let's make it anyway.

It's not clear that a per-datatype typanalyze function would be any more
useful than a generic typanalyze for ranges.  What *is* clear is that
letting unprivileged users select typanalyze functions is a crash risk or
worse.  So remove the option from CREATE TYPE AS RANGE, and instead put in
a generic typanalyze function for ranges.  The generic function does
nothing as yet, but hopefully we'll improve that before 9.2 release.

Per discussion, the zero-argument forms aren't really worth the catalog
space (just write 'empty' instead).  The one-argument forms have some use,
but they also have a serious problem with looking too much like functional
cast notation; to the point where in many real use-cases, the parser would
misinterpret what was wanted.

Committing this as a separate patch, with the thought that we might want
to revert part or all of it if we can think of some way around the cast
ambiguity.

Implement these tests directly instead of constructing a singleton range
and then applying range-contains.  This saves a range serialize/deserialize
cycle as well as a couple of redundant bound-comparison steps, and adds
very little code on net.

Remove elem_contained_by_range from the GiST opclass: it doesn't belong
there because there is no way to use it in an index clause (where the
indexed column would have to be on the left).  Its commutator is in the
opclass, and that's what counts.

In the normal course of events, this matters only if ALTER DEFAULT
PRIVILEGES has been used to revoke default INSERT permission.  Whether
or not the new behavior is more or less likely to be what the user wants
when dealing only with the built-in privilege facilities is arguable,
but it's clearly better when using a loadable module such as sepgsql
that may use the hook in ExecCheckRTPerms to enforce additional
permissions checks.

KaiGai Kohei, reviewed by Albe Laurenz

Per discussion, relax the range input/construction rules so that the
only hard error is lower bound > upper bound.  Cases where the lower
bound is <= upper bound, but the range nonetheless normalizes to empty,
are now permitted.

Fix core dump in range_adjacent when bounds are infinite.  Marginal
cleanup of regression test cases, some more code commenting.

even when there is no work to do. Further analysis required.
Revert of patch c1458cc4

Fix up some infelicitous coding in DefineRange, and add some missing error
checks.  Rearrange operator strategy number assignments for GiST anyrange
opclass so that they don't make such a mess of opr_sanity's table of
operator names associated with different strategy numbers.  Assign
hopefully-temporary selectivity estimators to range operators that didn't
have one --- poor as the estimates are, they're still a lot better than the
default 0.5 estimate, and they'll shut up the opr_sanity test that wants to
see selectivity estimators on all built-in operators.

If the existing citext type has not merely been created, but used in any
tables, then the upgrade script wasn't doing enough.  We have to update
attcollation for each citext table column, and indcollation for each citext
index column, as well.  Per report from Rudolf van der Leeden.

Fix some bugs in coercion logic and pg_dump; more comment cleanup;
minor cosmetic improvements.

When the system is idle for awhile after activity, the "smoothed_alloc"
state variable in BgBufferSync converges slowly to zero.  With standard
IEEE float arithmetic this results in several iterations with denormalized
values, which causes kernel traps and annoying log messages on some
poorly-designed platforms.  There's no real need to track such small values
of smoothed_alloc, so we can prevent the kernel traps by forcing it to zero
as soon as it's too small to be interesting for our purposes.  This issue
is purely cosmetic, since the iterations don't happen fast enough for the
kernel traps to pose any meaningful performance problem, but still it seems
worth shutting up the log messages.

The kernel log messages were previously reported by a number of people,
but kudos to Greg Matthews for tracking down exactly where they were coming
from.

Lots of documentation cleanup today, and still more type_sanity tests.

When wal_level = 'hot_standby' we touched the last page of the
relation during a VACUUM, even if nothing else had happened.
That would alter the LSN of the last block and set the mtime
of the relation file unnecessarily. Noted by Thom Brown.

--- we were not using the scandir pattern filtering anyway.  This also
removes the scandir requirement in configure.

This gets rid of an impressive amount of duplicative code, with only
minimal behavior changes.  DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER now requires object
ownership rather than superuser privileges, matching the documentation
we already have.  We also eliminate the historical warning about dropping
a built-in function as unuseful.  All operations are now performed in the
same order for all object types handled by dropcmds.c.

KaiGai Kohei, with minor revisions by me

Use of anynonarray was a crude hack to get around ambiguity versus the
array inclusion operators of the same names.  My previous patch to extend
the parser's type resolution heuristics makes that unnecessary, so use
the more general declaration instead.  This eliminates a wart that these
operators couldn't be used with ranges over arrays, which are otherwise
supported just fine.

Also, mark range_before and range_after as commutator operators,
per discussion with Jeff Davis.

For a very long time, one of the parser's heuristics for resolving
ambiguous operator calls has been to assume that unknown-type literals are
of the same type as the other input (if it's known).  However, this was
only used in the first step of quickly checking for an exact-types match,
and thus did not help in resolving matches that require coercion, such as
matches to polymorphic operators.  As we add more polymorphic operators,
this becomes more of a problem.  This patch adds another use of the same
heuristic as a last-ditch check before failing to resolve an ambiguous
operator or function call.  In particular this will let us define the range
inclusion operator in a less limited way (to come in a follow-on patch).

Also improve its comments and related regression tests.

Jeff Davis, with some further adjustments by Tom

Same as previous patch, but give it actual thought this time

It's been deprecated for ages according to Tom, and it breaks now given
the previous patch anyway.

Per buildfarm

A very long time ago, language names were specified as literals rather
than identifiers, so this code was added to do case-folding.  But that
style has ben deprecated for many years so this isn't needed any more.
Language names will still be downcased when specified as unquoted
identifiers, but quoted identifiers or the old style using string
literals will be left as-is.

pattern, which is used on PG 9.1 and HEAD (but not pre-9.1).  Fixes
crash on Windows.

Backpatched to 9.1.

Reported by Mark Dilger

This gives a much better error message when the object of interest is
concurrently dropped and avoids needlessly failing when the object of
interest is concurrently dropped and recreated.  It also improves the
behavior of two concurrent DROP IF EXISTS operations targeted at the
same object; as before, one will drop the object, but now the other
will emit the usual NOTICE indicating that the object does not exist,
instead of rolling back.  As a fringe benefit, it's also slightly
less code.

Fix assorted infelicities, such as dependency on OIDs that aren't
hardwired, as well as outright misdeclaration of daterange_canonical(),
which resulted in crashes if you invoked it directly.  Add some more
regression tests to try to catch similar mistakes in future.

This can change the meaning of queries, if the blank line happens to
occur in the middle of a quoted literal, as per complaint from Tomas Vondra.

Back-patch to all supported branches.

Cache the the element type's I/O info across calls, not only the range
type's info.  In passing, also clean up hash_range a bit more.

Move the responsibility for caching specialized information about range
types into the type cache, so that the catalog lookups only have to occur
once per session.  Rearrange APIs a bit so that fn_extra caching is
actually effective in the GiST support code.  (Use of OidFunctionCallN is
bad enough for performance in itself, but it also prevents the function
from exploiting fn_extra caching.)

The range I/O functions are still not very bright about caching repeated
lookups, but that seems like material for a separate patch.

Also, avoid unnecessary use of memcpy to fetch/store the range type OID and
flags, and don't use the full range_deserialize machinery when all we need
to see is the flags value.

Also fix API error in range_gist_penalty --- it was failing to set *penalty
for any case involving an empty range.

A range type whose element type has 'd' alignment must have 'd' alignment
itself, else there is no guarantee that the element value can be used
in-place.  (Because range_deserialize uses att_align_pointer which forcibly
aligns the given pointer, violations of this rule did not lead to SIGBUS
but rather to garbage data being extracted, as in one of the added
regression test cases.)

Also, you can't put a toast pointer inside a range datum, since the
referenced value could disappear with the range datum still present.
For consistency with the handling of arrays and records, I also forced
decompression of in-line-compressed bound values.  It would work to store
them as-is, but our policy is to avoid situations that might result in
double compression.

Add assorted regression tests for this, and bump catversion because of
fixes to built-in pg_type entries.

Also some marginal cleanup of inconsistent/unnecessary error checks.

This is mostly to add some sanity checking for the pg_range catalog.

Change range_lower and range_upper to return NULL rather than throwing an
error when the input range is empty or the relevant bound is infinite.  Per
discussion, throwing an error seems likely to be unduly hard to work with.
Also, this is more consistent with the behavior of the constructors, which
treat NULL as meaning an infinite bound.

Change range_before, range_after, range_adjacent to return false rather
than throwing an error when one or both input ranges are empty.

The original definition is unnecessarily difficult to use, and also can
result in undesirable planner failures since the planner could try to
compare an empty range to something else while deriving statistical
estimates.  (This was, in fact, the cause of repeatable regression test
failures on buildfarm member jaguar, as well as intermittent failures
elsewhere.)

Also tweak rangetypes regression test to not drop all the objects it
creates, so that the final state of the regression database contains
some rangetype objects for pg_dump testing.

No functional changes in this commit (except I could not resist the
temptation to re-word a couple of error messages).  This is just manual
cleanup after pgindent to make the code look reasonably like other PG
code, in preparation for more detailed code review to come.