The new function allows to cast from one NodeTag based type to
another, while asserting that the conversion is valid.  This replaces
the common pattern of doing a cast and a Assert(IsA(ptr, type))
close-by.

As this seems likely to be used pervasively, we decided to backpatch
this change the addition of this macro. Otherwise backpatched fixes
are more likely not to work on back-branches.

On branches before 9.6, where we do not yet rely on inline functions
being available, the type assertion is only performed if PG_USE_INLINE
support is detected. The cast obviously is performed regardless.

For the benefit of verifying the macro compiles in the back-branches,
this commit contains a single use of the new macro. On master, a
somewhat larger conversion will be committed separately.

Author: Peter Eisentraut and Andres Freund
Reviewed-By: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/c5d387d9-3440-f5e0-f9d4-71d53b9fbe52@2ndquadrant.com
Backpatch: 9.2-

Our current DDL only allows a database name to be specified in COMMENT
ON DATABASE, which Andrew Dunstan reports to make this test fail on the
buildfarm.  Remove the line until we gain a DDL command that allows the
current database to be operated on without having the specify it by
name.

Backpatch to 9.5, where these tests appeared.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/e6084b89-07a7-7e57-51ee-d7b8fc9ec864@2ndQuadrant.com

Even though these messages are not used yet, we should keep the list
complete.

The CREATE privilege on databases now also enables creating
publications.

We maintained two separate expected files because log_cnt could be one
of two values.  Rewrite the test so that we only need one file.
Reviewed-by: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

Add test cases to object_address.sql to test the new logical replication
related object classes, and fix some small bugs discovered by that.

Hot_standby_feedback could be reset by reload and worked correctly, but if
the server was restarted rather than reloaded the xmin was not reset.
Force reset always if hot_standby_feedback is enabled at startup.

Ants Aasma, Craig Ringer

Reported-by: Ants Aasma

!foo means "the tsvector does not contain foo", and therefore it should
match an empty tsvector.  ts_match_vq() overenthusiastically supposed
that an empty tsvector could never match any query, so it forcibly
returned FALSE, the wrong answer.  Remove the premature optimization.

Our behavior on this point was inconsistent, because while seqscans and
GIST index searches both failed to match empty tsvectors, GIN index
searches would find them, since GIN scans don't rely on ts_match_vq().
That makes this certainly a bug, not a debatable definition disagreement,
so back-patch to all supported branches.

Report and diagnosis by Tom Dunstan (bug #14515); added test cases by me.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170126025524.1434.97828@wrigleys.postgresql.org

This improves readability a bit and may make future improvements easier.

In passing, make sure that the JB_ROOT_IS_XXX macros deliver boolean (0/1)
results; the previous coding was a bug hazard, though no actual bugs are
known.

Nikita Glukhov, extended a bit by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/9e21a39c-c1d7-b9b5-44a0-c5345a5029f6@postgrespro.ru

From: Erik Rijkers <er@xs4all.nl>

From: Petr Jelinek <pjmodos@pjmodos.net>

There's really no situation where we don't want these unknown-to-text
conversions to happen.  The alternative is failure anyway, and the one
caller that was passing "false" did so only because it expected the
case could not arise.  Might as well simplify the code.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2L28uwwbL9HUM-WR=hromW1Cvamkn7O-g8fPY2m=_7muJ0oA@mail.gmail.com

Previously, type "unknown" was labeled as a base type in pg_type, which
perhaps had some sense to it because you were allowed to create tables with
unknown-type columns.  But now that we don't allow that, it makes more
sense to label it a pseudo-type.  This has the additional effects of
forbidding use of "unknown" as a domain base type, cast source or target
type, PL function argument or result type, or plpgsql local variable type;
all of which seem like good holes to plug.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2L28uwwbL9HUM-WR=hromW1Cvamkn7O-g8fPY2m=_7muJ0oA@mail.gmail.com

Previously, we left such literals alone if the query or subquery had
no properties forcing a type decision to be made (such as an ORDER BY or
DISTINCT clause using that output column).  This meant that "unknown" could
be an exposed output column type, which has never been a great idea because
it could result in strange failures later on.  For example, an outer query
that tried to do any operations on an unknown-type subquery output would
generally fail with some weird error like "failed to find conversion
function from unknown to text" or "could not determine which collation to
use for string comparison".  Also, if the case occurred in a CREATE VIEW's
query then the view would have an unknown-type column, causing similar
failures in queries trying to use the view.

To fix, at the tail end of parse analysis of a query, forcibly convert any
remaining "unknown" literals in its SELECT or RETURNING list to type text.
However, provide a switch to suppress that, and use it in the cases of
SELECT inside a set operation or INSERT command.  In those cases we already
had type resolution rules that make use of context information from outside
the subquery proper, and we don't want to change that behavior.

Also, change creation of an unknown-type column in a relation from a
warning to a hard error.  The error should be unreachable now in CREATE
VIEW or CREATE MATVIEW, but it's still possible to explicitly say "unknown"
in CREATE TABLE or CREATE (composite) TYPE.  We want to forbid that because
it's nothing but a foot-gun.

This change creates a pg_upgrade failure case: a matview that contains an
unknown-type column can't be pg_upgraded, because reparsing the matview's
defining query will now decide that the column is of type text, which
doesn't match the cstring-like storage that the old materialized column
would actually have.  Add a checking pass to detect that.  While at it,
we can detect tables or composite types that would fail, essentially
for free.  Those would fail safely anyway later on, but we might as
well fail earlier.

This patch is by me, but it owes something to previous investigations
by Rahila Syed.  Also thanks to Ashutosh Bapat and Michael Paquier for
review.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAH2L28uwwbL9HUM-WR=hromW1Cvamkn7O-g8fPY2m=_7muJ0oA@mail.gmail.com

Update documentation to match change in
0bc1207a.

Commit 7012b132 added some tests that consumed an excessive amount of
time, more than tripling the time needed for "make installcheck" for this
module.  Add filter conditions to reduce the number of rows scanned,
bringing the runtime down to within hailing distance of what it was before.

Jeevan Chalke and Ashutosh Bapat, per a gripe from me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16565.1478104765@sss.pgh.pa.us

According to the comments in tupconvert.c, it's necessary to perform
tuple conversion when either table has OIDs, and this was previously
checked by ensuring that the tdtypeid value matched between the tables
in question.  However, that's overly stringent: we have access to
tdhasoid and can test directly whether OIDs are present, which lets us
avoid conversion in cases where the type OIDs are different but the
tuple descriptors are entirely the same (and neither has OIDs).  This
is useful to the partitioning code, which can thereby avoid converting
tuples when inserting into a partition whose columns appear in the
same order as the parent columns, the normal case.  It's possible
for the tuple routing code to avoid some additional overhead in this
case as well, so do that, too.

It's not clear whether it would be OK to skip this when both tables
have OIDs: do callers count on this to build a new tuple (losing the
previous OID) in such instances?  Until we figure it out, leave the
behavior in that case alone.

Amit Langote, reviewed by me.

Commit 587cda35 added a test to updatable_views.sql that created
tables named the same as tables used by the concurrent inherit.sql
script.  Unsurprisingly, this results in random failures.
Pick different names.

Per buildfarm.

In the new code for selecting sequence data from pg_sequence, set the
schema to pg_catalog instead of the sequences own schema, and refer to
the sequence by OID instead of name, which was missing a schema
qualification.
Reported-by: Stephen Frost <sfrost@snowman.net>

Formerly an alternate password file could only be selected via the
environment variable PGPASSFILE; now it can also be selected via a
new connection parameter "passfile", corresponding to the conventions
for most other connection parameters.  There was some concern about
this creating a security weakness, but it was agreed that that argument
was pretty thin, and there are clear use-cases for handling password
files this way.

Julian Markwort, reviewed by Fabien Coelho, some adjustments by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/a4b4f4f1-7b58-a0e8-5268-5f7db8e8ccaa@uni-muenster.de

This is useful infrastructure for an upcoming proposed patch to
allow the WAL segment size to be changed at initdb time; tools like
pg_basebackup need the ability to interrogate the server setting.
But it also doesn't seem like a bad thing to have independently of
that; it may find other uses in the future.

Robert Haas and Beena Emerson.  (The original patch here was by
Beena, but I rewrote it to such a degree that most of the code
being committed here is mine.)

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmobNo4qz06wHEmy9DszAre3dYx-WNhHSCbU9SAwf+9Ft6g@mail.gmail.com

If you create a DestReciver of type DestRemote and try to use it from
a replication connection that is not bound to a specific daabase, or
any other hypothetical type of backend that is not bound to a specific
database, it will fail because it doesn't have a pg_proc catalog to
look up properties of the types being printed.  In general, that's
an unavoidable problem, but we can hardwire the properties of a few
builtin types in order to support utility commands.  This new
DestReceiver of type DestRemoteSimple does just that.

Patch by me, reviewed by Michael Paquier.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmobNo4qz06wHEmy9DszAre3dYx-WNhHSCbU9SAwf+9Ft6g@mail.gmail.com

This patch doesn't actually make any index AM parallel-aware, but it
provides the necessary functions at the AM layer to do so.

Rahila Syed, Amit Kapila, Robert Haas

Previously, ExecInitModifyTable was missing handling for WITH CHECK
OPTION, and view_query_is_auto_updatable was missing handling for
RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE.

Amit Langote, reviewed by me.

In 2ac3ef7a, we changed things so that
it's possible for a different TupleTableSlot to be used for partitioned
tables at successively lower levels.  If we do end up changing the slot
from the original, we must update ecxt_scantuple to point to the new one
for partition key of the tuple to be computed correctly.

Reported by Rajkumar Raghuwanshi.  Patch by Amit Langote.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAKcux6%3Dm1qyqB2k6cjniuMMrYXb75O-MB4qGQMu8zg-iGGLjDw%40mail.gmail.com

We've accumulated quite a bit of stuff with which pgindent is not
quite happy in this code; clean it up to provide a less-annoying base
for future pgindent runs.

The comments in formatting.c already said that tm_mon was 1-based not
0-based, but the comments here disagreed.

Dmitry Fedin

This was intended to be included in the previous commit,
but I goofed.

The code here previously tried to call the partitioning operator, but
really the right thing to do (and the safe thing to do) is use
datumIsEqual().

Amit Langote, but I expanded the comment and fixed a compiler warning.

When copying into a partitioned table, the target heap may change from
one tuple to next.  We must ask ReadBufferBI() to get a new buffer
every time such change occurs.  To do that, use new function
ReleaseBulkInsertStatePin().  This fixes the bug that tuples ended up
being inserted into the wrong partition, which occurred exactly
because the wrong buffer was used.

Amit Langote, per a suggestion from Robert Haas.  Some cosmetic
adjustments by me.

Reports by 高增琦 (Gao Zengqi), Venkata B Nagothi, and
Ragnar Ouchterlony.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFmBtr32FDOqofo8yG-4mjzL1HnYHxXK5S9OGFJ%3D%3DcJpgEW4vA%40mail.gmail.com
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAEyp7J9WiX0L3DoiNcRrY-9iyw%3DqP%2Bj%3DDLsAnNFF1xT2J1ggfQ%40mail.gmail.com
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/16d73804-c9cd-14c5-463e-5caad563ff77%40agama.tv
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmoaiZpDVUUN8LZ4jv1qFE_QyR+H9ec+79f5vNczYarg5Zg@mail.gmail.com

Craig Ringer

Petr Jelinek

The interface for the function was changed in
d72731a7 but the comments of the
function was not updated.

Patch by Yugo Nagata.

The make rules needed further refinement so that we don't run multiple
generations per build.

reported by Tom Lane