When adding an inheritance parent to a table, an AccessShareLock on the
parent isn't strong enough to prevent trouble, so take
ShareUpdateExclusiveLock instead.  Since this is a behavior change,
albeit a fairly unobtrusive one, and since we have only one report
from the field, no back-patch.

Report by Jon Nelson, analysis by Alvaro Herrera, fix by me.

This is advantageous because the BG writer is alive until much later in
the shutdown sequence than WAL writer; we want to make sure that it's
possible to shut off synchronous replication during a smart shutdown,
else it might not be possible to complete the shutdown at all.

Per very reasonable gripes from Fujii Masao and Simon Riggs.

Noted by Tom Lane.

the time on the primary that the transaction was generated.

Per a gripe from Thom Brown about my previous commit in this area,
commit 9a56dc33.

The last version in which these options were documented is now EOL, so
it's time to get rid of them for real.  We now use GNU-style long
options instead.

Without this, the startup process goes into a tight loop, consuming
100% of one CPU and failing to respond to interrupts.

Erik Rijkers and me

Report and patch from Daniel Popowich, bug #5842
(with some debugging help from Alex Hunsaker)

The maximum value of deadlock_timeout, max_standby_archive_delay,
max_standby_streaming_delay, log_min_duration_statement, and
log_autovacuum_min_duration was INT_MAX/1000 milliseconds, which is
about 35min, which is too short for some practical uses.  Raise the
maximum value to INT_MAX; the code that uses the parameters already
supports that just fine.

Fujii Masao, but with the proposed behavior change reverted, and the
rest adjusted accordingly.

1. Don't ignore query cancel interrupts.  Instead, if the user asks to
cancel the query after we've already committed it, but before it's on
the standby, just emit a warning and let the COMMIT finish.

2. Don't ignore die interrupts (pg_terminate_backend or fast shutdown).
Instead, emit a warning message and close the connection without
acknowledging the commit.  Other backends will still see the effect of
the commit, but there's no getting around that; it's too late to abort
at this point, and ignoring die interrupts altogether doesn't seem like
a good idea.

3. If synchronous_standby_names becomes empty, wake up all backends
waiting for synchronous replication to complete.  Without this, someone
attempting to shut synchronous replication off could easily wedge the
entire system instead.

4. Avoid depending on the assumption that if a walsender updates
MyProc->syncRepState, we'll see the change even if we read it without
holding the lock.  The window for this appears to be quite narrow (and
probably doesn't exist at all on machines with strong memory ordering)
but protecting against it is practically free, so do that.

5. Remove useless state SYNC_REP_MUST_DISCONNECT, which isn't needed and
doesn't actually do anything.

There's still some further work needed here to make the behavior of fast
shutdown plausible, but that looks complex, so I'm leaving it for a
separate commit.  Review by Fujii Masao.

Tom Lane

This has been broken for years, and I'm not sure why it has not been
noticed before, but now a very modern Cygwin breaks on it, and the fix
is clearly correct. Backpatching to all live branches.

Pavel Stehule

Omit incorrect = sign, and properly document server_name parameter.

Shigeru Hanada

This patch causes unknown-type Consts to be coerced to the resolved output
type of the set operation at parse time.  Formerly such Consts were left
alone until late in the planning stage.  The disadvantage of that approach
is that it disables some optimizations, because the planner sees the set-op
leaf query as having different output column types than the overall set-op.
We saw an example of that in a recent performance gripe from Claudio
Freire.

Fixing such a Const requires scribbling on the leaf query in
transformSetOperationTree, but that should be all right since if the leaf
query's semantics depended on that output column, it would already have
resolved the unknown to something else.

Most of the bulk of this patch is a simple adjustment of
transformSetOperationTree's API so that upper levels can get at the
TargetEntry containing a Const to be replaced: it now returns a list of
TargetEntries, instead of just the bare expressions.

Specifically, mention that "restart" is disabled by this parameter.

the comments on the template1 database.  No catalog version bump because
they are just comments.

- Make the name of the ID tag for the GUC entry match the GUC name.
- Clarify that synchronous_replication waits for xlog flush, not receipt.
- Mention that synchronous_replication won't wait if max_wal_senders=0.

Review by Tom Lane.

This was required in pre-8.4 versions to allow the specification of
"ident sameuser", but sameuser is no longer required. It could be extended
to allow all parameters in the future, but should then apply to all
methods and not just ident.

We have a test that verifies that max(anyarray) will cope if the array
column elements aren't all the same array type.  However, it's now possible
for that to produce a collation-related error message instead of the
expected one, if the first two column elements happen to be of the same
type and it's one that expects to be given collation info.  Tweak the test
to ensure this doesn't happen.  Per buildfarm member pika.

Its mechanism for recovering after deleting the current list cell was
a bit klugy.  Borrow the technique used in other places.

While this will give wrong answers when estimating selectivity for a
comparison operator that's using a non-default collation, the estimation
error probably won't be large; and anyway the former approach created
estimation errors of its own by trying to use a histogram that might have
been computed with some other collation.  So we'll adopt this simplified
approach for now and perhaps improve it sometime in the future.

This patch incorporates changes from Andres Freund to make sure that
selfuncs.c passes a valid collation OID to any datatype-specific function
it calls, in case that function wants collation information.  Said OID will
now always be DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID, but at least we won't get errors.

This isn't very important by itself, but was left on my list of things
without test coverage for the collation feature.

We previously heard of the same problem in int24div(), so there's not a
good reason to suppose the problem is confined to cases involving int8.

Add dummy returns before every potential division-by-zero in int8.c,
because apparently further "improvements" in gcc's optimizer have
enabled it to break functions that weren't broken before.

Aurelien Jarno, via Martin Pitt

CollateClause is now used only in raw grammar output, and CollateExpr after
parse analysis.  This is for clarity and to avoid carrying collation names
in post-analysis parse trees: that's both wasteful and possibly misleading,
since the collation's name could be changed while the parsetree still
exists.

Also, clean up assorted infelicities and omissions in processing of the
node type.