Most block-based table AMs will need the exact same implementation of
the relation_size callback as the heap, and if they use a standard
page layout, they will likely need an implementation of the
relation_estimate_size callback that is very similar to that of the
heap.  Rearrange to facilitate code reuse.

Patch by me, reviewed by Michael Paquier, Daniel Gustafsson, and
Álvaro Herrera.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmoZ6DBPnP1E-vRpQZUJQijJFD54F+SR_pxGiAAS-MyrigA@mail.gmail.com

Document that the data types of replicated tables do not need to
match.  The documentation previously claimed that they had to match.

Author: Robert Treat <rob@xzilla.net>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAJSLCQ13==D8Ka2YLyctTm0Y+8MhGYcX_zj7fU0rqRzhcV++3w@mail.gmail.com

This addresses a couple of issues in the code:
- Typos and inconsistencies in comments and function declarations.
- Removal of unreferenced function declarations.
- Removal of unnecessary compile flags.
- A cleanup error in regressplans.sh.

Author: Alexander Lakhin
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/0c991fdf-2670-1997-c027-772a420c4604@gmail.com

Use

    if (something() != 0)
        error ...

instead of just

    if (something)
        error ...

The latter is not incorrect, but it's a bit confusing and not the
common style.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/5de61b6b-8be9-7771-0048-860328efe027%402ndquadrant.com

Author: Masahiko Sawada
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoDuAYsRb3Q9aobkFZ6DZMWxsyg4HOmgkwgeWNfSkTwGxw@mail.gmail.com

This code failed to account for the possibility that malloc() would
change errno, resulting in wrong output for %m, not to mention the
possibility of message truncation.  Such a change is obviously
expected when malloc fails, but there's reason to fear that on some
platforms even a successful malloc call can modify errno.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2576.1527382833@sss.pgh.pa.us

In normal interactive mode, psql's log messages accidentally got a
"psql:" prefix that was not supposed to be there.  This only happened
if there was no .psqlrc file being read, so it wasn't discovered for a
while.  Fix this by adding the appropriate logging format
configuration call in the right code path.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/7586.1560540361@sss.pgh.pa.us

Reported-by: Ashwin Agrawal
Author: Ashwin Agrawal
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Backpatch-through: 12, where it was introduced
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALfoeisgdZhYDrJOukaBzvXfJOK2FQ0szVMK7dzmcy6w93iDUA@mail.gmail.com

I chanced to notice while thumbing through lcov reports that we had
exactly no coverage of BETWEEN SYMMETRIC, nor of current_time(N) and
localtime(N).  Improve that.

parse_expr.c still has a pretty awful coverage number, but a large part
of that is due to lack of coverage of the operator_precedence_warning
logic.  I have zero desire to write tests for that; I think ripping it
out would be more sensible at this point.

These seem to be leftovers from old patches, perhaps.

Masahiko Sawada

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoDuAYsRb3Q9aobkFZ6DZMWxsyg4HOmgkwgeWNfSkTwGxw@mail.gmail.com

The code for conversions SQL_ASCII <-> MULE_INTERNAL and
SQL_ASCII <-> UTF8 was unreachable, because we long ago changed
the wrapper functions pg_do_encoding_conversion() et al so that
they have hard-wired behaviors for conversions involving SQL_ASCII.
(At least some of those fast paths date back to 2002, though it
looks like we may not have been totally consistent about this until
later.)  Given the lack of complaints, nobody is dissatisfied with
this state of affairs.  Hence, let's just remove the unreachable code.

Also, change CREATE CONVERSION so that it rejects attempts to
define such conversions.  Since we consider that SQL_ASCII represents
lack of knowledge about the encoding in use, such a conversion would
be semantically dubious even if it were reachable.

Adjust a couple of regression test cases that had randomly decided
to rely on these conversion functions rather than any other ones.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/41163.1559156593@sss.pgh.pa.us

The itemlen variable used to be referenced in multiple places, but since
reworking the serialization code it's used only in one assert. Fixed by
removing the variable and calling the macro from the assert directly.

Backpatch to 12, where this code was introduced.

Reported-by: Jeff Janes
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAMkU=1zc_ovH9NZd_9ovuiEWkF9yX06URUDdXCmgDydf-bqB5A@mail.gmail.com

This is like \echo except that the text is sent to stderr not stdout.

In passing, fix a pre-existing bug in \echo and \qecho: per documentation
the -n switch should only be recognized when it is the first argument,
but actually any argument matching "-n" was treated as a switch.
(Should we back-patch that?)

David Fetter (bug fix by me), reviewed by Fabien Coelho

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190421183115.GA4311@fetter.org

The Unix manual section that "man tcp" appears in varies, so let's
just leave it out of the command to run.

This is useful for monitoring, when it comes for example to calculations
of WAL retention with replication slots and delays with a set of
standbys.

Bump catalog version.

Author: Fabrízio de Royes Mello
Reviewed-by: Surafel Temesgen
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFcNs+oc8ZoHhowA4rR1GGCgG8QNgK_TOwPRVYQo5rYy8_PXzA@mail.gmail.com

The source defining the current fallback and hardcoded DH parameters
has disappeared from the web a long time ago, and RFC 3526 defines the
most current Diffie-Hellman MODP groups, so update to those new values.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson
Reviewed-by: Peter Eisentraut, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/5E60AC9A-CB10-4851-9EF2-7209490A164C@yesql.se

The serialization format of multivariate MCV lists included alignment in
order to allow direct access to part of the serialized data, but despite
multiple fixes (see for example commits d85e0f36 and ea4e1c0e) this
proved to be problematic.

This commit abandons alignment in the serialized format, and just copies
everything during deserialization.  We now also track amount of memory
needed after deserialization (including alignment), which allows us to
deserialize the MCV list in a single pass.

Bump catversion, as this affects contents of pg_statistic_ext_data.

Backpatch to 12, where multi-column MCV lists were introduced.

Author: Tomas Vondra
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2201.1561521148@sss.pgh.pa.us

The function pg_mcv_list_items() returns values stored in MCV items. The
items may contain columns with different data types, so the function was
generating text array-like representation, but in an ad-hoc way without
properly escaping various characters etc.

Fixed by simply building a text[] array, which also makes it easier to
use from queries etc.

Requires changes to pg_proc entry, so bump catversion.

Backpatch to 12, where multi-column MCV lists were introduced.

Author: Tomas Vondra
Reviewed-by: Dean Rasheed
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190618205920.qtlzcu73whfpfqne@development

When building multi-column MCV lists, we compute base frequency for each
item, i.e. a product of per-column frequencies for values from the item.
As a value may be in multiple groups, the code was scanning the whole
array of groups while adding items to the MCV list.  This works fine as
long as the number of distinct groups is small, but it's easy to trigger
trigger O(N^2) behavior, especially after increasing statistics target.

This commit precomputes frequencies for values in all columns, so that
when computing the base frequency it's enough to make a simple bsearch
lookup in the array.

Backpatch to 12, where multi-column MCV lists were introduced.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190618205920.qtlzcu73whfpfqne@development

We can use the %zu format specifier directly, no need to cast to int.

Because there is no portable int64/uint64 format specifier and we
can't stick macros like INT64_FORMAT into the middle of a translatable
string, we have been using various workarounds that put the number to
be printed into a string buffer first.  Now that we always use our own
sprintf(), we can rely on %lld and %llu to work, so we can use those.

This patch undoes this workaround in a few places where it was
egregiously verbose.
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAH2-Wz%3DWbNxc5ob5NJ9yqo2RMJ0q4HXDS30GVCobeCvC9A1L9A%40mail.gmail.com

The main change is a new stemmer for Greek.  There are minor changes
in the Danish and French stemmers.

Author: Panagiotis Mavrogiorgos <pmav99@gmail.com>

This is a follow-up refactoring after 09ec55b9 and b6742117, which has
proved that the encoding and decoding routines used by SCRAM have a
poor interface when it comes to check after buffer overflows.  This adds
an extra argument in the shape of the length of the result buffer for
each routine, which is used for overflow checks when encoding or
decoding an input string.  The original idea comes from Tom Lane.

As a result of that, the encoding routine can now fail, so all its
callers are adjusted to generate proper error messages in case of
problems.

On failure, the result buffer gets zeroed.

Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190623132535.GB1628@paquier.xyz

The last set of scenarios did an initialization of nodes followed by an
extra command to set up the authentication policy with pg_regress
--config-auth.  This configuration step can be integrated directly using
the option auth_extra from PostgresNode::init when initializing the
node, saving from one extra command.  On Windows, this also restricts
more pg_ident.conf for the SSPI user mapping by removing the entry of
the OS user running the test, which is not needed anyway.

Note that IPC::Run mishandles double quotes, hence the restore user name
is changed to map with that.  This was already done in the test as a
later step, but not in a consistent way, causing the switch to use
auth_extra to fail.

Found while reviewing ca129e58.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190703062024.GD3084@paquier.xyz

This changes various places where appendPQExpBuffer was used in places
where it was possible to use appendPQExpBufferStr, and likewise for
appendStringInfo and appendStringInfoString.  This is really just a
stylistic improvement, but there are also small performance gains to be
had from doing this.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAKJS1f9P=M-3ULmPvr8iCno8yvfDViHibJjpriHU8+SXUgeZ=w@mail.gmail.com

A function that is declared to return a named composite type must
return tuple datums that are physically marked as having that type.
The plpgsql code path that allowed directly returning an expanded-record
datum forgot to check that, so that an expanded record marked as type
RECORDOID could be returned if it had a physically-compatible tupdesc.
This'd be harmless, I think, if the record value never escaped the
current session --- but it's possible for it to get stored into a table,
and then subsequent sessions can't interpret the anonymous record type.

Fix by flattening the record into a tuple datum and overwriting its
type/typmod fields, if its declared type doesn't match the function's
declared type.  (In principle it might be possible to just change the
expanded record's stored type ID info, but there are enough tricky
consequences that I didn't want to mess with that, especially not in
a back-patched bug fix.)

Per bug report from Steve Rogerson.  Back-patch to v11 where the bug
was introduced.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/cbaecae6-7b87-584e-45f6-4d047b92ca2a@yewtc.demon.co.uk

Forgotten in commit 9a2ea618.

In verbose mode, listTables() now emits a "Persistence" column
showing whether the table/index/view/etc is permanent, temporary,
or unlogged.

David Fetter, reviewed by Fabien Coelho and Rafia Sabih

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190423005642.GZ28936@fetter.org

d4c3a156 added code to remove columns that were not part of a table's
PRIMARY KEY constraint from the GROUP BY clause when all the primary key
columns were present in the group by.  This is fine to do since we know
that there will only be one row per group coming from this relation.
However, the logic failed to consider inheritance parent relations.  These
can have child relations without a primary key, but even if they did, they
could duplicate one of the parent's rows or one from another child
relation.  In this case, those additional GROUP BY columns are required.

Fix this by disabling the optimization for inheritance parent tables.
In v11 and beyond, partitioned tables are fine since partitions cannot
overlap and before v11 partitioned tables could not have a primary key.

Reported-by: Manuel Rigger
Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+u7OA7VLKf_vEr6kLF3MnWSA9LToJYncgpNX2tQ-oWzYCBQAw@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 9.6

Previously, in the loop in postgresAcquireSampleRowsFunc() to iterate
fetching rows from a given remote table, we redundantly 1) determined the
fetch size by parsing the table's server/table-level options and then 2)
constructed the fetch command; remove that redundancy.

Author: Etsuro Fujita
Reviewed-by: Julien Rouhaud
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPmGK17_urk9qkLV65_iYMFw64z5qhdfhY=tMVV6Jg4KNYx8+w@mail.gmail.com

second time.

Author: "Zhang, Jie" <zhangjie2@cn.fujitsu.com>

an int variable.

Author: Yang Xiao <YangX92@hotmail.com>

Author: Alexey Kondratov <a.kondratov@postgrespro.ru>

These are no longer needed/allowed with the new logging API.

Commit 4f3b38fe supposed that complete_from_const() is equivalent to
the one-element-list case of complete_from_list(), but that's not
really true at all.  complete_from_const() supposes that the completion
is certain enough to justify wiping out whatever the user typed, while
complete_from_list() will only provide completions that match the
word-so-far.

In practice, given the lame parsing technology used by tab-complete.c,
it's fairly hard to believe that we're *ever* certain enough about
a completion to justify auto-correcting user input that doesn't match.

Hence, remove the inappropriate unification of the two cases.
As things now stand, complete_from_const() is used only for the
situation where we have no matches and we need to keep readline
from applying its default complete-with-file-names behavior.

This (mis?) behavior actually exists much further back, but
I'm hesitant to change it in released branches.  It's not too
late for v12, though, especially seeing that the aforesaid
commit is new in v12.

Per gripe from Ken Tanzer.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD3a31XpXzrZA9TT3BqLSHghdTK+=cXjNCE+oL2Zn4+oWoc=qA@mail.gmail.com

Don't think that the context "UPDATE tab SET var =" is a GUC-setting
command.

If we have "SET var =" but the "var" is not a known GUC variable,
don't offer any completions.  The most likely explanation is that
we've misparsed the context and it's not really a GUC-setting command.

Per gripe from Ken Tanzer.  Back-patch to 9.6.  The issue exists
further back, but before 9.6 the code looks very different and it
doesn't actually know whether the "var" name matches anything,
so I desisted from trying to fix it.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD3a31XpXzrZA9TT3BqLSHghdTK+=cXjNCE+oL2Zn4+oWoc=qA@mail.gmail.com