Document how to build 64 bit Windows binaries using the MinGW64 tool set.
Remove recommendation against using Mingw as a build platform.
Be more specific about when Cygwin is useful and when it's not,  in
particular note its usefulness for running psql, and
add a note about building on Cygwin in non-C locales.

Per recent discussions.

Operation", merged from upgrade sections in "Installation from Source
Code" and "Backup and Restore".  This now gives a single place for all
upgrade information.

With this patch, pg_basebackup doesn't write a backup_label file in the
data directory, so it doesn't interfere with a pg_start/stop_backup() based
backup anymore. backup_label is still included in the backup, but it is
injected directly into the tar stream.

Heikki Linnakangas, reviewed by Fujii Masao and Magnus Hagander.

This can be used to build 64 bit Windows binaries, not only on 64 bit
Windows but on supported cross-compiling hosts including 32 bit Windows,
Cygwin, Darwin and Linux.

reduce_outer_joins() mistakenly treated a semijoin like a left join for
purposes of deciding whether not-null constraints created by the join's
quals could be passed down into the join's left-hand side (possibly
resulting in outer-join simplification there).  Actually, semijoin works
like inner join for this purpose, ie, we do not need to see any rows that
can't possibly satisfy the quals.  Hence, two-line fix to treat semi and
inner joins alike.  Per observation by Andres Freund about a performance
gripe from Yazan Suleiman.

Back-patch to 8.4, since this oversight has been there since the current
handling of semijoins was implemented.

When included, this makes the base backup a complete working
"clone" of the initial database, ready to have a postmaster
started against it without the need to set up any log archiving
or similar.

Magnus Hagander, reviewed by Fujii Masao and Heikki Linnakangas

capitalization.

We must not try to link to sections that aren't part of the standalone
"make INSTALL" build.  Corrects build failure introduced in commit
159e3d86.

This allows non-Windows clients to connect to a Windows
server with SSPI authentication.

Christian Ullrich, largely modified by me

When we need to insert a new entry and the queue is full, compact the
entire queue in the hopes of making room for the new entry.  Doing this
on every insertion might worsen contention on BgWriterCommLock, but
when the queue it's full, it's far better than allowing the backend to
perform its own fsync, per testing by Greg Smith as reported in
http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2011-01/msg02665.php

Original idea from Greg Smith.  Patch by me.  Review by Chris Browne
and Greg Smith

Although this improves the style, an ulterior motive is to keep the two
table links from breaking across lines in PDF output, per complaint from
Josh Kupershmidt.

The link to the CREATE CONVERSION manual page was split across a page
boundary in the PDF output, leading to "\pdfendlink ended up in different
nesting level than \pdfstartlink" error while building PDFs.

It wouldn't be worth changing text that's undergoing active editing to
avoid this, since other editing might result in moving the link away from
the page end anyway.  But this paragraph has been static for a long time,
so might as well fix it to prevent it from being an issue in future.

Security: CVE-2010-4015

contrib/intarray's gettoken() uses a fixed-size buffer to collect an
integer's digits, and did not guard against overrunning the buffer.
This is at least a backend crash risk, and in principle might allow
arbitrary code execution.  The code didn't check for overflow of the
integer value either, which while not presenting a crash risk was still
bad.

Thanks to Apple Inc's security team for reporting this issue and supplying
the fix.

Security: CVE-2010-4015

We only need that header when compiling with icc, since the gcc variant of
ia64_get_bsp() uses in-line assembly code.  Per report from Frank Brendel,
the header doesn't exist on all IA64 platforms; so don't include it unless
we need it.

transaction loss for a _database_ crash.

This reverts commit a06e41de of 2011-01-26.
Per discussion, this behavior is not wanted, as it would need to change if
we ever made composite types support DEFAULT.

paragraphs, per suggestion from Dan Birken.

In the case where the initial call of systable_getnext_ordered() returned
NULL, this function would nonetheless call it again.  That's undefined
behavior that only by chance failed to not give visibly incorrect results.
Put an if-test around the final loop to prevent that, and in passing
improve some comments.  No back-patch since there's no actual failure.

Per report from YAMAMOTO Takashi.

Synchronize pg_config.h.in with configure.in (someone must have
forgotten to run autoheader or autoreconf), and clean up some spurious
change in configure introduced by the last commit there.

It is redundant, given the error context.

Jan Urbański

Use the built-in TypeError, not SPIError, for errors having to do with
argument counts or types.  Use SPIError, not simply plpy.Error, for
errors in PLy_spi_execute_plan.  Finally, do not set a Python
exception if PyArg_ParseTuple failed, as it already sets the correct
exception.

Jan Urbański

The temporarily broken plpython_unicode test shows a case where this
is used.

Do remaining fix-ups on the expected files at the same time.

Older versions of GCC appear to report these with the current standard
option set, newer versions need -Wformat-security.

sections, rather than just calling it "/contrib/module_name".

Also update pg_test_fsync build instructions now that it is in /contrib.

non-durable items, per Robert Haas.

Noah Misch, slightly revised.

The previous coding prevented ALTER TABLE .. ADD COLUMN from being used
with a non-NULL default in situations where the table's rowtype was being
used elsewhere.  But this is a completely arbitrary restriction since
you could do the same operation in multiple steps (add the column, add
the default, update the table).

Inspired by a patch from Noah Misch, though I didn't use his code.

always 8k writes, per suggestion from Tom.  Also adjust open_sync output
layout.

Robvert Haas.

The latter is the correct name of the operation to change the data type
of a column.

Noah Misch