Yeb Havinga, reviewed by Kevin Grittner, with small changes by me.

Removing this bit from xl_info allows us to restore the old limit of four
(not three) separate pages touched by a WAL record, which is needed for the
upcoming SP-GiST feature, and will likely be useful elsewhere in future.

When we implemented XLR_BKP_REMOVABLE in 2007, we had to do it like that
because no special WAL-visible action was taken when starting a backup.
However, now we force a segment switch when starting a backup, so a
compressing WAL archiver (such as pglesslog) that uses the state shown in
the current page header will not be fooled as to removability of backup
blocks.  The only downside is that the archiver will not return to
compressing mode for up to one WAL page after the backup is over, which is
a small price to pay for getting back the extra xl_info bit.  In any case
the archiver could look for XLOG_BACKUP_END records if it thought it was
worth the trouble to do so.

Bump XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC since this is effectively a change in WAL format.

I forgot to change the functions to use the PG_GETARG_INET_PP() macro,
when I changed DatumGetInetP() to unpack the datum, like Datum*P macros
usually do. Also, I screwed up the definition of the PG_GETARG_INET_PP()
macro, and didn't notice because it wasn't used.

This fixes the memory leak when sorting inet values, as reported
by Jochen Erwied and debugged by Andres Freund. Backpatch to 8.3, like
the previous patch that broke it.

Remove some dead code, conditionally declare some items or call
some code, and fix one or two declarations.

Original patch by Lars Kanis, reviewed by Nishiyama Tomoaki and tweaked some by me.

This compiler, or at least the latest version of it, is currently broken, and
only passes the regression tests if built with -O0.

Marti Raudsepp, with additional paranoia by me.

we don't reach consistency before replaying all of the WAL. Rename the
variable to reachedConsistency, to make its intention clearer.

In master, that was an active bug because of the recent patch to
immediately PANIC if a reference to a missing page is found in WAL after
reaching consistency, as Tom Lane's test case demonstrated. In 9.1 and 9.0,
the only consequence was a misleading "consistent recovery state reached at
%X/%X" message in the log at the beginning of crash recovery (the database
is not consistent at that point yet). In 8.4, the log message was not
printed in crash recovery, even though there was a similar
reachedMinRecoveryPoint local variable that was also set early. So,
backpatch to 9.1 and 9.0.

lost. The only way we detect that at the moment is when write() fails when
we try to write to the socket.

Florian Pflug with small changes by me, reviewed by Greg Jaskiewicz.

Thomas Munro

Make sure all calls are protected by HAVE_READLINK, and get the buffer
overflow tests right.  Be a bit more paranoid about string length in
_tarWriteHeader(), too.

This situation won't set errno, so using %m will give an incorrect
error message.

We don't have any such platforms now, but might in the future.

Also, detect cases when a tablespace symlink points to a path that
is longer than we can handle, and give a warning.

Instead, add a function pg_tablespace_location(oid) used to return
the same information, and do this by reading the symbolic link.

Doing it this way makes it possible to relocate a tablespace when the
database is down by simply changing the symbolic link.

This patch creates an API whereby a btree index opclass can optionally
provide non-SQL-callable support functions for sorting.  In the initial
patch, we only use this to provide a directly-callable comparator function,
which can be invoked with a bit less overhead than the traditional
SQL-callable comparator.  While that should be of value in itself, the real
reason for doing this is to provide a datatype-extensible framework for
more aggressive optimizations, as in Peter Geoghegan's recent work.

Robert Haas and Tom Lane

Noted during post-commit review by by Noah Misch.

If unable to connect to "postgres", try "template1".  This allows things to
work more smoothly in the case where the postgres database has been
dropped.  And just in case that's not good enough, also allow the user to
specify a maintenance database to be used for the initial connection, to
cover the case where neither postgres nor template1 is suitable.

Euler Taveira de Oliveira

preserve pg_class oids since PG 9.0.

While logically correct, these two Asserts could fail depending on the
vagaries of floating-point arithmetic.  In particular, on machines with
floating-point registers wider than standard "double" values, it was
possible for the compiler to compare a rounded-to-double value already
stored in memory with an unrounded long double value still in a register.
Given the preceding checks, these assertions aren't adding much, so let's
just get rid of them rather than try to find a compiler-proof fix.
Per report from Pavel Stehule.

Given the lack of previous complaints, and the fact that only developers
would be likely to trip over it, I'm only going to change this in HEAD,
even though the code has been like this for a long time.

Add a function plpy.cursor that is similar to plpy.execute but uses an
SPI cursor to avoid fetching the entire result set into memory.

Jan Urbański, reviewed by Steve Singer

This can be used to set (or unset) environment variables that will
affect programs called by psql (such as the PAGER), probably most
usefully in a .psqlrc file.

Andrew Dunstan, reviewed by Josh Kupershmidt.

The CREATE EXTENSION step does this automatically. Doing it again will
cause an error.

code.

This makes it possible to use a libpq app with home directory set
to /dev/null, for example - treating it the same as if the file
doesn't exist (which it doesn't).

Per bug #6302, reported by Diego Elio Petteno

Tom Lane, with minor adjustments by me.

This gives editors a better chance to treat these files as the SQL
files that they are.

PGresults used to be read-only from the application's viewpoint, but now
that we've exposed various functions that allow modification of a PGresult,
that sweeping statement is no longer accurate.  Noted by Dmitriy Igrishin.

invalid-page hash table, PANIC immediately. Immediate PANIC is much better
than waiting for end-of-recovery, which is what we did before, because the
end-of-recovery might not come until months later if this is a standby
server.

Also refrain from creating a restartpoint if there are invalid-page entries
in the hash table. Restarting recovery from such a restartpoint would not
see the invalid references, and wouldn't be able to cross-check them when
consistency is reached. That wouldn't matter when things are going smoothly,
but the more sanity checks you have the better.

Fujii Masao

The point that you need parentheses for non-constant expressions apparently
needs to be brought out a bit more clearly, per bug #6315.

Not everyone has /pg linked to the src subdirectory of their PostgreSQL
tree.  Also, cc isn't the way to invoke the compiler everywhere.

Since record[] uses array_in, it needs to have its element type passed
as typioparam.  In HEAD and 9.1, this fix essentially reverts commit
9bc933b2, which was a hack that is no
longer needed since domains don't set their typelem anymore.  Before
that, adjust the logic so that only domains are excluded from being
treated like arrays, rather than assuming that only base types should
be included.  Add a regression test to demonstrate the need for this.
Per report from Maxim Boguk.

Back-patch to 8.4, where type record[] was added.

Josh Berkus

Per Emmanuel Kasper, sysctl works fine as of NetBSD 5.0.

DST law changes in Brazil, Cuba, Fiji, Palestine, Russia, Samoa.
Historical corrections for Alaska and British East Africa.

In the previous coding, callers were faced with an awkward choice:
look up the name, do permissions checks, and then lock the table; or
look up the name, lock the table, and then do permissions checks.
The first choice was wrong because the results of the name lookup
and permissions checks might be out-of-date by the time the table
lock was acquired, while the second allowed a user with no privileges
to interfere with access to a table by users who do have privileges
(e.g. if a malicious backend queues up for an AccessExclusiveLock on
a table on which AccessShareLock is already held, further attempts
to access the table will be blocked until the AccessExclusiveLock
is obtained and the malicious backend's transaction rolls back).

To fix, allow callers of RangeVarGetRelid() to pass a callback which
gets executed after performing the name lookup but before acquiring
the relation lock.  If the name lookup is retried (because
invalidation messages are received), the callback will be re-executed
as well, so we get the best of both worlds.  RangeVarGetRelid() is
renamed to RangeVarGetRelidExtended(); callers not wishing to supply
a callback can continue to invoke it as RangeVarGetRelid(), which is
now a macro.  Since the only one caller that uses nowait = true now
passes a callback anyway, the RangeVarGetRelid() macro defaults nowait
as well.  The callback can also be used for supplemental locking - for
example, REINDEX INDEX needs to acquire the table lock before the index
lock to reduce deadlock possibilities.

There's a lot more work to be done here to fix all the cases where this
can be a problem, but this commit provides the general infrastructure
and fixes the following specific cases: REINDEX INDEX, REINDEX TABLE,
LOCK TABLE, and and DROP TABLE/INDEX/SEQUENCE/VIEW/FOREIGN TABLE.

Per discussion with Noah Misch and Alvaro Herrera.

On a platform that isn't supplying __FILE__, previous coding would either
crash or give a stale result for the filename string.  Not sure how likely
that is, but the original code catered for it, so let's keep doing so.