This Assert(false) was not supposed to be in the committed copy.

Reported by: Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/26476.1574525468@sss.pgh.pa.us

Use SELinux "db_table: { truncate }" to check if permission is granted to
TRUNCATE. Update example SELinux policy to grant needed permission for
TRUNCATE. Add new regression test to demonstrate a positive and negative
cases. Test will only be run if the loaded SELinux policy has the
"db_table: { truncate }" permission. Makes use of recent commit which added
object TRUNCATE hook. Patch by Yuli Khodorkovskiy with minor
editorialization by me. Not back-patched because the object TRUNCATE hook
was not.

Author: Yuli Khodorkovskiy
Reviewed-by: Joe Conway
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFL5wJcomybj1Xdw7qWmPJRpGuFukKgNrDb6uVBaCMgYS9dkaA%40mail.gmail.com

All operations with acl permissions checks should have a corresponding hook
so that, for example, mandatory access control (MAC) may be enforced by an
extension. The command TRUNCATE is missing this hook, so add it. Patch by
Yuli Khodorkovskiy with some editorialization by me. Based on the discussion
not back-patched. A separate patch will exercise the hook in the sepgsql
extension.

Author: Yuli Khodorkovskiy
Reviewed-by: Joe Conway
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFL5wJcomybj1Xdw7qWmPJRpGuFukKgNrDb6uVBaCMgYS9dkaA%40mail.gmail.com

Up to now, whatever you'd edited was put back into the query buffer
but not redisplayed, which is less than user-friendly.  But we can
improve that just by printing the text along with a prompt, if we
enforce that the editing result ends with a newline (which it
typically would anyway).  You then continue typing more lines if
you want, or you can type ";" or do \g or \r or another \e.

This is intentionally divorced from readline's processing,
for simplicity and so that it works the same with or without
readline enabled.  We discussed possibly integrating things
more closely with readline; but that seems difficult, uncertainly
portable across different readline and libedit versions, and
of limited real benefit anyway.  Let's try the simple way and
see if it's good enough.

Patch by me, thanks to Fabien Coelho and Laurenz Albe for review

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/13192.1572318028@sss.pgh.pa.us

We already used this optimization if the plpgsql function is read-only.
But it seems okay to do it even in a read-write function, if the
expression contains only immutable functions/operators.  There would
only be a change of behavior if an "immutable" called function depends
on seeing database updates made during the current plpgsql function.
That's enough of a violation of the promise of immutability that anyone
who complains won't have much of a case.

The benefits are significant --- for simple cases like

  while i < 10000000
  loop
    i := i + 1;
  end loop;

I see net performance improvements around 45%.  Of course, real-world
cases won't get that much faster, but it ought to be noticeable.
At the very least, this removes much of the performance penalty that
used to exist for forgetting to mark a plpgsql function non-volatile.

Konstantin Knizhnik, reviewed by Pavel Stehule, cosmetic changes by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/ed9da20e-01aa-d04b-d085-e6c16b14b9d7@postgrespro.ru

It seems pretty unacceptable to have no regression test coverage
for this aspect of the logical replication protocol, especially
given the bugs we've found in related code.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16129-a0c0f48e71741e5f@postgresql.org

slot_modify_cstrings seriously abused the TupleTableSlot API by relying
on a slot's underlying data to stay valid across ExecClearTuple.  Since
this abuse was also quite undocumented, it's little surprise that the
case got broken during the v12 slot rewrites.  As reported in bug #16129
from Ondřej Jirman, this could lead to crashes or data corruption when
a logical replication subscriber processes a row update.  Problems would
only arise if the subscriber's table contained columns of pass-by-ref
types that were not being copied from the publisher.

Fix by explicitly copying the datum/isnull arrays from the source slot
that the old row was in already.  This ends up being about the same
thing that happened pre-v12, but hopefully in a less opaque and
fragile way.

We might've caught the problem sooner if there were any test cases
dealing with updates involving non-replicated or dropped columns.
Now there are.

Back-patch to v10 where this code came in.  Even though the failure
does not manifest before v12, IMO this code is too fragile to leave
as-is.  In any case we certainly want the additional test coverage.

Patch by me; thanks to Tomas Vondra for initial investigation.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16129-a0c0f48e71741e5f@postgresql.org

A set of SQL files are generated for the tutorial when compiling the
code, so let's avoid any risk to have them added in the tree in the
future.

Support has been removed as of 5ded4bd2, but code related to the tutorial
still used it.  Functions using version-1 are already present for some
time in the tutorial, and the documentation mentions them, so just
replace the old version with the new one.

Reported-by: Pavel Stehule
Analyzed-by: Euler Taveira
Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane, Pavel Stehule
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAFj8pRCgC2uDzrw-vvanXu6Z3ofyviEOQPEpH6_aL4OCe7JRag@mail.gmail.com

While a self-referential view doesn't actually work, it's possible
to create one, and it turns out that this breaks some of the
information_schema views.  Those views call relation_is_updatable(),
which neglected to consider the hazards of being recursive.  In
older PG versions you get a "stack depth limit exceeded" error,
but since v10 it'd recurse to the point of stack overrun and crash,
because commit a4c35ea1 took out the expression_returns_set() call
that was incidentally checking the stack depth.

Since this function is only used by information_schema views, it
seems like it'd be better to return "not updatable" than suffer
an error.  Hence, add tracking of what views we're examining,
in just the same way that the nearby fireRIRrules() code detects
self-referential views.  I added a check_stack_depth() call too,
just to be defensive.

Per private report from Manuel Rigger.  Back-patch to all
supported versions.

This build option was only useful to maintain compatibility for
version-0 functions, but those are no longer supported, so this option
can be removed.

float4 is now always pass-by-value; the pass-by-reference code path is
completely removed.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/f3e1e576-2749-bbd7-2d57-3f9dcf75255a@2ndquadrant.com

Oversight in commit e6d80695. Since that commit changed the format of
XLOG_DBASE_DROP WAL record, XLOG_PAGE_MAGIC needs to be bumped.

Spotted by Michael Paquier

Previously DROP DATABASE generated as many XLOG_DBASE_DROP WAL records
as the number of tablespaces that the database to drop uses. This caused
the scans of shared_buffers as many times as the number of the tablespaces
during recovery because WAL replay of one XLOG_DBASE_DROP record needs
that full scan. This could make the recovery time longer especially
when shared_buffers is large.

This commit changes DROP DATABASE so that it generates only one
XLOG_DBASE_DROP record, and registers the information of all the tablespaces
into it. Then, WAL replay of XLOG_DBASE_DROP record needs full scan of
shared_buffers only once, and which may improve the recovery performance.

Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Kirk Jamison, Simon Riggs
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAHGQGwF8YwNH0ZaL+2wjZPkj+ji9UhC+Z4ScnG97WKtVY5L9iw@mail.gmail.com

ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN command always can be used to rename the column
in the view, but it's reasonable to add that syntax to ALTER VIEW too.

Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Ibrar Ahmed, Yu Kimura
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAHGQGwHoQMD3b-MqTLcp1MgdhCpOKU7QNRwjFooT4_d+ti5v6g@mail.gmail.com

Author: Takao Fujii
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/f9dcdef78c124517edc9e5e5880f651e@oss.nttdata.com

This adds the statistics about transactions spilled to disk from
ReorderBuffer.  Users can query the pg_stat_replication view to check
these stats.

Author: Tomas Vondra, with bug-fixes and minor changes by Dilip Kumar
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/688b0b7f-2f6c-d827-c27b-216a8e3ea700@2ndquadrant.com

Trying to use hypothetical indexes with BRIN currently fails when trying
to access a relation that does not exist when looking for the
statistics.  With the current API, it is not possible to easily pass
a value for pages_per_range down to the hypothetical index, so this
makes use of the default value of BRIN_DEFAULT_PAGES_PER_RANGE, which
should be fine enough in most cases.

Being able to refine or enforce the hypothetical costs in more
optimistic ways would require more refactoring by filling in the
statistics when building IndexOptInfo in plancat.c.  This would involve
ABI breakages around the costing routines, something not fit for stable
branches.

This is broken since 7e534adc, so backpatch down to v10.

Author: Julien Rouhaud, Heikki Linnakangas
Reviewed-by: Álvaro Herrera, Tom Lane, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAOBaU_ZH0LKEA8VFCocr6Lpte1ab0b6FpvgS0y4way+RPSXfYg@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 10

Make patternsel_common() select the comparison operators to use with
hardwired logic that matches pattern_prefix()'s new logic, eliminating
its dependencies on particular index opfamilies.

This shouldn't change any behavior, as it's just replacing runtime
operator lookups with the same values hard-wired.  But it makes these
closely-related functions look more alike, and saving some runtime
syscache lookups is worth something.

Actually, it's not quite true that this is zero behavioral change:
when estimating for a column of type "name", the comparison constant
will be kept as "text" not coerced to "name".  But that's more correct
anyway, and it allows additional simplification of the coercion logic,
again syncing this more closely with pattern_prefix().

Per consideration of a report from Manuel Rigger.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+u7OA7nnGYy8rY0vdTe811NuA+Frr9nbcBO9u2Z+JxqNaud+g@mail.gmail.com

Oversight in commit 63746189.

Historically, the planner's LIKE/regex index optimizations were only
carried out for specific index opfamilies.  That's never been a great
idea from the standpoint of extensibility, but it didn't matter so
much as long as we had no practical way to extend such behaviors anyway.
With the addition of planner support functions, and in view of ongoing
work to support additional table and index AMs, it seems like a good
time to relax this.

Hence, recast the decisions in match_pattern_prefix() so that rather
than decide which operators to generate by looking at what the index
opfamily contains, we decide which operators to generate a-priori
and then see if the opfamily supports them.  This is much more
defensible from a semantic standpoint anyway, since we know the
semantics of the chosen operators precisely, and we only need to
assume that the opfamily correctly implements operators it claims
to support.

The existing "pattern" opfamilies put a crimp in this approach, since
we need to select the pattern operators if we want those to work.
So we still have to special-case those opfamilies.  But that seems
all right, since in view of the addition of collations, the pattern
opfamilies seem like a legacy hack that nobody will be building on.

The only immediate effect of this change, so far as the core code is
concerned, is that anchored LIKE/regex patterns can be mapped onto
BRIN index searches, and exact-match patterns can be mapped onto hash
indexes, not only btree and spgist indexes as before.  That's not a
terribly exciting result, but it does fix an omission mentioned in
the ancient comments here.

Note: no catversion bump, even though this touches pg_operator.dat,
because it's only adding OID macros not changing the contents of
postgres.bki.

Per consideration of a report from Manuel Rigger.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+u7OA7nnGYy8rY0vdTe811NuA+Frr9nbcBO9u2Z+JxqNaud+g@mail.gmail.com

In particular, clarify that the role membership mechanism allows
members to inherit the ownership privileges of an object's owning
role.

Laurenz Albe, with some kibitzing by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/504497aca66bf34bdcdd90bd0bcebdc3a33f577b.camel@cybertec.at

Author: Daniel Gustafsson <daniel@yesql.se>

xl_xact_relfilenodes refers to a number of relations, not XIDs, whose
relfilenodes are processed.

Author: Yu Kimura
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/a6ba6cf6bd0c990e019f008bae83437f@oss.nttdata.com

When ReadFile() encounters the end of a file while reading from
a synchronous handle with an offset provided via OVERLAPPED, it
reports an error instead of returning 0.  By not handling that
(undocumented) result correctly, we caused some noisy LOG
messages about an unknown error code.  Repair.

Back-patch to 12, where we started using pread()/ReadFile() with
an offset.

Reported-by: ZhenHua Cai, Amit Kapila
Diagnosed-by: Juan Jose Santamaria Flecha
Tested-by: Amit Kapila
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAA4eK1LK3%2BWRtpz68TiRdpHwxxWm%3D%2Bt1BMf-G68hhQsAQ41PZg%40mail.gmail.com

Specifying '-f' will add the 'force' option to the DROP DATABASE command
sent to the server.  This will try to terminate all existing connections
to the target database before dropping it.

Author: Pavel Stehule
Reviewed-by: Vignesh C and Amit Kapila
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAP_rwwmLJJbn70vLOZFpxGw3XD7nLB_7+NKz46H5EOO2k5H7OQ@mail.gmail.com

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20191119.222048.49467220816510881.t-ishii%40sraoss.co.jp

The planner's optimization code for LIKE and regex operators could
error out with a complaint like "no = operator for opfamily NNN"
if someone created a binary-compatible index (for example, a
bpchar_ops index on a text column) on the LIKE's left argument.

This is a consequence of careless refactoring in commit 74dfe58a.
The old code in match_special_index_operator only accepted specific
combinations of the pattern operator and the index opclass, thereby
indirectly guaranteeing that the opclass would have a comparison
operator with the same LHS input type as the pattern operator.
While moving the logic out to a planner support function, I simplified
that test in a way that no longer guarantees that.  Really though we'd
like an altogether weaker dependency on the opclass, so rather than
put back exactly the old code, just allow lookup failure.  I have in
mind now to rewrite this logic completely, but this is the minimum
change needed to fix the bug in v12.

Per report from Manuel Rigger.  Back-patch to v12 where the mistake
came in.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+u7OA7nnGYy8rY0vdTe811NuA+Frr9nbcBO9u2Z+JxqNaud+g@mail.gmail.com

By oversight 52ac6cd2 makes ginDeletePage() sets pd_prune_xid of page to be
deleted before entering the critical section.  It appears that only versions 11
and later were affected by this oversight.

Backpatch-through: 11

We find GIN concurrency bugs from time to time.  One of the problems here is
that concurrency of GIN isn't well-documented in README.  So, it might be even
hard to distinguish design bugs from implementation bugs.

This commit revised concurrency section in GIN README providing more details.
Some examples are illustrated in ASCII art.

Also, this commit add the explanation of how is tuple layout in internal GIN
B-tree page different in comparison with nbtree.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPpHfduXR_ywyaVN4%2BOYEGaw%3DcPLzWX6RxYLBncKw8de9vOkqw%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Alexander Korotkov
Reviewed-by: Peter Geoghegan
Backpatch-through: 9.4

Current GIN code appears to don't handle traversing to the deleted page via
downlink.  This commit fixes that by stepping right from the delete page like
we do in nbtree.

This commit also fixes setting 'deleted' flag to the GIN pages.  Now other page
flags are not erased once page is deleted.  That helps to keep our assertions
true if we arrive deleted page via downlink.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPpHfdvMvsw-NcE5bRS7R1BbvA4BxoDnVVjkXC5W0Czvy9LVrg%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Alexander Korotkov
Reviewed-by: Peter Geoghegan
Backpatch-through: 9.4

When ginDeletePage() is about to delete page it locks its left sibling to revise
the rightlink.  So, it locks pages in right to left manner.  Int he same time
ginStepRight() locks pages in left to right manner, and that could cause a
deadlock.

This commit makes ginScanToDelete() keep exclusive lock on left siblings of
currently investigated path.  That elimites need to relock left sibling in
ginDeletePage().  Thus, deadlock with ginStepRight() can't happen anymore.

Reported-by: Chen Huajun
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/5c332bd1.87b6.16d7c17aa98.Coremail.chjischj%40163.com
Author: Alexander Korotkov
Reviewed-by: Peter Geoghegan
Backpatch-through: 10

Apparently some people misinterpreted the syntax as being that
RECURSIVE is a prefix of individual WITH queries.  It's a modifier
for the WITH clause as a whole, so state that more clearly.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/ca53c6ce-a0c6-b14a-a8e3-162f0b2cc119@a-kretschmer.de

The existing text stated that "Default privileges that are specified
per-schema are added to whatever the global default privileges are for
the particular object type".  However, that bare-bones observation is
not quite clear enough, as demonstrated by the complaint in bug #16124.
Flesh it out by stating explicitly that you can't revoke built-in
default privileges this way, and by providing an example to drive
the point home.

Back-patch to all supported branches, since it's been like this
from the beginning.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16124-423d8ee4358421bc@postgresql.org

Keep track of the visible width of PROMPT1, and provide %w as a way
for PROMPT2 to generate the same number of spaces.

Author: Thomas Munro, with ideas from others
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane (earlier version)
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKG%2BzGd7RigjWbxwhzGW59gUpf76ydQECeGdEdodH6nd__A%40mail.gmail.com

Instead of deciding to serialize a transaction merely based on the
number of changes in that xact (toplevel or subxact), this makes
the decisions based on amount of memory consumed by the changes.

The memory limit is defined by a new logical_decoding_work_mem GUC,
so for example we can do this

    SET logical_decoding_work_mem = '128kB'

to reduce the memory usage of walsenders or set the higher value to
reduce disk writes. The minimum value is 64kB.

When adding a change to a transaction, we account for the size in
two places. Firstly, in the ReorderBuffer, which is then used to
decide if we reached the total memory limit. And secondly in the
transaction the change belongs to, so that we can pick the largest
transaction to evict (and serialize to disk).

We still use max_changes_in_memory when loading changes serialized
to disk. The trouble is we can't use the memory limit directly as
there might be multiple subxact serialized, we need to read all of
them but we don't know how many are there (and which subxact to
read first).

We do not serialize the ReorderBufferTXN entries, so if there is a
transaction with many subxacts, most memory may be in this type of
objects. Those records are not included in the memory accounting.

We also do not account for INTERNAL_TUPLECID changes, which are
kept in a separate list and not evicted from memory. Transactions
with many CTID changes may consume significant amounts of memory,
but we can't really do much about that.

The current eviction algorithm is very simple - the transaction is
picked merely by size, while it might be useful to also consider age
(LSN) of the changes for example. With the new Generational memory
allocator, evicting the oldest changes would make it more likely
the memory gets actually pfreed.

The logical_decoding_work_mem can be set in postgresql.conf, in which
case it serves as the default for all publishers on that instance.

Author: Tomas Vondra, with changes by Dilip Kumar and Amit Kapila
Reviewed-by: Dilip Kumar and Amit Kapila
Tested-By: Vignesh C
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/688b0b7f-2f6c-d827-c27b-216a8e3ea700@2ndquadrant.com

Make it clear that _bt_pgaddtup() truncates the first data item on an
internal page because its key is supposed to be treated as minus
infinity within _bt_compare().

It turns out that commit e9f1c01b missed a case: we must print a
VALUES clause in long format if get_query_def is given a resultDesc
that would require the query's output column name(s) to be different
from what the bare VALUES clause would produce.

This applies in case an ALTER ... RENAME COLUMN has been done to
a view that formerly could be printed in simple format, as shown
in the added regression test case.  It also explains bug #16119
from Dmitry Telpt, because it turns out that (unlike CREATE VIEW)
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW fails to apply any column aliases it's
given to the stored ON SELECT rule.  So to get them to be printed,
we have to account for the resultDesc renaming.  It might be worth
changing the matview code so that it creates the ON SELECT rule
with the correct aliases; but we'd still need these messy checks in
get_simple_values_rte to handle the case of a subsequent column
rename, so any such change would be just neatnik-ism not a bug fix.

Like the previous patch, back-patch to all supported branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16119-e64823f30a45a754@postgresql.org

Oversight in commit 4a252996.

Concurrent autovacuums running with the main regression test suite
could cause the tests with VACUUM (SKIP_LOCKED) to generate randomly
WARNING messages.  For these tests, set client_min_messages to ERROR to
get rid of those random failures, as disabling autovacuum for the
relations operated would not completely close the failure window.

For isolation tests, disable autovacuum for the relations vacuumed with
SKIP_LOCKED.  The tests are designed so as LOCK commands are taken
in a first session before running a concurrent VACUUM (SKIP_LOCKED) in a
second to generate WARNING messages, but a concurrent autovacuum could
cause the tests to be slower.

Reported-by: Tom Lane
Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund, Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/25294.1573077278@sss.pgh.pa.us
Backpatch-through: 12

In detoast_attr_slice, VARSIZE_ANY was used to compute compressed length
of on-disk TOAST values. That's incorrect, because the varlena value may
be just a TOAST pointer, producing either bogus value or crashing.

This is likely why the code was crashing on big-endian machines before
540f3168 replaced the VARSIZE with VARSIZE_ANY, which however only
masked the issue.

Reported-by: Rushabh Lathia
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAL-OGkthU9Gs7TZchf5OWaL-Gsi=hXqufTxKv9qpNG73d5na_g@mail.gmail.com