The README incorrectly claimed that GIN posting tree pages contain an array
of uncompressed items in addition to compressed posting lists. Earlier
versions of the GIN posting list compression patch worked that way, but not
the one that was committed.

Now that we have accumulated two different "replication slot" concepts,
make the index entries consistent.

When modifying a page, must hold an exclusive lock. A shared lock is
obviously not good enough.

It makes no difference to the system, but minimizing the differences
between a master and standby makes debugging simpler.

A couple of typos from my refactoring of the page deletion patch.

Don't use simple_heap_insert to insert the tuple to a sequence relation.
simple_heap_insert creates a heap insertion WAL record, and replaying that
will create a regular heap page without the special area containing the
sequence magic constant, which is wrong for a sequence. That was not a bug
because we always created a sequence WAL record after that, and replaying
that overwrote the bogus heap page, and the transient state could never be
seen by another backend because it was only done when creating a new
sequence relation. But it's simpler and cleaner to avoid that in the first
place.

pgss_post_parse_analyze() neglected to pass the call on to any earlier
occupant of the post_parse_analyze_hook.  There are no other users of that
hook in contrib/, and most likely none in the wild either, so this is
probably just a latent bug.  But it's a bug nonetheless, so back-patch
to 9.2 where this code was introduced.

Etsuro Fujita

Etsuro Fujita

Report by Alexey Bashtanov

Report by Craig Ringer

Mention impossibility of moving tablespaces, backing them up
independently, or the inadvisability of placing them on temporary
file systems.

Patch by Craig Ringer, adjustments by Ian Lawrence Warwick and me

Previously, these functions treated "" optin values as defaults in some
ways, but not in others, like when comparing to .pgpass.  Also, add
documentation to clarify that now "" and NULL use defaults, like
PQsetdbLogin() has always done.

BACKWARD INCOMPATIBILITY

Patch by Adrian Vondendriesch, docs by me

Report by Jeff Janes

Amit Langote

Because of gcc -Wmissing-prototypes, all functions in dynamically
loadable modules must have a separate prototype declaration.  This is
meant to detect global functions that are not declared in header files,
but in cases where the function is called via dfmgr, this is redundant.
Besides filling up space with boilerplate, this is a frequent source of
compiler warnings in extension modules.

We can fix that by creating the function prototype as part of the
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1 macro, which such modules have to use anyway.  That
makes the code of modules cleaner, because there is one less place where
the entry points have to be listed, and creates an additional check that
functions have the right prototype.

Remove now redundant prototypes from contrib and other modules.

Introduced in 585bca39: msgid is not used in the Windows code path.

Also adjust comments a tad (mostly to keep pgindent from messing it up).

David Rowley

Specifically, on-stack memset() might be removed, so:

	* Replace memset() with px_memset()
	* Add px_memset to copy_crlf()
	* Add px_memset to pgp-s2k.c

Patch by Marko Kreen

Report by PVS-Studio

Backpatch through 8.4.

Permissions might prevent the existence of the trigger file from being
checked.

Per report from Andres Freund

Non-existent tablespace directory references can occur if user
tablespaces are created inside data directories and the data directory
is renamed in preparation for running pg_upgrade, and the symbolic links
are not updated.

Backpatch to 9.3.

Document problems when disconnection causes loss of hot_standby_feedback
and suggest adjusting max_standby_archive_delay and
max_standby_streaming_delay.

Initial patch by Marko Tiikkaja, adjustments by me

If we set the all-visible flag after writing WAL record, and XLogInsert
takes a full-page image of the page, the image would not include the flag.
We will then proceed to set the VM bit, which would then be set without the
corresponding all-visible flag on the heap page.

Found by comparing page images on master and standby, after writing/replaying
each WAL record. (There is still a discrepancy: the all-visible flag won't
be set after replaying the HEAP_CLEAN record, even though it is set in the
master. However, it will be set when replaying the HEAP2_VISIBLE record and
setting the VM bit, so the all-visible flag and VM bit are always consistent
on the standby, even though they are momentarily out-of-sync with master)

Backpatch to 9.3 where this code was introduced.

Now that EXPLAIN also outputs a "planning time" measurement, the use of
"total" here seems rather confusing: it sounds like it might include the
planning time which of course it doesn't.  Majority opinion was that
"execution time" is a better label, so we'll call it that.

This should be noted as a backwards incompatibility for tools that examine
EXPLAIN ANALYZE output.

In passing, I failed to resist the temptation to do a little editing on the
materialized-view example affected by this change.

In psql, both stdin and stdout must be terminals to get a client
encoding of 'auto'.

Patch by Albe Laurenz

Backpatch to 9.3.

Previously, 'int' was used for socket values in libpq, but socket values
are unsigned on Windows.  This is a style correction.

Initial patch and previous PGINVALID_SOCKET initial patch by Joel
Jacobson, modified by me

Report from PVS-Studio

Patch by Fujii Masao

Previously it wasn't clear from --help that -F, -R, -z, -0 only
controlled psql unaligned output.

Initial patch from Jov <amutu@amutu.com>, adjustments by me

We were neglecting to schema-qualify them.

Backpatch to 9.3, where object identities were introduced as a concept
by commit f8348ea3.

We were emitting "(SELECT null::typename)", which is usually interpreted
as a scalar subselect, but not so much in the context "x = ANY(...)".
This led to remote-side parsing failures when remote_estimate is enabled.
A quick and ugly fix is to stick in an extra cast step,
"((SELECT null::typename)::typename)".  The cast will be thrown away as
redundant by parse analysis, but not before it's done its job of making
sure the grammar sees the ANY argument as an a_expr rather than a
select_with_parens.  Per an example from Hannu Krosing.

Document abrupt streaming client disconnection might leave slots in use,
so max_wal_senders should be slightly higher than needed to allow for
immediate reconnection.

Per mention by Magnus

Now that we're pretty much feature-frozen, it's time to update the checks
on system catalog foreign-key references.

(It looks like we missed doing this altogether for 9.3.  Sigh.)

This has probably been broken for quite a long time. Buildfarm member
currawong's current results suggest that it's been broken since 9.1, so
backpatch this to that branch.

This only supports Python 2 - I will handle Python 3 separately, but
this is a fairly simple fix.

The files were already included by pg_upgrade.h.

According to the Single Unix Spec and assorted man pages, you're supposed
to use the constants named AF_xxx when setting ai_family for a getaddrinfo
call.  In a few places we were using PF_xxx instead.  Use of PF_xxx
appears to be an ancient BSD convention that was not adopted by later
standardization.  On BSD and most later Unixen, it doesn't matter much
because those constants have equivalent values anyway; but nonetheless
this code is not per spec.

In the same vein, replace PF_INET by AF_INET in one socket() call, which
wasn't even consistent with the other socket() call in the same function
let alone the remainder of our code.

Per investigation of a Cygwin trouble report from Marco Atzeri.  It's
probably a long shot that this will fix his issue, but it's wrong in
any case.

Bind attempts to an LDAP server should time out after two seconds,
allowing additional lines in the service control file to be parsed
(which provide a fall back to a secondary LDAP server or default options).
The existing code failed to enforce that timeout during TCP connect,
resulting in a hang far longer than two seconds if the LDAP server
does not respond.

Laurenz Albe

These are natural complements to the functions added by commit
0886fc6a, but they weren't included
in the original patch for some reason.  Add them.

Patch by me, per a complaint by Tom Lane.  Review by Tatsuo
Ishii.

Apparently, Windows can sometimes return an error code even when the
operation actually worked just fine.  Rearrange the order of checks
according to what appear to be the best practices in this area.

Amit Kapila

Report from rudolf <stu3.1@eq.cz>

Previously, in some places, socket creation errors were checked for
negative values, which is not true for Windows because sockets are
unsigned.  This masked socket creation errors on Windows.

Backpatch through 9.0.  8.4 doesn't have the infrastructure to fix this.

I mixed up BLCKSZ and XLOG_BLCKSZ when I changed the way the buffer is
allocated a couple of weeks ago. With the default settings, they are both
8k, but they can be changed at compile-time.

Missed in previous commit