The _equalTableFunc() omission of coltypmods has semantic significance,
but I did not track down resulting user-visible bugs, if any.  The other
changes are cosmetic only, affecting order.  catversion bump due to
readfuncs.c field order change.

The TAP tests mostly don't work without IPC::Run, and the reason for
the failure is not immediately obvious from the error messages you get.
So teach configure to reject --enable-tap-tests unless IPC::Run exists.
Mostly this just involves adding ax_prog_perl_modules.m4 from the GNU
autoconf archives.

This was discussed last year, but we held off on the theory that we might
be switching to CMake soon.  That's evidently not happening for v10,
so let's absorb this now.

Eugene Kazakov and Michael Paquier

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/56BDDC20.9020506@postgrespro.ru
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAB7nPqRVKG_CR4Dy_AMfE6DXcr6F7ygy2goa2atJU4XkerDRUg@mail.gmail.com

We had three occurrences of essentially the same coding pattern
wherein we tried to retrieve a query result from a libpq connection
without blocking.  In the case where PQconsumeInput failed (typically
indicating a lost connection), all three loops simply gave up and
returned, forgetting to clear any previously-collected PGresult
object.  Since those are malloc'd not palloc'd, the oversight results
in a process-lifespan memory leak.

One instance, in libpqwalreceiver, is of little significance because
the walreceiver process would just quit anyway if its connection fails.
But we might as well fix it.

The other two instances, in postgres_fdw, are somewhat more worrisome
because at least in principle the scenario could be repeated, allowing
the amount of memory leaked to build up to something worth worrying
about.  Moreover, in these cases the loops contain CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS
calls, as well as other calls that could potentially elog(ERROR),
providing another way to exit without having cleared the PGresult.
Here we need to add PG_TRY logic similar to what exists in quite a
few other places in postgres_fdw.

Coverity noted the libpqwalreceiver bug; I found the other two cases
by checking all calls of PQconsumeInput.

Back-patch to all supported versions as appropriate (9.2 lacks
postgres_fdw, so this is really quite unexciting for that branch).

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/22620.1497486981@sss.pgh.pa.us

pg_upgrade never used Windows junction points but instead always used
Windows hard links.

Reported-by: Adrian Klaver

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/6a638c60-90bb-4921-8ee4-5fdad68f8b09@aklaver.com

Backpatch-through: 9.3, where the mention first appeared

It was unsafe to instruct users to start/stop the server after
pg_upgrade was run but before the standby servers were rsync'ed.  The
new instructions avoid this.

RELEASE NOTES:  This fix should be mentioned in the minor release notes.

Reported-by: Dmitriy Sarafannikov and Sergey Burladyan

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/87wp8o506b.fsf@seb.koffice.internal

Backpatch-through: 9.5, where standby server upgrade instructions first appeared

Avoid using prefix "staext" when everything else uses "statext".

Author: Kyotaro HORIGUCHI
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170615.140041.165731947.horiguchi.kyotaro@lab.ntt.co.jp

Show "All tables" property in \dRp and \dRp+.  Don't list tables for
such publications in \dRp+, since it's redundant and the list could be
very long.

Author: Masahiko Sawada <sawada.mshk@gmail.com>
Author: Jeff Janes <jeff.janes@gmail.com>

Author: Daniel Gustafsson <daniel@yesql.se>

This is no longer needed because the tests use PostgresNode.
Reported-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

Patch by Yugo Nagata.

It was explained that read only transactions (not in standby) allow to
update sequences. This had been wrong since the commit:
05d8a561

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20170614.110826.425627939780392324.t-ishii%40sraoss.co.jp

Commit 18ce3a4a failed to update
the comments in parsenodes.h for the new members, and made only
incomplete updates to src/backend/nodes

Thomas Munro, per a report from Noah Misch.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/20170611062525.GA1628882@rfd.leadboat.com

Previously we required every exported transaction to have an xid
assigned. That was used to check that the exporting transaction is
still running, which in turn is needed to guarantee that that
necessary rows haven't been removed in between exporting and importing
the snapshot.

The exported xid caused unnecessary problems with logical decoding,
because slot creation has to wait for all concurrent xid to finish,
which in turn serializes concurrent slot creation.   It also
prohibited snapshots to be exported on hot-standby replicas.

Instead export the virtual transactionid, which avoids the unnecessary
serialization and the inability to export snapshots on standbys. This
changes the file name of the exported snapshot, but since we never
documented what that one means, that seems ok.

Author: Petr Jelinek, slightly editorialized by me
Reviewed-By: Andres Freund
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/f598b4b8-8cd7-0d54-0939-adda763d8c34@2ndquadrant.com

In a CHECK clause, a null result means true, whereas in a WHERE clause
it means false.  predtest.c provided different functions depending on
which set of semantics applied to the predicate being proved, but had
no option to control what a null meant in the clauses provided as
axioms.  Add one.

Use that in the partitioning code when figuring out whether the
validation scan on a new partition can be skipped.  Rip out the
old logic that attempted (not very successfully) to compensate
for the absence of the necessary support in predtest.c.

Ashutosh Bapat and Robert Haas, reviewed by Amit Langote and
incorporating feedback from Tom Lane.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFjFpReT_kq_uwU_B8aWDxR7jNGE=P0iELycdq5oupi=xSQTOw@mail.gmail.com

Paul Ramsey griped about this awhile ago, but I'd been holding fire
on changing it until we settled what to do about the CASE/COALESCE
issue.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CACowWR0AMyUt5fwtvuDqWyYNdp-hQJj9XqSxJR6YM9sKWov=_w@mail.gmail.com

The optimized code in 728bd991 contains a few invalid locking
sequences.  To wit, the original code would try to acquire an lwlock
that it already holds.  Avoid this by moving lock acquisitions to
higher-level code, and install appropriate assertions in low-level that
the correct mode is held.

Authors: Michael Paquier, Álvaro Herrera
Reported-By: chuanting wang
Bug: #14680
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170531033228.1487.10124@wrigleys.postgresql.org

expression_returns_set() used to short-circuit its recursion upon
seeing certain node types, such as DistinctExpr, that it knew the
executor did not support set-valued arguments for.  That was never
inherent, though, just a reflection of laziness in execQual.c.
With the new implementation of SRFs there is no reason to think
that any scalar-valued expression node could not have a set-valued
subexpression, except for AggRefs and WindowFuncs where we know there
is a parser check rejecting it.  And indeed, the shortcut causes
unexpected failures for cases such as a SRF underneath DistinctExpr,
because the planner stops looking for SRFs too soon.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/5259.1497044025@sss.pgh.pa.us

In commits 2f5c9d9c and ab028965 we invented an abstraction layer
to insulate catalog manipulations from direct heap update calls.
But evidently some patches that hadn't landed in-tree at that point
didn't get the memo completely.  Fix a couple of direct calls to
simple_heap_delete to use CatalogTupleDelete instead; these appear
to have been added in commits 7c4f5240 and 7b504eb2.  This change is
purely cosmetic ATM, but there's no point in having an abstraction layer
if we allow random code to break it.

Masahiko Sawada and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoDOPRSVcwbnCN3Y1n_68ATyTspsU6=ygtHz_uY0VcdZ8A@mail.gmail.com

Table partitioning, introduced in commit f0e44751, added a new
relkind - RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE. Update a couple of places in
PL/pgSQL to handle it. Specifically plpgsql_parse_cwordtype() and
build_row_from_class() needed updating in order to make table%ROWTYPE
and table.col%TYPE work for partitioned tables.

Dean Rasheed, reviewed by Amit Langote.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCUnNOKN8sLML9jUzxecALWpEXK3a3W7y0PgFR4%2Buhgc%3Dg%40mail.gmail.com

Table partitioning, introduced in commit f0e44751, added a new
relkind - RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE. Update
RemoveRoleFromObjectPolicy() to handle it, otherwise DROP OWNED BY
will fail if the role has any RLS policies referring to partitioned
tables.

Dean Rasheed, reviewed by Amit Langote.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCUnNOKN8sLML9jUzxecALWpEXK3a3W7y0PgFR4%2Buhgc%3Dg%40mail.gmail.com

When we reimplemented SRFs in commit 69f4b9c8, our initial choice was
to allow the behavior to vary from historical practice in cases where a
SRF call appeared within a conditional-execution construct (currently,
only CASE or COALESCE).  But that was controversial to begin with, and
subsequent discussion has resulted in a consensus that it's better to
throw an error instead of executing the query differently from before,
so long as we can provide a reasonably clear error message and a way to
rewrite the query.

Hence, add a parser mechanism to allow detection of such cases during
parse analysis.  The mechanism just requires storing, in the ParseState,
a pointer to the set-returning FuncExpr or OpExpr most recently emitted
by parse analysis.  Then the parsing functions for CASE and COALESCE can
detect the presence of a SRF in their arguments by noting whether this
pointer changes while analyzing their arguments.  Furthermore, if it does,
it provides a suitable error cursor location for the complaint.  (This
means that if there's more than one SRF in the arguments, the error will
point at the last one to be analyzed not the first.  While connoisseurs of
parsing behavior might find that odd, it's unlikely the average user would
ever notice.)

While at it, we can also provide more specific error messages than before
about some pre-existing restrictions, such as no-SRFs-within-aggregates.
Also, reject at parse time cases where a NULLIF or IS DISTINCT FROM
construct would need to return a set.  We've never supported that, but the
restriction is depended on in more subtle ways now, so it seems wise to
detect it at the start.

Also, provide some documentation about how to rewrite a SRF-within-CASE
query using a custom wrapper SRF.

It turns out that the information_schema.user_mapping_options view
contained an instance of exactly the behavior we're now forbidding; but
rewriting it makes it more clear and safer too.

initdb forced because of user_mapping_options change.

Patch by me, with error message suggestions from Alvaro Herrera and
Andres Freund, pursuant to a complaint from Regina Obe.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/000001d2d5de$d8d66170$8a832450$@pcorp.us

The exact numbers don't matter, since they are examples, but it was
looking quite dated.

For the target version, we now automatically substitute the current
major version.  The updated example source version should be good for a
couple of years.

This is just to have a clean base state for testing of Piotr Stefaniak's
latest version of FreeBSD indent.  I fixed up a couple of places where
pgindent would have changed format not-nicely.  perltidy not included.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/VI1PR03MB119959F4B65F000CA7CD9F6BF2CC0@VI1PR03MB1199.eurprd03.prod.outlook.com

This doesn't actually matter at present, because the current code
never consults null_index for range partitions.  However, leaving
it uninitialized is still a bad idea, so let's not do that.

Amul Sul, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAAJ_b94AkEzcx+12ySCnbMDX7=UdF4BjnoBGfMQbB0RNSTo3Ng@mail.gmail.com

Table partitioning, introduced in commit f0e44751, added a new
relkind - RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE. Update relation_is_updatable() to
handle it. Specifically, partitioned tables and simple views built on
top of them are updatable.

This affects the SQL-callable functions pg_relation_is_updatable() and
pg_column_is_updatable(), and the views information_schema.views and
information_schema.columns.

Dean Rasheed, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCXnbiFkMXgF4Ez1pmM2c-tS1z33bSq7OGbw7QQhHov%2B6Q%40mail.gmail.com

Otherwise, dropping the partitioned table will automatically drop
any previously-detached children, which would be unfortunate.

Ashutosh Bapat and Rahila Syed, reviewed by Amit Langote and by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAFjFpRdOwHuGj45i25iLQ4QituA0uH6RuLX1h5deD4KBZJ25yg@mail.gmail.com

Author: Julien Rouhaud <julien.rouhaud@dalibo.com>

Previously, you could write _null_ in a BKI DATA line for a column that's
supposed to be NOT NULL and initdb would let it pass, probably breaking
subsequent accesses to the row.  No doubt the original coding overlooked
this simple sanity check because in the beginning we didn't have any way
to mark catalog columns NOT NULL at initdb time.

Author: Masahiko Sawada <sawada.mshk@gmail.com>

Author: Erik Rijkers <er@xs4all.nl>

Author: Ashutosh Sharma <ashu.coek88@gmail.com>

An earlier version of the patch had collprovider as an integer and thus
set these to 0, but the correct setting is now null.

This will not work on restore, but it will allow dumping out pg_catalog
for research and documentation.
Reported-by: Neil Anderson <neil.t.anderson@gmail.com>
Bug: #14701

This will not have the desired effect and might lead to crashes when the
copied collation is used.
Reported-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>