This oversight results in a crash at executor startup if the plan has
been copied.  outfuncs.c was missed as well.

While we could probably have taught both those files to cope with the
originally chosen representation of an Oid array, it would have been
painful, not least because there'd be no easy way to verify the array
length.  An Oid List is far easier to work with.  And AFAICS, there is
no particular notational benefit to using an array rather than a list
in the existing parts of the patch either.  So just change it to a list.

Error in commit 35fcb1b3, which is new,
so no need for back-patch.

The previous coding in hstore_plpython and ltree_plpython wiped out any
values set by the base makefiles.  This at least had the effect of running
the tests in "regression" not "contrib_regression" as expected.  These
being pretty new modules, there might be other bad effects we'd not
noticed yet.

It wasn't just a typo, but bad wording. This should make it
more clear. Pointed out by Tom Lane.

Clean up the Makefile, per Michael Paquier.

Classify REINDEX as we do in core, use '1.0' for the version, per Fujii.

Dmitriy Olshevskiy

Peter Geoghegan

As usual, the release notes for older branches will be made by cutting
these down, but put them up for community review first.

Report by Noah Misch

I don't think "respectfully" is what was meant here ...

<float.h> is required for isinf() on some platforms.  Per buildfarm.

Previously, this prevented promoted standby servers from being upgraded
because of a missing WAL history file.  (Timeline 1 doesn't need a
history file, and we don't copy WAL files anyway.)

Report by Christian Echerer(?), Alexey Klyukin

Backpatch through 9.0

This patch causes pg_upgrade to error out during its check phase if:

(1) template0 is marked connectable
or
(2) any other database is marked non-connectable

This is done because, in the first case, pg_upgrade would fail because
the pg_dumpall --globals restore would fail, and in the second case, the
database would not be restored, leading to data loss.

Report by Matt Landry (1), Stephen Frost (2)

Backpatch through 9.0

It's not very portable.  Per buildfarm.

This SQL standard functionality allows to aggregate data by different
GROUP BY clauses at once. Each grouping set returns rows with columns
grouped by in other sets set to NULL.

This could previously be achieved by doing each grouping as a separate
query, conjoined by UNION ALLs. Besides being considerably more concise,
grouping sets will in many cases be faster, requiring only one scan over
the underlying data.

The current implementation of grouping sets only supports using sorting
for input. Individual sets that share a sort order are computed in one
pass. If there are sets that don't share a sort order, additional sort &
aggregation steps are performed. These additional passes are sourced by
the previous sort step; thus avoiding repeated scans of the source data.

The code is structured in a way that adding support for purely using
hash aggregation or a mix of hashing and sorting is possible. Sorting
was chosen to be supported first, as it is the most generic method of
implementation.

Instead of, as in an earlier versions of the patch, representing the
chain of sort and aggregation steps as full blown planner and executor
nodes, all but the first sort are performed inside the aggregation node
itself. This avoids the need to do some unusual gymnastics to handle
having to return aggregated and non-aggregated tuples from underlying
nodes, as well as having to shut down underlying nodes early to limit
memory usage.  The optimizer still builds Sort/Agg node to describe each
phase, but they're not part of the plan tree, but instead additional
data for the aggregation node. They're a convenient and preexisting way
to describe aggregation and sorting.  The first (and possibly only) sort
step is still performed as a separate execution step. That retains
similarity with existing group by plans, makes rescans fairly simple,
avoids very deep plans (leading to slow explains) and easily allows to
avoid the sorting step if the underlying data is sorted by other means.

A somewhat ugly side of this patch is having to deal with a grammar
ambiguity between the new CUBE keyword and the cube extension/functions
named cube (and rollup). To avoid breaking existing deployments of the
cube extension it has not been renamed, neither has cube been made a
reserved keyword. Instead precedence hacking is used to make GROUP BY
cube(..) refer to the CUBE grouping sets feature, and not the function
cube(). To actually group by a function cube(), unlikely as that might
be, the function name has to be quoted.

Needs a catversion bump because stored rules may change.

Author: Andrew Gierth and Atri Sharma, with contributions from Andres Freund
Reviewed-By: Andres Freund, Noah Misch, Tom Lane, Svenne Krap, Tomas
    Vondra, Erik Rijkers, Marti Raudsepp, Pavel Stehule
Discussion: CAOeZVidmVRe2jU6aMk_5qkxnB7dfmPROzM7Ur8JPW5j8Y5X-Lw@mail.gmail.com

DST law changes in Egypt, Mongolia, Palestine.
Historical corrections for Canada and Chile.
Revised zone abbreviation for America/Adak (HST/HDT not HAST/HADT).

This lets BRIN be used with R-Tree-like indexing strategies.

Also provided are operator classes for range types, box and inet/cidr.
The infrastructure provided here should be sufficient to create operator
classes for similar datatypes; for instance, opclasses for PostGIS
geometries should be doable, though we didn't try to implement one.

(A box/point opclass was also submitted, but we ripped it out before
commit because the handling of floating point comparisons in existing
code is inconsistent and would generate corrupt indexes.)

Author: Emre Hasegeli.  Cosmetic changes by me
Review: Andreas Karlsson

Add a bit of coverage of high code points.

Arjen Nienhuis

For upcoming BRIN opclasses, it's convenient to have strategy numbers
defined in a single place.  Since there's nothing appropriate, create
it.  The StrategyNumber typedef now lives there, as well as existing
strategy numbers for B-trees (from skey.h) and R-tree-and-friends (from
gist.h).  skey.h is forced to include stratnum.h because of the
StrategyNumber typedef, but gist.h is not; extensions that currently
rely on gist.h for rtree strategy numbers might need to add a new

A few .c files can stop including skey.h and/or gist.h, which is a nice
side benefit.

Per discussion:
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20150514232132.GZ2523@alvh.no-ip.org

Authored by Emre Hasegeli and Álvaro.

(It's not clear to me why bootscanner.l has any #include lines at all.)

Per compiler warnings.

Petr Jelinek

Contrib module implementing a tablesample method
that allows you to limit the sample by a hard time
limit.

Petr Jelinek

Reviewed by Michael Paquier, Amit Kapila and
Simon Riggs

Contrib module implementing a tablesample method
that allows you to limit the sample by a hard row
limit.

Petr Jelinek

Reviewed by Michael Paquier, Amit Kapila and
Simon Riggs

Our previous code for GB18030 <-> UTF8 conversion only covered Unicode code
points up to U+FFFF, but the actual spec defines conversions for all code
points up to U+10FFFF.  That would be rather impractical as a lookup table,
but fortunately there is a simple algorithmic conversion between the
additional code points and the equivalent GB18030 byte patterns.  Make use
of the just-added callback facility in LocalToUtf/UtfToLocal to perform the
additional conversions.

Having created the infrastructure to do that, we can use the same code to
map certain linearly-related subranges of the Unicode space below U+FFFF,
allowing removal of the corresponding lookup table entries.  This more
than halves the lookup table size, which is a substantial savings;
utf8_and_gb18030.so drops from nearly a megabyte to about half that.

In support of doing that, replace ISO10646-GB18030.TXT with the data file
gb-18030-2000.xml (retrieved from
http://source.icu-project.org/repos/icu/data/trunk/charset/data/xml/ )
in which these subranges have been deleted from the simple lookup entries.

Per bug #12845 from Arjen Nienhuis.  The conversion code added here is
based on his proposed patch, though I whacked it around rather heavily.

Etsuro Fujita

Add a TABLESAMPLE clause to SELECT statements that allows
user to specify random BERNOULLI sampling or block level
SYSTEM sampling. Implementation allows for extensible
sampling functions to be written, using a standard API.
Basic version follows SQLStandard exactly. Usable
concrete use cases for the sampling API follow in later
commits.

Petr Jelinek

Reviewed by Michael Paquier and Simon Riggs

More platform differences in the less-significant digits in output.

Per buildfarm member rover_firefly, still.

The expected-output files for these tests were broken by the recent
addition of a warning for hash indexes.  Update them.

Also add a test case for GB18030 encoding, similar to the other ones.
This is a pretty weak test, but it's better than nothing.

In 'always' mode, the standby independently archives all files it receives
from the primary.

Original patch by Fujii Masao, docs and review by me.

Consistently uppercase index method names, e.g. GIN, and add space after
the index method name and the parentheses enclosing the column names.