We probably need to tell the remote server to use specific timezone and
datestyle settings, and maybe other things.  But for now let's just hack
the postgres_fdw regression test to not provoke failures when run in
non-EST5EDT environments.  Per buildfarm.

This patch adds the core-system infrastructure needed to support updates
on foreign tables, and extends contrib/postgres_fdw to allow updates
against remote Postgres servers.  There's still a great deal of room for
improvement in optimization of remote updates, but at least there's basic
functionality there now.

KaiGai Kohei, reviewed by Alexander Korotkov and Laurenz Albe, and rather
heavily revised by Tom Lane.

Instead of just reporting which user failed to log in, log both the
line number in the active pg_hba.conf file (which may not match reality
in case the file has been edited and not reloaded) and the contents of
the matching line (which will always be correct), to make it easier
to debug incorrect pg_hba.conf files.

The message to the client remains unchanged and does not include this
information, to prevent leaking security sensitive information.

Reviewed by Tom Lane and Dean Rasheed

Alexander Korotkov, reviewed by Jeff Davis.

The libpgcommon patch made that unnecessary, palloc and friends are now
available in frontend programs too, mapped to plain old malloc.

As pointed out by Alvaro Herrera.

Fujii Masao

The previous coding of this function could get into situations where it
would never terminate, because successive passes would re-add EMPTY arcs
that had been removed by the previous pass.  Rewrite the function
completely using a new algorithm that is guaranteed to terminate, and
also seems to be usually faster than the old one.  Per Tcl bugs 3604074
and 3606683.

Tom Lane and Don Porter

If we were about to enter archive recovery after crash recovery, we scanned
the archive for the latest tli history file, and set the recovery target
timeline to that. However, when we actually tried to read the history file,
we would not fetch the file from the archive, because we were not in archive
recovery yet.

To fix, make readTimeLineHistory and existsTimeLineHistory to always fetch
the file from archive if archive recovery is requested, even if we're not in
archive recovery yet.

Backpatch to 9.2. Mitsumasa KONDO

This saves several catalog lookups per reference.  It's not all that
exciting right now, because we'd managed to minimize the number of places
that need to fetch the data; but the upcoming writable-foreign-tables patch
needs this info in a lot more places.

KaiGai Kohei

It needs parsenodes.h to be compilable regardless of previous headers.

This page with no tuples is used to distinguish an MV containing a
zero-row resultset of its backing query from an MV which has not
been populated by its backing query.  Unless WAL-logged, recovery
and hot standby don't work correctly with what should be an empty
but scannable materialized view.

Fixes bugs reported by Fujii Masao in testing MVs on hot standby.

Per report and suggestion from Bernd Helmle

This confused Cygwin's make because of the colon in the path. The
DLL isn't likely to change under us so preserving the dependency
doesn't gain us much, and it's useful to be able to do a native
Windows build with the Cygwin mingw toolset.

Noah Misch.

formatting.c used locale-dependent case folding rules in some code paths
where the result isn't supposed to be locale-dependent, for example
to_char(timestamp, 'DAY').  Since the source data is always just ASCII
in these cases, that usually didn't matter ... but it does matter in
Turkish locales, which have unusual treatment of "i" and "I".  To confuse
matters even more, the misbehavior was only visible in UTF8 encoding,
because in single-byte encodings we used pg_toupper/pg_tolower which
don't have locale-specific behavior for ASCII characters.  Fix by providing
intentionally ASCII-only case-folding functions and using these where
appropriate.  Per bug #7913 from Adnan Dursun.  Back-patch to all active
branches, since it's been like this for a long time.

I fixed this code back in commit 841b4a2d, but didn't think carefully
enough about the behavior near zero, which meant it improperly rejected
1999-12-31 24:00:00.  Per report from Magnus Hagander.

reviewed by Satoshi Nagayasu

This was already the case for domains over arrays, but not for domains
over certain built-in types such as boolean.  The special formatting
rules for those types should apply to domains over them as well.
Per discussion.

While this is a bug fix, it's also a behavioral change that seems likely
to trip up some applications.  So no back-patch.

Pavel Stehule

A materialized view has a rule just like a view and a heap and
other physical properties like a table.  The rule is only used to
populate the table, references in queries refer to the
materialized data.

This is a minimal implementation, but should still be useful in
many cases.  Currently data is only populated "on demand" by the
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW and REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW statements.
It is expected that future releases will add incremental updates
with various timings, and that a more refined concept of defining
what is "fresh" data will be developed.  At some point it may even
be possible to have queries use a materialized in place of
references to underlying tables, but that requires the other
above-mentioned features to be working first.

Much of the documentation work by Robert Haas.
Review by Noah Misch, Thom Brown, Robert Haas, Marko Tiikkaja
Security review by KaiGai Kohei, with a decision on how best to
implement sepgsql still pending.

Also make sure other fields of the view's pg_class entry are appropriate
for a view; it shouldn't have relfrozenxid set for instance.

This ancient omission isn't believed to have any serious consequences in
versions 8.4-9.2, so no backpatch.  But let's fix it before it does bite
us in some serious way.  It's just luck that the case doesn't cause
problems for autovacuum.  (It did cause problems in 8.3, but that's out
of support.)

Andres Freund

fmgr_sql had been designed on the assumption that the FmgrInfo it's called
with has only query lifespan.  This is demonstrably unsafe in connection
with range types, as shown in bug #7881 from Andrew Gierth.  Fix things
so that we re-generate the function's cache data if the (sub)transaction
it was made in is no longer active.

Back-patch to 9.2.  This might be needed further back, but it's not clear
whether the case can realistically arise without range types, so for now
I'll desist from back-patching further.

submitted by "Lyle"

Josh Kupershmidt

They can include sys/sdt.h from SystemTap, which itself contains C++
code and so won't compile with a C++ compiler under extern "C" linkage.

Careless use of TopMemoryContext for I/O function data meant that repeated
use of spi_prepare and spi_freeplan would leak memory at the session level,
as per report from Christian Schröder.  In addition, spi_prepare
leaked a lot of transient data within the current plperl function's SPI
Proc context, which would be a problem for repeated use of spi_prepare
within a single plperl function call; and it wasn't terribly careful
about releasing permanent allocations in event of an error, either.

In passing, clean up some copy-and-pasteos in query-lookup error messages.

Alex Hunsaker and Tom Lane

Per gripe from Andres Freund

This is a possibly vain attempt to fix a buffering issue
observed for some MSVC builds.

Thom Brown and me.

The new file in src/port needs to be listed in Mkvcbuild.pm as well.

Fujii Masao and me.