In commit 11e13185, we improved the
rule/view dumping code so that it would produce valid query representations
even if some of the tables involved in a query had been renamed since the
query was parsed.  This patch extends that idea to fix problems that occur
when individual columns are renamed, or added or dropped.  As before, the
core of the fix is to assign unique new aliases when a name conflict has
been created.  This is complicated by the JOIN USING feature, which
requires the same column alias to be used in both input relations, but we
can handle that with a sufficiently complex approach to assigning aliases.

A fortiori, this patch takes care of situations where the query didn't have
unique column names to begin with, such as in a recent complaint from Bryan
Nuse.  (Because of expansion of "SELECT *", re-parsing a dumped query can
require column name uniqueness even though the original text did not.)

The ldapurl option doesn't actually support specifying a user name and
password.

Albe Laurenz

The cascading standby patch in 9.2 changed the way WAL files are treated
when restored from the archive. Before, they were restored under a temporary
filename, and not kept in pg_xlog, but after the patch, they were copied
under pg_xlog. This is necessary for a cascading standby to find them, but
it also means that if the archive goes offline and a standby is restarted,
it can recover back to where it was using the files in pg_xlog. It also
means that if you take an offline backup from a standby server, it includes
all the required WAL files in pg_xlog.

However, the same change was not made to timeline history files, so if the
WAL segment containing the checkpoint record contains a timeline switch, you
will still get an error if you try to restart recovery without the archive,
or recover from an offline backup taken from the standby.

With this patch, timeline history files restored from archive are copied
into pg_xlog like WAL files are, so that pg_xlog contains all the files
required to recover. This is a corner-case pre-existing issue in 9.2, but
even more important in master where it's possible for a standby to follow a
timeline switch through streaming replication. To make that possible, the
timeline history files must be present in pg_xlog.

Parts of the description had claimed incorrect pg_hba.conf option names
for LDAP authentication.

Albe Laurenz

This is again intended to support extensions to the event trigger
functionality.  This may go a bit further than we need for that
purpose, but there's some value in being consistent, and the OID
may be useful for other purposes also.

Dimitri Fontaine

This gets rid of XLByteLT, XLByteLE, XLByteEQ and XLByteAdvance.
These were useful for brevity when XLogRecPtrs were split in
xlogid/xrecoff; but now that they are simple uint64's, they are just
clutter.  The only downside to making this change would be ease of
backporting patches, but that has been negated by other substantive
changes to the involved code anyway.  The clarity of simpler expressions
makes the change worthwhile.

Most of the changes are mechanical, but in a couple of places, the patch
author chose to invert the operator sense, making the code flow more
logical (and more in line with preceding comments).

Author: Andres Freund
Eyeballed by Dimitri Fontaine and Alvaro Herrera

For consistency.

Author: Andres Freund

Commit 061e7efb did away with its last caller, but neglected to remove
the actual definition.

Author: Andres Freund

Add pg_upgrade --jobs, which allows parallel dump/restore of databases,
which improves performance.

Code review for commit 2f582f76: don't use
a static variable for what ought to be a deparse_context field, fix
non-multibyte-safe test for spaces, avoid useless and potentially O(N^2)
(though admittedly with a very small constant) calculations of wrap
positions when we aren't going to wrap.

Ensure comments accurately reflect state of code
given new understanding, and recent changes.
Include example code from Noah Misch to
illustrate how rd_newRelfilenodeSubid can be
reset deterministically. No code changes.

Teach RelationCacheInvalidate() to keep rd_newRelfilenodeSubid across rel cache
message overflows, so that behaviour is now fully deterministic.

Noah Misch

by unmatched function prototypes.

Andres Freund

Extracted from a larger patch by Dimitri Fontaine.  It is hoped that
this will provide infrastructure for enriching the new event trigger
functionality, but it seems possibly useful for other purposes as
well.

transformExpr() is required to cope with already-transformed expression
trees, for various ugly-but-not-quite-worth-cleaning-up reasons.  However,
some of its newer subroutines hadn't gotten the memo.  This accounts for
bug #7763 from Norbert Buchmuller: transformRowExpr() was overwriting the
previously determined type of a RowExpr during CREATE TABLE LIKE INCLUDING
INDEXES.  Additional investigation showed that transformXmlExpr had the
same kind of problem, but all the other cases seem to be safe.

Andres Freund and Tom Lane

"GetForeignTableColumnOptions" should be "GetForeignColumnOptions".
Noted by Metin Döşlü.

Here's another attempt at fixing the logic that decides how far the WAL can
be streamed, which was still broken if the timeline changed while streaming.
You would get an assertion failure. The way the logic is now written is more
readable, too.

Thom Brown reported the assertion failure.

If a relation file was removed when the server-side counterpart of
pg_basebackup was just about to open it to send it to the client, you'd
get a "could not open file" error. Fix that.

Backpatch to 9.1, this goes back to when pg_basebackup was introduced.

Fujii Masao

If pg_extension_config_dump() is executed again for a table already listed
in the extension's extconfig, the code was blindly making a new array entry.
This does not seem useful.  Fix it to replace the existing array entry
instead, so that it's possible for extension update scripts to alter the
filter conditions for configuration tables.

In addition, teach ALTER EXTENSION DROP TABLE to check for an extconfig
entry for the target table, and remove it if present.  This is not a 100%
solution because it's allowed for an extension update script to just
summarily DROP a member table, and that code path doesn't go through
ExecAlterExtensionContentsStmt.  We could probably make that case clean
things up if we had to, but it would involve sticking a very ugly wart
somewhere in the guts of dependency.c.  Since on the whole it seems quite
unlikely that extension updates would want to remove pre-existing
configuration tables, making the case possible with an explicit command
seems sufficient.

Per bug #7756 from Regina Obe.  Back-patch to 9.1 where extensions were
introduced.

This was broken before, we would recycle old WAL segments on wrong timeline
after the recovery target timeline had changed, but my recent commit to
not initialize ThisTimeLineID at all in a standby's checkpointer process
broke this completely.

The problem is that when installing a recycled WAL segment as a future one,
ThisTimeLineID is used to construct the filename. To fix, always update
ThisTimeLineID to the current timeline being recovered, before recycling
WAL segments at a restartpoint.

This still leaves a small window where we might install WAL segments under
wrong timeline ID, if the timeline is changed just as we're about to start
recycling. Also, even if we're replaying timeline X at the momnent, there's
no guarantee that we'll need as many WAL segments on that timeline as we
recycle. We might be just about to reach the point where we switch to next
timeline, so might only need one more WAL segment on the current timeline.
We'll live with the waste in that situation.

Bug pointed out by Fujii Masao. 9.1 and 9.2 had the same issue, when
recovery target timeline was changed, but I committed a slightly different
version of this patch on those branches.

Because the client encoding might not match the server encoding,
pg_upgrade can't allocate NAMEDATALEN bytes for storage of database,
relation, and namespace identifiers.  Instead pg_strdup() the memory and
free it.

Also add C comment in initdb.c about safe NAMEDATALEN usage.

Most of the time, the last replayed record comes from the recovery target
timeline, but there is a corner case where it makes a difference. When
the startup process scans for a new timeline, and decides to change recovery
target timeline, there is a window where the recovery target TLI has already
been bumped, but there are no WAL segments from the new timeline in pg_xlog
yet. For example, if we have just replayed up to point 0/30002D8, on
timeline 1, there is a WAL file called 000000010000000000000003 in pg_xlog
that contains the WAL up to that point. When recovery switches recovery
target timeline to 2, a walsender can immediately try to read WAL from
0/30002D8, from timeline 2, so it will try to open WAL file
000000020000000000000003. However, that doesn't exist yet - the startup
process hasn't copied that file from the archive yet nor has the walreceiver
streamed it yet, so walsender fails with error "requested WAL segment
000000020000000000000003 has already been removed". That's harmless, in that
the standby will try to reconnect later and by that time the segment is
already created, but error messages that should be ignored are not good.

To fix that, have walsender track the TLI of the last replayed record,
instead of the recovery target timeline. That way walsender will not try to
read anything from timeline 2, until the WAL segment has been created and at
least one record has been replayed from it. The recovery target timeline is
now xlog.c's internal affair, it doesn't need to be exposed in shared memory
anymore.

This fixes the error reported by Thom Brown. depesz the same error message,
but I'm not sure if this fixes his scenario.

We used to set it to the current recovery target timeline, but the recovery
target timeline can change during recovery, leaving ThisTimeLineID at an
old value. That seems worse than always leaving it at zero to begin with.

AFAICS there was no good reason to set it in the first place. ThisTimeLineID
is not needed in checkpointer or bgwriter process, until it's time to write
the end-of-recovery checkpoint, and at that point ThisTimeLineID is updated
anyway.

Add comment stating that constraint and index names must match.

If you restored from a backup taken from a standby, and the last record in
the backup is the checkpoint record, ie. there is no redo required except
for the checkpoint record, we would fail to notice that we've reached the
end-of-backup point, and the database is consistent. The result was an
error "WAL ends before end of online backup". To fix, move the
have-we-reached-end-of-backup check into CheckRecoveryConsistency(), which
is already responsible for similar checks with minRecoveryPoint, and is
called in the right places.

Backpatch to 9.2, this check and bug did not exist before that.

In an earlier version of the standard, this was called just
"MAX_CARDINALITY".

Error exposed by recent Assert changes.

Complaint from Peter Eisentraut.

Some versions of libedit expose bogus definitions of setproctitle(),
optreset, and perhaps other symbols that we don't want configure to pick up
on.  There was a previous report of similar problems with strlcpy(), which
we addressed in commit 59cf88da, but the
problem has evidently grown in scope since then.  In hopes of not having to
deal with it again in future, rearrange configure's tests for supplied
functions so that we ignore libedit/libreadline except when probing
specifically for functions we expect them to provide.

Per report from Christoph Berg, though this is slightly more aggressive
than his proposed patch.

This was used in a time when a shared libperl or libpython was difficult
to come by.  That is obsolete, and the idea behind the flag was never
fully portable anyway and will likely fail on more modern CPU
architectures.

Karl O. Pinc

During crash recovery, we remove disk files belonging to temporary tables,
but the system catalog entries for such tables are intentionally not
cleaned up right away.  Instead, the first backend that uses a temp schema
is expected to clean out any leftover objects therein.  This approach
requires that we be careful to ignore leftover temp tables (since any
actual access attempt would fail), *even if their BackendId matches our
session*, if we have not yet established use of the session's corresponding
temp schema.  That worked fine in the past, but was broken by commit
debcec7d which incorrectly removed the
rd_islocaltemp relcache flag.  Put it back, and undo various changes
that substituted tests like "rel->rd_backend == MyBackendId" for use
of a state-aware flag.  Per trouble report from Heikki Linnakangas.

Back-patch to 9.1 where the erroneous change was made.  In the back
branches, be careful to add rd_islocaltemp in a spot in the struct that
was alignment padding before, so as not to break existing add-on code.

We failed to ever fill the sixth line (LISTEN_ADDR), which caused the
attempt to fill the seventh line (SHMEM_KEY) to fail, so that the shared
memory key never got added to the file in standalone mode.  This has been
broken since we added more content to our lock files in 9.1.

To fix, tweak the logic in CreateLockFile to add an empty LISTEN_ADDR
line in standalone mode.  This is a tad grotty, but since that function
already knows almost everything there is to know about the contents of
lock files, it doesn't seem that it's any better to hack it elsewhere.

It's not clear how significant this bug really is, since a standalone
backend should never have any children and thus it seems not critical
to be able to check the nattch count of the shmem segment externally.
But I'm going to back-patch the fix anyway.

This problem had escaped notice because of an ancient (and in hindsight
pretty dubious) decision to suppress LOG-level messages by default in
standalone mode; so that the elog(LOG) complaint in AddToDataDirLockFile
that should have warned of the problem didn't do anything.  Fixing that
is material for a separate patch though.

Quiet compiler warnings noted by Peter Eisentraut.