Use the phraseology "ISO 8601 week-numbering year" in place of just
"ISO year", and make related adjustments to other terminology.

The point of this change is that it seems some people see "ISO year"
and think "standard year", whereupon they're surprised when constructs
like to_char(..., "IYYY-MM-DD") produce nonsensical results.  Perhaps
hanging a few more adjectives on it will discourage them from jumping
to false conclusions.  I put in an explicit warning against that
specific usage, too, though the main point is to discourage people
who haven't read this far down the page.

In passing fix some nearby markup and terminology inconsistencies.

This might help us debug what's happening on some buildfarm members.

In passing, reduce the message from ereport to elog --- it doesn't seem
like this should be a user-facing case, so not worth translating.

For simple boolean variables such as ON_ERROR_STOP, psql has for a long
time recognized variant spellings of "on" and "off" (such as "1"/"0"),
and it also made a point of warning you if you'd misspelled the setting.
But these conveniences did not exist for other keyword-valued variables.
In particular, though ECHO_HIDDEN and ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK include "on" and
"off" as possible values, none of the alternative spellings for those were
recognized; and to make matters worse the code would just silently assume
"on" was meant for any unrecognized spelling.  Several people have reported
getting bitten by this, so let's fix it.  In detail, this patch:

* Allows all spellings recognized by ParseVariableBool() for ECHO_HIDDEN
and ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK.

* Reports a warning for unrecognized values for COMP_KEYWORD_CASE, ECHO,
ECHO_HIDDEN, HISTCONTROL, ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK, and VERBOSITY.

* Recognizes all values for all these variables case-insensitively;
previously there was a mishmash of case-sensitive and case-insensitive
behaviors.

Back-patch to all supported branches.  There is a small risk of breaking
existing scripts that were accidentally failing to malfunction; but the
consensus is that the chance of detecting real problems and preventing
future mistakes outweighs this.

The one for the OCLASS_COLLATION case was noticed by
CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS buildfarm members; the others I spotted by manual
code inspection.

Also remove a redundant check.

Ian Barwick

These columns can be passed to pg_get_object_address() and used to
reconstruct the dropped objects identities in a remote server containing
similar objects, so that the drop can be replicated.

Reviewed by Stephen Frost, Heikki Linnakangas, Abhijit Menon-Sen, Andres
Freund.

This function returns object type and objname/objargs arrays, which can
be passed to pg_get_object_address.  This is especially useful because
the textual representation can be copied to a remote server in order to
obtain the corresponding OID-based address.  In essence, this function
is the inverse of recently added pg_get_object_address().

Catalog version bumped due to the addition of the new function.

Also add docs to pg_get_object_address.

Per pink buildfarm

In COMMENT, DROP, SECURITY LABEL, and the new pg_get_object_address
function, we were representing types as a list of names, same as other
objects; but types are special objects that require their own
representation to be totally accurate.  In the original COMMENT code we
had a note about fixing it which was lost in the course of c10575ff.
Change all those places to use TypeName instead, as suggested by that
comment.

Right now the original coding doesn't cause any bugs, so no backpatch.
It is more problematic for proposed future code that operate with object
addresses from the SQL interface; type details such as array-ness are
lost when working with the degraded representation.

Thanks to Petr Jelínek and Dimitri Fontaine for offlist help on finding
a solution to a shift/reduce grammar conflict.

Commit 36a35c55 changed the divisor from 3 to 6, for no apparent reason.
Reducing GinMaxItemSize like that created a dump/reload hazard: loading a
9.3 database to 9.4 might fail with "index row size XXX exceeds maximum 1352
for index ..." error. Revert the change.

While we're at it, make the calculation slightly more accurate. It used to
divide the available space on page by three, then subtract
sizeof(ItemIdData), and finally round down. That's not totally accurate; the
item pointers for the three items are packed tight right after the page
header, but there is alignment padding after the item pointers. Change the
calculation to reflect that, like BTMaxItemSize does. I tested this with
different block sizes on systems with 4- and 8-byte alignment, and the value
after the final MAXALIGN_DOWN was the same with both methods on all
configurations. So this does not make any difference currently, but let's be
tidy.

Also add a comment explaining what the macro does.

This fixes bug #12292 reported by Robert Thaler. Backpatch to 9.4, where the
bug was introduced.

Document the long forms of \H \i \ir \o \p \r \w ... apparently, we have
a long and dishonorable history of leaving out the unabbreviated names of
psql backslash commands.

Avoid saying "Unix shell"; we can just say "shell" with equal clarity,
and not leave Windows users wondering whether the feature works for them.

Improve consistency of documentation of \g \o \w metacommands.  There's
no reason to use slightly different wording or markup for each one.

Noted by Coverity.

This avoids an ugly-looking "cache lookup failure" message.

Ugliness pointed out by Andres Freund.

It is causing trouble when run in parallel mode, because dropping the
function other sessions are running concurrently causes them to fail due
to inability to find the function.

Per buildfarm, as noted by Tom Lane.

We were trying to acquire the lock even when we were subsequently
not sleeping in some other transaction, which opens us up unnecessarily
to deadlocks.  In particular, this is troublesome if an update tries to
lock an updated version of a tuple and finds itself doing EvalPlanQual
update chain walking; more than two sessions doing this concurrently
will find themselves sleeping on each other because the HW tuple lock
acquisition in heap_lock_tuple called from EvalPlanQualFetch races with
the same tuple lock being acquired in heap_update -- one of these
sessions sleeps on the other one to finish while holding the tuple lock,
and the other one sleeps on the tuple lock.

Per trouble report from Andrew Sackville-West in
http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20140731233051.GN17765@andrew-ThinkPad-X230

His scenario can be simplified down to a relatively simple
isolationtester spec file which I don't include in this commit; the
reason is that the current isolationtester is not able to deal with more
than one blocked session concurrently and it blocks instead of raising
the expected deadlock.  In the future, if we improve isolationtester, it
would be good to include the spec file in the isolation schedule.  I
posted it in
http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20141212205254.GC1768@alvh.no-ip.org

Hat tip to Mark Kirkwood, who helped diagnose the trouble.

Windows versions later than Windows Server 2003 map "localhost" to ::1.
Account for that in the generated pg_hba.conf, fixing another oversight
in commit f6dc6dd5.  Back-patch to 9.0,
like that commit.

David Rowley and Noah Misch

Per buildfarm member locust.

This reverts commit 60838df9.
That change needs a bit more thought to be workable.  In view of
the potentially machine-dependent stuff that went in today,
we need all of the buildfarm to be testing those other changes.

StrategyGetBuffer() has proven to be a bottleneck in a number of
buffer acquisition heavy workloads. To some degree this has already
been alleviated by 5d7962c6, but it still can be quite a heavy
bottleneck.  The problem is that in unfortunate usage patterns a
single StrategyGetBuffer() call will have to look at a large number of
buffers - in turn making it likely that the process will be put to
sleep while still holding the spinlock.

Replace most of the usage of the buffer_strategy_lock spinlock for the
clock sweep by a atomic nextVictimBuffer variable. That variable,
modulo NBuffers, is the current hand of the clock sweep. The buffer
clock-sweep then only needs to acquire the spinlock after a
wraparound. And even then only in the process that did the wrapping
around. That alleviates nearly all the contention on the relevant
spinlock, although significant contention on the cacheline can still
exist.

Reviewed-By: Robert Haas and Amit Kapila

Discussion: 20141010160020.GG6670@alap3.anarazel.de,
    20141027133218.GA2639@awork2.anarazel.de

The old LWLock implementation had the problem that concurrent lock
acquisitions required exclusively acquiring a spinlock. Often that
could lead to acquirers waiting behind the spinlock, even if the
actual LWLock was free.

The new implementation doesn't acquire the spinlock when acquiring the
lock itself. Instead the new atomic operations are used to atomically
manipulate the state. Only the waitqueue, used solely in the slow
path, is still protected by the spinlock. Check lwlock.c's header for
an explanation about the used algorithm.

For some common workloads on larger machines this can yield
significant performance improvements. Particularly in read mostly
workloads.

Reviewed-By: Amit Kapila and Robert Haas
Author: Andres Freund

Discussion: 20130926225545.GB26663@awork2.anarazel.de

Besides being shorter and much easier to read it changes the logic in
LWLockRelease() to release all shared lockers when waking up any. This
can yield some significant performance improvements - and the fairness
isn't really much worse than before, as we always allowed new shared
lockers to jump the queue.

Hiding context messages usually is not a good idea - except for rather
verbose debugging/development utensils like LOG_DEBUG. There the
amount of repeated context messages just bloat the log without adding
information.

Back-patch to 9.4, where this problem was added.

Exposing compression and decompression APIs of pglz makes possible its
use by extensions and contrib modules. pglz_decompress contained a call
to elog to emit an error message in case of corrupted data. This function
is changed to return a status code to let its callers return an error instead.

This commit is required for upcoming WAL compression feature so that
the WAL reader facility can decompress the WAL data by using pglz_decompress.

Michael Paquier

For some reason this seems to have been missed when the lists in
src/timezone/tznames/ were first constructed.  We can't put it in Default
because of the conflict with US CST, but we should certainly list it among
the alternative entries in Asia.txt.  (I checked for other oversights, but
all the other abbreviations that are in current use according to the IANA
files seem to be accounted for.)  Noted while responding to bug #12326.

fe263d11 changed the REINDEX logic so that those fields are not used at all,
but forgot to remove them.

Sawada Masahiko

MSVC doesn't realize ereport(ERROR) doesn't return.

David Rowley

Per buildfarm, this test case does not yield consistent results.
I don't think it's useful enough to figure out a workaround, either.

This reverts commit 1826987a.

The overall design was deemed unacceptable, in discussion following the
previous commit message; we might find some parts of it still
salvageable, but I don't want to be on the hook for fixing it, so let's
wait until we have a new patch.

This allows access to get_object_address from SQL, which is useful to
obtain OID addressing information from data equivalent to that emitted
by the parser.  This is necessary infrastructure of a project to let
replication systems propagate object dropping events to remote servers,
where the schema might be different than the server originating the
DROP.

This patch also adds support for OBJECT_DEFAULT to get_object_address;
that is, it is now possible to refer to a column's default value.

Catalog version bumped due to the new function.

Reviewed by Stephen Frost, Heikki Linnakangas, Robert Haas, Andres
Freund, Abhijit Menon-Sen, Adam Brightwell.

The previous representation using a boolean column for each attribute
would not scale as well as we want to add further attributes.

Extra auxilliary functions are added to go along with this change, to
make up for the lost convenience of access of the old representation.

Catalog version bumped due to change in catalogs and the new functions.

Author: Adam Brightwell, minor tweaks by Álvaro
Reviewed by: Stephen Frost, Andres Freund, Álvaro Herrera

Apart from enabling comments on domain constraints, this enables a
future project to replicate object dropping to remote servers: with the
current mechanism there's no way to distinguish between the two types of
constraints, so there's no way to know what to drop.

Also added support for the domain constraint comments in psql's \dd and
pg_dump.

Catalog version bumped due to the change in ObjectType enum.

This allows it to be used with ALTER ROLE SET.

Although the old setting of PGC_BACKEND prevented changes after session
start, after discussion it was more useful to allow ALTER ROLE SET
instead and just document that changes during a session have no effect.
This is similar to how session_preload_libraries works already.

An alternative would be to change things to allow PGC_BACKEND and
PGC_SU_BACKEND settings to be changed by ALTER ROLE SET.  But that might
need further research (e.g., log_connections would probably not work).

based on patch by Kyotaro Horiguchi

json_agg was originally designed to aggregate records. However, it soon
became clear that it is useful for aggregating all kinds of values and
that's what we have on 9.3 and 9.4, and in head for it and jsonb_agg.
The documentation suggested otherwise, so this fixes it.

We have other general-purpose data structures in src/backend/lib, so it
seems like a better home for the red-black tree as well.

This makes the functions much nicer to read and edit, and also makes
debugging easier.