This stores a data type, required to be an integer type, with the
sequence.  The sequences min and max values default to the range
supported by the type, and they cannot be set to values exceeding that
range.  The internal implementation of the sequence is not affected.

Change the serial types to create sequences of the appropriate type.
This makes sure that the min and max values of the sequence for a serial
column match the range of values supported by the table column.  So the
sequence can no longer overflow the table column.

This also makes monitoring for sequence exhaustion/wraparound easier,
which currently requires various contortions to cross-reference the
sequences with the table columns they are used with.

This commit also effectively reverts the pg_sequence column reordering
in f3b421da, because the new seqtypid
column allows us to fill the hole in the struct and create a more
natural overall column ordering.
Reviewed-by: Steve Singer <steve@ssinger.info>
Reviewed-by: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

Add a section titled "Partitioned Tables" to describe what are
partitioned tables, partition, their similarities with inheritance.
The existing section on inheritance is retained for clarity.

Then add examples to the partitioning chapter that show syntax for
partitioned tables.  In fact they implement the same partitioning
scheme that is currently shown using inheritance.

Amit Langote, with additional details and explanatory text by me

Amit Langote

Amit Langote, with corrections by me

initdb and pg_basebackup now have a --waldir option rather --xlogdir,
and pg_basebackup now has --wal-method rather than --xlog-method.

xlog-switch becomes wal-switch, and xlog-insert becomes wal-insert.

This means pg_receivexlog because pg_receivewal, pg_resetxlog
becomes pg_resetwal, and pg_xlogdump becomes pg_waldump.

The S/390 members of the buildfarm are showing failures indicating
that they're having trouble with the rint() calls I added yesterday.
There's no good reason for that, and I wonder if it is a compiler bug
similar to the one we worked around in d9476b83.  Try to fix it using
the same method as before, namely to store the result of rint() back
into a "double" variable rather than immediately converting to int64.
(This isn't entirely waving a dead chicken, since on machines with
wider-than-double float registers, the extra store forces a width
conversion.  I don't know if S/390 is like that, but it seems worth
trying.)

In passing, merge duplicate ereport() calls in float8_timestamptz().

Per buildfarm.

Commit f82ec32a renamed the pg_xlog
directory to pg_wal.  To make things consistent, and because "xlog" is
terrible terminology for either "transaction log" or "write-ahead log"
rename all SQL-callable functions that contain "xlog" in the name to
instead contain "wal".  (Note that this may pose an upgrade hazard for
some users.)

Similarly, rename the xlog_position argument of the functions that
create slots to be called wal_position.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CA+Tgmob=YmA=H3DbW1YuOXnFVgBheRmyDkWcD9M8f=5bGWYEoQ@mail.gmail.com

Even if we don't emit definitions for SH_ALLOCATE and SH_FREE, we
still need prototypes.  The user can't define them before including
simplehash.h because SH_TYPE isn't available yet.

For the allocator to be able to access private_data, it needs to
become an argument to SH_CREATE.  Previously we relied on callers
to set that after returning from SH_CREATE, but SH_CREATE calls
SH_ALLOCATE before returning.

Dilip Kumar, reviewed by me.

Thomas Munro

It did that to verify that the page was an overflow page rather than
anything else, but that means that checking the status of all the
overflow bits requires reading the entire index.  So don't do that.
The new code validates that the page is not a primary bucket page
or bitmap page by looking at the metapage, so that using this on
large numbers of pages can be reasonably efficient.

Ashutosh Sharma, per a complaint from me, and with further
modifications by me.

It's always been possible for index AMs to cache data across successive
amgettuple calls within a single SQL command: the IndexScanDesc.opaque
field is meant for precisely that.  However, no comparable facility
exists for amortizing setup work across successive aminsert calls.
This patch adds such a feature and teaches GIN, GIST, and BRIN to use it
to amortize catalog lookups they'd previously been doing on every call.
(The other standard index AMs keep everything they need in the relcache,
so there's little to improve there.)

For GIN, the overall improvement in a statement that inserts many rows
can be as much as 10%, though it seems a bit less for the other two.
In addition, this makes a really significant difference in runtime
for CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS tests, since in those builds the repeated
catalog lookups are vastly more expensive.

The reason this has been hard up to now is that the aminsert function is
not passed any useful place to cache per-statement data.  What I chose to
do is to add suitable fields to struct IndexInfo and pass that to aminsert.
That's not widening the index AM API very much because IndexInfo is already
within the ken of ambuild; in fact, by passing the same info to aminsert
as to ambuild, this is really removing an inconsistency in the AM API.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/27568.1486508680@sss.pgh.pa.us

A proposed patch, also by Thomas and in the same thread, would change
the output order of these.  Independent of the follow-up patches
getting committed, nailing down the order in these specific tests at
worst seems harmless.

Author: Thomas Munro
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm=1D4-tP7j7UAgT_j4ZX2j4Ehe1qgZQWFKBMb8F76UW5Rg@mail.gmail.com

When converting a float value to integer microseconds, we should be careful
to round the value to the nearest integer, typically with rint(); simply
assigning to an int64 variable will truncate, causing apparently off-by-one
values in cases that should work.  Most places in the datetime code got
this right, but not these two.

float8_timestamptz() is new as of commit e511d878 (9.6).  Previous
versions effectively depended on interval_mul() to do roundoff correctly,
which it does, so this fixes an accuracy regression in 9.6.

The problem in make_interval() dates to its introduction in 9.4.  Aside
from being careful to round not truncate, let's incorporate the hours and
minutes inputs into the result with exact integer arithmetic, rather than
risk introducing roundoff error where there need not have been any.

float8_timestamptz() problem reported by Erik Nordström, though this is
not his proposed patch.  make_interval() problem found by me.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAHuQZDS76jTYk3LydPbKpNfw9KbACmD=49dC4BrzHcfPv6yA1A@mail.gmail.com

When the new GUC wal_consistency_checking is set to a non-empty value,
it triggers recording of additional full-page images, which are
compared on the standby against the results of applying the WAL record
(without regard to those full-page images).  Allowable differences
such as hints are masked out, and the resulting pages are compared;
any difference results in a FATAL error on the standby.

Kuntal Ghosh, based on earlier patches by Michael Paquier and Heikki
Linnakangas.  Extensively reviewed and revised by Michael Paquier and
by me, with additional reviews and comments from Amit Kapila, Álvaro
Herrera, Simon Riggs, and Peter Eisentraut.

Add link to description of libpq connection strings.  Add link to
explanation of replication access control.  This currently points to the
description of streaming replication access control, which is currently
the same as for logical replication, but that might be refined later.
Also remove plain-text passwords from the examples, to not encourage
that dubious practice.

based on suggestions from Simon Riggs

This method is more elegant and more efficient.

Per a suggestion from Andres Freund, who also briefly reviewed
the patch.

In the large DO block, collect row TIDs into array variables instead of
creating and dropping a pile of temporary tables.  In a normal build,
this reduces the brin test script's runtime from about 1.1 sec to 0.4 sec
on my workstation.  That's not all that exciting perhaps, but in a
CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS test build, the runtime drops from 20 min to 17 min,
which is a little more useful.  In combination with some other changes
I plan to propose, this will help provide a noticeable reduction in
cycle time for CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS buildfarm critters.

There's no generic guard against multiple inclusion in this file,
for good reason.  But these typedefs need one, as per a report
from Jeff Janes.

This is infrastructure for a pending patch to allow parallel bitmap
heap scans.

Dilip Kumar, reviewed (in earlier versions) by Andres Freund and
(more recently) by me.  Some further renaming by me, also.

Mithun Cy, per a report by Erik Rijkers

This avoids a very significant amount of buffer manager traffic and
contention when scanning hash indexes, because it's no longer
necessary to lock and pin the metapage for every scan.  We do need
some way of figuring out when the cache is too stale to use any more,
so that when we lock the primary bucket page to which the cached
metapage points us, we can tell whether a split has occurred since we
cached the metapage data.  To do that, we use the hash_prevblkno field
in the primary bucket page, which would otherwise always be set to
InvalidBuffer.

This patch contains code so that it will continue working (although
less efficiently) with hash indexes built before this change, but
perhaps we should consider bumping the hash version and ripping out
the compatibility code.  That decision can be made later, though.

Mithun Cy, reviewed by Jesper Pedersen, Amit Kapila, and by me.
Before committing, I made a number of cosmetic changes to the last
posted version of the patch, adjusted _hash_getcachedmetap to be more
careful about order of operation, and made some necessary updates to
the pageinspect documentation and regression tests.

The CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY bug can only be triggered by row updates,
not inserts, since the problem would arise from an update incorrectly
being made HOT.  Noted by Alvaro.

Document the privileges required for each of the sequence functions.
This was already in the GRANT reference page, but also add it to the
function description for easier reference.

Before, reading pg_sequences.last_value would fail unless the user had
appropriate sequence permissions, which would make the pg_sequences view
cumbersome to use.  Instead, return null instead of the real value when
there are no permissions.

From: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Shinoda, Noriyoshi <noriyoshi.shinoda@hpe.com>

Add item for last-minute CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY fix.
Repair a couple of misspellings of patch authors' names.

Back-branch updates will follow shortly, but I thought I'd
commit this separately just to make it more visible.

The problem with the original coding here is that we might receive (and
clear) a relcache invalidation signal for the target relation down inside
one of the index_open calls we're doing.  Since the target is open, we
would not drop the relcache entry, just reset its rd_indexvalid and
rd_indexlist fields.  But RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap() kept going, and
would eventually cache and return potentially-obsolete attribute bitmaps.

The case where this matters is where the inval signal was from a CREATE
INDEX CONCURRENTLY telling us about a new index on a formerly-unindexed
column.  (In all other cases, the lock we hold on the target rel should
prevent any concurrent change in index state.)  Even just returning the
stale attribute bitmap is not such a problem, because it shouldn't matter
during the transaction in which we receive the signal.  What hurts is
caching the stale data, because it can survive into later transactions,
breaking CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY's expectation that later transactions
will not create new broken HOT chains.  The upshot is that there's a window
for building corrupted indexes during CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY.

This patch fixes the problem by rechecking that the set of index OIDs
is still the same at the end of RelationGetIndexAttrBitmap() as it was
at the start.  If not, we loop back and try again.  That's a little
more than is strictly necessary to fix the bug --- in principle, we
could return the stale data but not cache it --- but it seems like a
bad idea on general principles for relcache to return data it knows
is stale.

There might be more hazards of the same ilk, or there might be a better
way to fix this one, but this patch definitely improves matters and seems
unlikely to make anything worse.  So let's push it into today's releases
even as we continue to study the problem.

Pavan Deolasee and myself

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CABOikdM2MUq9cyZJi1KyLmmkCereyGp5JQ4fuwKoyKEde_mzkQ@mail.gmail.com

The example of using CREATE DATABASE with the ENCODING option did not
work anymore (except in special circumstances) and did not represent a
good general-purpose example, so write some new examples.

Reported-by: marc+pgsql@milestonerdl.com

Commit 665d1fad introduced rd_pkindex, and made RelationGetIndexList
responsible for updating it, but didn't bother to fix
RelationGetIndexList's header comment to say so.

Also improve the message style a bit while we're here.

Commit 181bdb90 fixed the typo in the .sql file, but forgot to update the
expected output.

Masahiko Sawada

Backpatch to all supported versions, where applicable, to make backpatching
of future fixes go more smoothly.

Josh Soref

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CACZqfqCf+5qRztLPgmmosr-B0Ye4srWzzw_mo4c_8_B_mtjmJQ@mail.gmail.com

As usual, the release notes for other branches will be made by cutting
these down, but put them up for community review first.

Rafia Sabih

When there's only one two-phase state file, there's also only one
long-running prepared transaction.  Adjust the message text
accordingly.

Nikhil Sontakke

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CAMGcDxcmR_DWZXXndGoPzVQx=B17A5=RviEA1qNaF=FWLy5Whw@mail.gmail.com

Uniformly expose unsigned quantities using the next-wider signed
integer type (since we have no unsigned types at the SQL level).
At the SQL level, this results a change to report itemoffset as
int4 rather than int2.  Also at the SQL level, report one value
that is an OID as type oid.  Under the hood, uniformly use macros
that match the SQL output type as to both width and signedness.