Per discussion with Tom and Andrew, 64bit integers are no longer a
problem for the catalogs, so go ahead and add the mapping from the C
int64 type to the int8 SQL identification to allow using them.

Patch by Adam Brightwell

The old method of appending options to the connection string didn't work if
the primary_conninfo was a postgres:// style URI, instead of a traditional
connection string. Use PQconnectdbParams instead.

Alex Shulgin

If the "dbname" attribute in PQconnectDBParams contained a connection string
or URI (and expand_dbname = TRUE), the database name from the connection
string could not be overridden by a subsequent "dbname" keyword in the
array. That was not intentional; all other options can be overridden.
Furthermore, any subsequent "dbname" caused the connection string from the
first dbname value to be processed again, overriding any values for the same
options that were given between the connection string and the second dbname
option.

In the passing, clarify in the docs that only the first dbname option in the
array is parsed as a connection string.

Alex Shulgin. Backpatch to all supported versions.

In the regression tests, when doing cascaded drops, we need to suppress
the notices from DROP CASCADE or there can be transient regression
failures as the order of drops can depend on the physical row order in
pg_depend.

Report and fix suggestion from Tom.

An out-of-memory in most of these would lead to strange behavior, like
connecting to a different database than intended, but some would lead to
an outright segfault.

Alex Shulgin and me. Backpatch to all supported versions.

Code that check the flag no longer need #ifdef's, which is more convenient.
In particular, makes it easier to write extensions that depend on it.

In the passing, modify sslinfo's ssl_is_used function to check ssl_in_use
instead of the OpenSSL specific 'ssl' pointer. It doesn't make any
difference currently, as sslinfo is only compiled when built with OpenSSL,
but seems cleaner anyway.

This is further infrastructure for parallelism.

Amit Khandekar, Noah Misch, Robert Haas

This gives an overview of what Lehman & Yao's paper is all about, so that
you can understand the rest of the README without having to read the paper.

Per discussion with Peter Geoghegan and others.

Add a new XLOG_FPI_FOR_HINT record type, and use that for full-page images
generated for hint bit updates, when checksums are enabled. The new record
type is replayed exactly the same as XLOG_FPI, but allows them to be tallied
separately e.g. in pg_xlogdump.

There may once have been a reason for the intermediate proc_stmts
production in the plpgsql grammar, but it isn't doing anything useful
anymore, so let's collapse it into proc_sect.  Saves some code and
probably a small number of nanoseconds per statement list.

In passing, correctly alphabetize keyword lists to match pl_scanner.c;
note that for "rowtype" vs "row_count", pl_scanner.c must sort on the
basis of the lower-case spelling.

Noted while fooling with a patch to de-reserve more plpgsql keywords.

This eliminates gobs of "unrecognized format function type" warnings
under MinGW compilers predating GCC 4.4.

The locution "EXISTS(SELECT ... LIMIT 1)" seems to be rather common among
people who don't realize that the database already performs optimizations
equivalent to putting LIMIT 1 in the sub-select.  Unfortunately, this was
actually making things worse, because it prevented us from optimizing such
EXISTS clauses into semi or anti joins.  Teach simplify_EXISTS_query() to
suppress constant-positive LIMIT clauses.  That fixes the semi/anti-join
case, and may help marginally even for cases that have to be left as
sub-SELECTs.

Marti Raudsepp, reviewed by David Rowley

postgres_fdw would send query conditions involving system columns to the
remote server, even though it makes no effort to ensure that system
columns other than CTID match what the remote side thinks.  tableoid,
in particular, probably won't match and might have some use in queries.
Hence, prevent sending conditions that include non-CTID system columns.

Also, create_foreignscan_plan neglected to check local restriction
conditions while determining whether to set fsSystemCol for a foreign
scan plan node.  This again would bollix the results for queries that
test a foreign table's tableoid.

Back-patch the first fix to 9.3 where postgres_fdw was introduced.
Back-patch the second to 9.2.  The code is probably broken in 9.1 as
well, but the patch doesn't apply cleanly there; given the weak state
of support for FDWs in 9.1, it doesn't seem worth fixing.

Etsuro Fujita, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat, and somewhat modified by me

PSQLexec's error reporting turns out to be too verbose for this case, so
revert to using PQexec instead with minimal error reporting. Prior to
calling PQexec, we call a function that mimics just the echo_hidden
piece of PSQLexec.

Make it work more like FDW plans do: instead of assuming that there are
expressions in a CustomScan plan node that the core code doesn't know
about, insist that all subexpressions that need planner attention be in
a "custom_exprs" list in the Plan representation.  (Of course, the
custom plugin can break the list apart again at executor initialization.)
This lets us revert the parts of the patch that exposed setrefs.c and
subselect.c processing to the outside world.

Also revert the GetSpecialCustomVar stuff in ruleutils.c; that concept
may work in future, but it's far from fully baked right now.

Instead of register_custom_path_provider and a CreateCustomScanPath
callback, let's just provide a standard function hook in set_rel_pathlist.
This is more flexible than what was previously committed, is more like the
usual conventions for planner hooks, and requires less support code in the
core.  We had discussed this design (including centralizing the
set_cheapest() calls) back in March or so, so I'm not sure why it wasn't
done like this already.

This error counted the first line of a cell as "extra". The effect was
to cause far too frequent invocation of the pager. In most cases this
can be worked around (for example, by using the "less" pager with the -F
flag), so don't backpatch.

These commands were calling the database direct rather than  calling
PSQLexec like other slash commands that needed database data.

The code is also changed not to pass the connection as a parameter to
the helper functions. It's available in a global variable, and that's
what PSQLexec uses.

Amit Kapila

Ian Barwick

Pointed out by Michael Paquier

Patch by me, Peter Geoghegan and Michael Paquier, reviewed by Amit Kapila.

There seems no prospect that any of this will ever be useful, and indeed
it's questionable whether some of it would work if it ever got called;
it's certainly not been exercised in a very long time, if ever. So let's
get rid of it, and make the comments about mark/restore in execAmi.c less
wishy-washy.

The mark/restore support for Result nodes is also currently dead code,
but that's due to planner limitations not because it's impossible that
it could be useful.  So I left it in.

Get rid of the pernicious entanglement between planner and executor headers
introduced by commit 0b03e595.

Also, rearrange the CustomFoo struct/typedef definitions so that all the
typedef names are seen as used by the compiler.  Without this pgindent
will mess things up a bit, which is not so important perhaps, but it also
removes a bizarre discrepancy between the declaration arrangement used for
CustomExecMethods and that used for CustomScanMethods and
CustomPathMethods.

Clean up the commentary around ExecSupportsMarkRestore to reflect the
rather large change in its API.

Const-ify register_custom_path_provider's argument.  This necessitates
casting away const in the function, but that seems better than forcing
callers of the function to do so (or else not const-ify their method
pointer structs, which was sort of the whole point).

De-export fix_expr_common.  I don't like the exporting of fix_scan_expr
or replace_nestloop_params either, but this one surely has got little
excuse.

execCurrent.c's search_plan_tree() must recognize a CustomScan on the
target relation.  This would only be helpful for custom providers that
support CurrentOfExpr quals, which is probably a bit far-fetched, but
it's not impossible I think.  But even without assuming that, we need
to recognize a scanned-relation match so that we will properly throw
error if the desired relation is being scanned with both a CustomScan
and a regular scan (ie, self-join).

Also recognize ForeignScanState for similar reasons.  Supporting WHERE
CURRENT OF on a foreign table is probably even more far-fetched than
it is for custom scans, but I think in principle you could do it with
postgres_fdw (or another FDW that supports the ctid column).  This
would be a back-patchable bug fix if existing FDWs handled CurrentOfExpr,
but I doubt any do so I won't bother back-patching.

disuse_physical_tlist() must work for all plan types handled by
create_scan_plan().

Now that we have a policy of hiding varlena catalog fields behind
"#ifdef CATALOG_VARLEN", there is no need for their type names to be
acceptable to the C compiler.  And experimentation shows that it does
not matter to pgindent either.  (If it did, we'd have problems anyway,
since these typedefs are unreferenced so far as the C compiler is
concerned, and find_typedef fails to identify such typedefs.)

Hence, remove the phony typedefs that genbki.h provided to make
some varlena field definitions compilable.

In passing, rearrange #define's into what seemed a more logical order.

Per KaiGai Kohei.

In passing improve formatting of some code added in commit 30d7ae3c,
because otherwise pgindent will make a mess of it.

It's a false positive - the variable is only used when 'onleft' is true,
and it is initialized in that case. But the compiler doesn't necessarily
see that.

Each WAL record now carries information about the modified relation and
block(s) in a standardized format. That makes it easier to write tools that
need that information, like pg_rewind, prefetching the blocks to speed up
recovery, etc.

There's a whole new API for building WAL records, replacing the XLogRecData
chains used previously. The new API consists of XLogRegister* functions,
which are called for each buffer and chunk of data that is added to the
record. The new API also gives more control over when a full-page image is
written, by passing flags to the XLogRegisterBuffer function.

This also simplifies the XLogReadBufferForRedo() calls. The function can dig
the relation and block number from the WAL record, so they no longer need to
be passed as arguments.

For the convenience of redo routines, XLogReader now disects each WAL record
after reading it, copying the main data part and the per-block data into
MAXALIGNed buffers. The data chunks are not aligned within the WAL record,
but the redo routines can assume that the pointers returned by XLogRecGet*
functions are. Redo routines are now passed the XLogReaderState, which
contains the record in the already-disected format, instead of the plain
XLogRecord.

The new record format also makes the fixed size XLogRecord header smaller,
by removing the xl_len field. The length of the "main data" portion is now
stored at the end of the WAL record, and there's a separate header after
XLogRecord for it. The alignment padding at the end of XLogRecord is also
removed. This compansates for the fact that the new format would otherwise
be more bulky than the old format.

Reviewed by Andres Freund, Amit Kapila, Michael Paquier, Alvaro Herrera,
Fujii Masao.

Custom rules must come after pgxs inclusion, not before, because any
rule added before pgxs will break the default 'all' target.

Author: Cédric Villemain <cedric@2ndquadrant.fr>

In bug #12000, Andreas Kunert complained that the documentation was
misleading in saying "FROM T1 CROSS JOIN T2 is equivalent to FROM T1, T2".
That's correct as far as it goes, but the equivalence doesn't hold when
you consider three or more tables, since JOIN binds more tightly than
comma.  I added a <note> to explain this, and ended up rearranging some
of the existing text so that the note would make sense in context.

In passing, rewrite the description of JOIN USING, which was unnecessarily
vague, and hadn't been helped any by somebody's reliance on markup as a
substitute for clear writing.  (Mostly this involved reintroducing a
concrete example that was unaccountably removed by commit 032f3b7e.)

Back-patch to all supported branches.

That includes VACUUM on GIN, GiST and SP-GiST indexes, and B-tree indexes
large enough to cause page deletions in B-tree. Plus some other special
cases.

After this patch, the regression tests generate all different WAL record
types. Not all branches within the redo functions are covered, but it's a
step forward.

This can cause problems on Windows, where files that are still open
can't be unlinked.

Jeff Janes

In pg_receivexlog, in order to check whether the current WAL file is
being opened or not, its file descriptor has to be checked against -1
as an invalid value. But, oops, 7900e94 added the incorrect test
checking the descriptor against 1. This commit fixes that bug.

Back-patch to 9.4 where the bug was added.

Spotted by Magnus Hagander

When pg_receivexlog --slot is connecting to the server, at the shutdown
of the server, walsender keeps waiting for the last WAL record to be
replicated and flushed in pg_receivexlog. But previously pg_receivexlog
issued sync command only when WAL file was switched. So there was
the case where the last WAL was never flushed and walsender had to
keep waiting infinitely. This caused the server shutdown to get stuck.

pg_recvlogical handles this problem by calling fsync() when it receives
the request of immediate reply from the server. That is, at shutdown,
walsender sends the request, pg_recvlogical receives it, flushes the last
WAL record, and sends the flush location back to the server. Since
walsender can see that the last WAL record is successfully flushed, it can
exit cleanly.

This commit introduces the same logic as pg_recvlogical has,
to pg_receivexlog.

Back-patch to 9.4 where pg_receivexlog was changed so that it can use
the replication slot.

Original patch by Michael Paquier, rewritten by me.
Bug report by Furuya Osamu.

The regression test cases added in commits b2cbced9 et al depended in part
on the Russian timezone offset changes of Oct 2014.  While this is of no
particular concern for a default Postgres build, it was possible for a
build using --with-system-tzdata to fail the tests if the system tzdata
database wasn't au courant.  Bjorn Munch and Christoph Berg both complained
about this while packaging 9.4rc1, so we probably shouldn't insist on the
system tzdata being up-to-date.  Instead, make an equivalent test using a
zone change that occurred in Venezuela in 2007.  With this patch, the
regression tests should pass using any tzdata set from 2012 or later.
(I can't muster much sympathy for somebody using --with-system-tzdata
on a machine whose system tzdata is more than three years out-of-date.)

These comments don't seem to have been touched in a long time.  Make them
describe the current implementation rather than what was here last century,
and be a bit more explicit about the unreferenced-typedefs issue.

pg_dump/parallel.c was using realloc() directly with no error check.
While the odds of an actual failure here seem pretty low, Coverity
complains about it, so fix by using pg_realloc() instead.

While looking for other instances, I noticed a couple of places in
psql that hadn't gotten the memo about the availability of pg_realloc.
These aren't bugs, since they did have error checks, but verbosely
inconsistent code is not a good thing.

Back-patch as far as 9.3.  9.2 did not have pg_dump/parallel.c, nor
did it have pg_realloc available in all frontend code.