We forgot to map column numbers to/from the default partition for
various operations, leading to valid cases failing with spurious
errors, such as
ERROR:  attribute N of type some_partition has been dropped

It was also possible that the search for conflicting rows in the default
partition when attaching another partition would fail to detect some.
Secondarily, it was also possible that such a search should be skipped
(because the constraint was implied) but wasn't.

Fix all this by mapping column numbers when necessary.

Reported by: Daniel Wilches
Author: Amit Langote
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15873-8c61945d6b3ef87c@postgresql.org

The stated reason for acquiring predicate locks on heap pages hasn't
existed since commit c01262a8, so fix the comment.  Perhaps in a later
release we'll also be able to change the code to use tuple locks.

Back-patch all the way.

Reviewed-by: Ashwin Agrawal
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEepm%3D2GK3FVdnt5V3d%2Bh9njWipCv_fNL%3DwjxyUhzsF%3D0PcbNg%40mail.gmail.com

Commit 83e176ec moved row sampling functions from analyze.c to
utils/misc/sampling.c, but failed to update comment referring to
the sampling algorithm from Jeff Vitter's paper. Correct the
comment by pointing to utils/misc/sampling.c.

Author: Etsuro Fujita
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPmGK154gp%2BQd%3DcorQOv%2BPmbyVyZBjp_%2Bhb766UJeD1e_ie6XQ%40mail.gmail.com

Evidenced by failure under RELCACHE_FORCE_RELEASE (buildfarm member
prion).

Author: Amit Langote
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+HiwqGV=k_Eh4jBiQw66ivvdG+EUkrEYeHTYL1SvDj_YOYV0g@mail.gmail.com

Function was renamed/replaced in
c2fe139c but the header comment was
not updated.

fe0a0b59 has removed the last use of this routine from pgcrypto, leading
to a useless symbol definition and an extra configure check.

Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson, Tom Lane
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190626142544.GN1714@paquier.xyz

When a partitioned tables contains foreign tables as partitions, it is
not possible to implement unique or primary key indexes -- but when
regular indexes are created, there is no reason to do anything other
than ignoring such partitions.  We were raising errors upon encountering
the foreign partitions, which is unfriendly and doesn't protect against
any actual problems.

Relax this restriction so that index creation is allowed on partitioned
tables containing foreign partitions, becoming a no-op on them.  (We may
later want to redefine this so that the FDW is told to create the
indexes on the foreign side.)  This applies to CREATE INDEX, as well as
ALTER TABLE / ATTACH PARTITION and CREATE TABLE / PARTITION OF.

Backpatch to 11, where indexes on partitioned tables were introduced.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15724-d5a58fa9472eef4f@postgresql.org
Author: Álvaro Herrera
Reviewed-by: Amit Langote

contrib/amcheck didn't get the memo either.

Commit 1c5d9270 had not gotten the word about this.  (For previous
context, see 18555b13.)

Up to now, the MSVC build scripts are able to support only one fixed
version of OpenSSL, and they lacked logic to detect the version of
OpenSSL a given compilation of Postgres is linking to (currently 1.0.2,
the latest LTS of upstream which will be EOL'd at the end of 2019).

This commit adds more logic to detect the version of OpenSSL used by a
build and makes use of it to add support for compilation with OpenSSL
1.1.0 which requires a new set of compilation flags to work properly.

The supported OpenSSL installers have changed their library layer with
various library renames with the upgrade to 1.1.0, making the logic a
bit more complicated.  The scripts are now able to adapt to the new
world order.

Reported-by: Sergey Pashkov
Author: Juan José Santamaría Flecha, Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15789-8fc75dea3c5a17c8@postgresql.org

a96c41fe has introduced the option for heap, but it still lacked the
variant to control the behavior for toast relations.

While on it, refactor the tests so as they stress more scenarios with
the various values that vacuum_index_cleanup can use.  It would be
useful to couple those tests with pageinspect to check that pages are
actually cleaned up, but this is left for later.

Author: Masahiko Sawada, Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Peter Geoghegan
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoCqs8iN04RX=i1KtLSaX5RrTEM04b7NHYps4+rqtpWNEg@mail.gmail.com

It's useful to be able to pass down options like -s and -j.

Back-patch to 9.5, like commit a76200de.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKG%2Be1M8-BbL%3DPqhTp6oO6XPO6%2Bs9WGQMLfbuZ%3DG9CtzyXg%40mail.gmail.com

As of commit e5253fdc, it is no longer true that the leader always
executes the subplan of a Gather Merge node.  Remove comment to that
effect.

Back-patch to 11.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BhUKGJEaZJYezXAOutuiWT%2BfxCA44%2BoKtVPAND2ubLiigR%3D-w%40mail.gmail.com

Move ATExecAlterColumnGenericOptions away from where it was unthinkingly
dropped, in the middle of a lot of ALTER COLUMN TYPE code.  I don't have
any high principles about where to put it instead, so let's just put it
after ALTER COLUMN TYPE and before ALTER OWNER, matching existing
decisions about how to order related code stanzas.

Also add the minimal function header comment that the original author
was too cool to bother with.

Along the way, upgrade header comments for nearby ALTER COLUMN TYPE
functions.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/14787.1561403130@sss.pgh.pa.us

This patch reverts all the code changes of commit e76de886, which turns
out to have been seriously misguided.  We can't wait till later to compute
the definition string for an index; we must capture that before applying
the data type change for any column it depends on, else ruleutils.c will
deliverr wrong/misleading results.  (This fine point was documented
nowhere, of course.)

I'd also managed to forget that ATExecAlterColumnType executes once per
ALTER COLUMN TYPE clause, not once per statement; which resulted in the
code being basically completely broken for any case in which multiple ALTER
COLUMN TYPE clauses are applied to a table having non-constraint indexes
that must be rebuilt.  Through very bad luck, none of the existing test
cases nor the ones added by e76de886 caught that, but of course it was
soon found in the field.

The previous patch also had an implicit assumption that if a constraint's
index had a dependency on a table column, so would the constraint --- but
that isn't actually true, so it didn't fix such cases.

Instead of trying to delete unneeded index dependencies later, do the
is-there-a-constraint lookup immediately on seeing an index dependency,
and switch to remembering the constraint if so.  In the unusual case of
multiple column dependencies for a constraint index, this will result in
duplicate constraint lookups, but that's not that horrible compared to all
the other work that happens here.  Besides, such cases did not work at all
before, so it's hard to argue that they're performance-critical for anyone.

Per bug #15865 from Keith Fiske.  As before, back-patch to all supported
branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15865-17940eacc8f8b081@postgresql.org

Oversight in commit dd299df8.

Commit d7f8d26d added a test case that created a user, but forgot
to drop it again.  This is no good; for one thing, it causes repeated
"make installcheck" runs to fail.

As part of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY, this formerly internal-only error
message becomes potentially user-visible (see regression tests), so
change from errmsg_internal() to errmsg(), and update comment.

This code is new in v12, and the defect probably was not user-visible.

The multivariate MCV estimation code may run user-defined operators on
the values in the MCV list, which means that those operators may
potentially leak the values from the MCV list. Guard against leaking
data to unprivileged users by checking that the user has SELECT
privileges on the table or all of the columns referred to by the
statistics.

Additionally, if there are any securityQuals on the RTE (either due to
RLS policies on the table, or accessing the table via a security
barrier view), not all rows may be visible to the current user, even
if they have table or column privileges. Thus we further insist that
the operator be leakproof in this case.

Dean Rasheed, reviewed by Tomas Vondra.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEZATCUhT9rt7Ui=Vdx4N==VV5XOK5dsXfnGgVOz_JhAicB=ZA@mail.gmail.com

Author: Vik Fearing
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/150d3e9f-c7ec-3fb3-4fdb-def47c4144af%402ndquadrant.com

Original MIPS-I processors didn't have the LL/SC instructions (nor any
other userland synchronization primitive).  If the build toolchain
targets that ISA variant by default, as an astonishingly large fraction
of MIPS platforms still do, the assembler won't take LL/SC without
coercion in the form of a ".set mips2" instruction.  But we issued that
unconditionally, making it an ISA downgrade for chips later than MIPS2.
That breaks things for the latest MIPS r6 ISA, which encodes these
instructions differently.  Adjust the code so we don't change ISA level
if it's >= 2.

Note that this patch doesn't change what happens on an actual MIPS-I
processor: either the kernel will emulate these instructions
transparently, or you'll get a SIGILL failure.  That tradeoff seemed
fine in 2002 when this code was added (cf 3cbe6b24), and it's even
more so today when MIPS-I is basically extinct.  But let's add a
comment about that.

YunQiang Su (with cosmetic adjustments by me).  Back-patch to all
supported branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/15844-8f62fe7e163939b3@postgresql.org

This fixes some TAP suites when using msys Perl and a builddir located
in an msys mount point other than "/".  For example, builddir=/c/pg
exhibited the problem, since /c/pg falls in mount point "/c".
Back-patch to 9.6, where tests first started to perform such
translations.  In back branches, offer both new and old APIs.

Reviewed by Andrew Dunstan.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190610045838.GA238501@rfd.leadboat.com

Commit 6753333f switched from a semaphore-based wait to a latch-based
wait for ProcSleep()/ProcWakeup(), but left behind some stray references
to semaphores.

Back-patch to 9.5.

Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+hUKGLs5H6zhmgTijZ1OaJvC1sG0=AFXc1aHuce32tKiQrdEA@mail.gmail.com

This makes the whole user experience more consistent when bumping into
failures, and more in line with the rewording done via 508300e2.

Author: Michael Paquier
Reviewed-by: Álvaro Herrera
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190514153252.GA22168@alvherre.pgsql

Author: Ian Barwick
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/087a6961-1aaf-e36c-b712-bd5a644da20a@2ndquadrant.com

Make wording more accurate and add strerror() information.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/24c8bd05-aed1-6301-919d-8acbabdb8c24@2ndquadrant.com

Currently, calling pg_upgrade with an invalid command-line option
aborts pg_upgrade but leaves a pg_upgrade_internal.log file lying
around.  Reorder things a bit so that that file is not created until
all the options have been parsed.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/24c8bd05-aed1-6301-919d-8acbabdb8c24@2ndquadrant.com

The description is ended part way and PASSING clause is not implemented yet.
But the variables might be passed as parameters to several jsonpath functions.
So, complete the description based on the current implementation, leaving
description of PASSING clause in TODO.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKPRHz%2BxOuQSSvkuB1mCQjedd%2BB2B1Vnkrq0E-pLmoXyTO%2Bz9Q%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Alexander Korotkov

Reference posix regex documentation section and list supported flags.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAKPRHz%2BxOuQSSvkuB1mCQjedd%2BB2B1Vnkrq0E-pLmoXyTO%2Bz9Q%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Alexander Korotkov

SQL/JSON standard defines that jsonpath 'like_regex' predicate should support
the same set of flags as XQuery/XPath.  It appears that implementation of 'q'
flag was missed.  This commit fixes that.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAPpHfdtyfPsxLYiTjp5Ov8T5xGsB5t3CwE5%2B3PS%3DLLwA%2BxTJog%40mail.gmail.com
Author: Nikita Glukhov, Alexander Korotkov

The list of combining characters to ignore for calculating the display
width of a string (used for example by psql) was wildly outdated and
incorrect.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/bbb19114-af1e-513b-08a9-61272794bd5c%402ndquadrant.com

The SVG output produced by external tools needs some postprocessing.
This is implemented by this new XSL stylesheet.

Issues are:

- SVG produced by Ditaa does not add a viewBox attribute to the svg
  element, needed to make the image scalable.

- SVG produced by Graphviz uses a stroke="transparent" attribute,
  which is not valid SVG.  It appears to mostly work, but FOP
  complains.

Other tweaks can be added over time.

This reverts 7dc78d8e and
29046c44, which applied these fixes
manually.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson

Commit a1ef920e replaced the use of
slave with standby, but overlooked this comment.

Author: Daniel Gustafsson

fc49e24f has removed the last use of this compile-time variable as WAL
segment size is something that can now be set at initdb time, still this
commit has forgotten some references to it.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190617073228.GE18917@paquier.xyz

This record uses one metadata buffer and registers some data associated
to the buffer, but when parsing the record for its description a direct
access to the record data was done, but there is none.  This leads
usually to an incorrect description, but can also cause crashes like in
pg_waldump.  Instead, fix things so as the parsing uses the data
associated to the metadata block.

This is an oversight from 3d927961, so backpatch down to 11.

Author: Michael Paquier
Description: https://postgr.es/m/20190617013059.GA3153@paquier.xyz
Backpatch-through: 11