Specifically, the behavior of general-purpose and statistical aggregates
as window functions was not clearly documented, and terms were
inconsistently used.  Also add docs about the difference between
cume_dist and percent_rank, rather than just the formulas.

Discussion: 20170406214918.GA5757@momjian.us

This used to mean "Visual C++ except in those parts where Borland C++
was supported where it meant one of those". Now that we don't support
Borland C++ anymore, simplify by using _MSC_VER which is the normal way
to detect Visual C++.

This removes the support for building just libpq using Borland C++ or
Visual C++. This has not worked properly for years, and given the number
of complaints it's clearly not worth the maintenance burden.

Building libpq using the standard MSVC build system is of course still
supported, along with mingw.

heap_drop_with_catalog and RangeVarCallbackForDropRelation should
lock the parent before locking the target relation.

Amit Langote

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/29588799-a8ce-b0a2-3dae-f39ff6d35922@lab.ntt.co.jp

As a consequence of commit 1d63f7d2, on platforms with CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
you got some random timescale or other instead of standard Unix timestamps
as expected.  I'd attempted to fix pgbench for that change in commits
74baa1e3 and 67a87535, but missed this place.  Fix in the same way as
those previous commits, ie, just eat the cost of an extra gettimeofday();
one extra syscall per progress report isn't worth sweating over.  Per
report from Jeff Janes.

In passing, use snprintf not sprintf for this purpose.  I don't think
there's any chance of actual buffer overrun, but it just looks safer.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAMkU=1zrQaPwBN+NcBd3pWCb=vWaiL=mmWfJjDJjh-a7eVr-Og@mail.gmail.com

Patch by Kato, Sho <kato-sho@jp.fujitsu.com>

Commit 96a7128b made pg_dump and pg_dumpall sync their output by
default. However, there's no great need for that in testing, and it
could impose a performance penalty, so we add the --no-sync flag to most
of the test cases.

Michael Paquier

The previously used ShareRowExclusiveLock, while technically probably
more correct, led to deadlocks during seemingly unrelated operations and
thus a poor experience.  Use RowExclusiveLock, like for most similar
catalog operations.  In some care cases, the user might see an error
from DDL commands.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/13592.1490851519%40sss.pgh.pa.us

Author: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>

The backend local copy of dsa_area_control->freed_segment_counter was
not properly initialized / maintained.  This could, if unlucky, lead
to keeping attached to a segment for too long.

Found via valgrind bleat on buildfarm animal skink.

Author: Thomas Munro
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170407164935.obsf2jipjfos5zei@alap3.anarazel.de

This extends the castNode() notation introduced by commit 5bcab111 to
provide, in one step, extraction of a list cell's pointer and coercion to
a concrete node type.  For example, "lfirst_node(Foo, lc)" is the same
as "castNode(Foo, lfirst(lc))".  Almost half of the uses of castNode
that have appeared so far include a list extraction call, so this is
pretty widely useful, and it saves a few more keystrokes compared to the
old way.

As with the previous patch, back-patch the addition of these macros to
pg_list.h, so that the notation will be available when back-patching.

Patch by me, after an idea of Andrew Gierth's.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/14197.1491841216@sss.pgh.pa.us

Author: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Jelinek <petr.jelinek@2ndquadrant.com>
Reported-by: Fujii Masao <masao.fujii@gmail.com>

We decided in f1b4c771 to pass the
original slot to ExecConstraints(), but that breaks when there are
BEFORE ROW triggers involved.  So we need to do reverse-map the tuples
back to the original descriptor instead, as Amit originally proposed.

Amit Langote, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat.  One overlooked comment
fixed by me.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/b3a17254-6849-e542-2353-bde4e880b6a4@lab.ntt.co.jp

Commit 4deb4138 modified isolationtester's query to see whether a
session is blocked to also check for waits occurring in GetSafeSnapshot.
However, it did that in a way that enormously increased the query's
runtime under CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS, causing the buildfarm members
that use that to run about four times slower than before, and in some
cases fail entirely.  To fix, push the entire logic into a dedicated
backend function.  This should actually reduce the CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS
runtime from what it was previously, though I've not checked that.

In passing, expose a SQL function to check for safe-snapshot blockage,
comparable to pg_blocking_pids.  This is more or less free given the
infrastructure built to solve the other problem, so we might as well.

Thomas Munro

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170407165749.pstcakbc637opkax@alap3.anarazel.de

Oops, I forgot to "git add" this to previous commit.

It is documented in the Streaming Replication Protocol section, but was
missing from the list of options in StartupMessage description.

In commit 25542d77, regression test coverage was added to sepgsql
for partitioned tables. Unfortunately it was not robust in the face
of collation differences, per the buildfarm. Force "C" collation
in order to fix that.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/623bcaae-112e-ced0-8c22-a84f75ae0c53%40joeconway.com

The new partitioned table capability added a new relkind, namely
RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE. Update sepgsql to treat this new relkind
exactly the same way it does RELKIND_RELATION.

In addition, add regression test coverage for partitioned tables.

Issue raised by Stephen Frost and initial patch by Mike Palmiotto.
Review by Tom Lane and Robert Haas, and editorializing by me.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/flat/623bcaae-112e-ced0-8c22-a84f75ae0c53%40joeconway.com

Commit ac2b0950 was not terribly carefully reviewed.  Band-aid it to
not fail on non-RestrictInfo input, per report from Andreas Seltenreich.
Also make it do something more reasonable with variable-free clauses,
and improve nearby comments.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/87inmf5rdx.fsf@credativ.de

Oversight in 60f11b87.

Fix by forcing database encoding to UTF-8, regardless of the current
locale.

Pointed out by Tom Lane.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/8934.1491614631@sss.pgh.pa.us

Defaults match the fixed behavior of prior releases, but now DBAs
have better options to tune serializable workloads.

It might be nice to be able to set this per relation, but that part
will need to wait for another release.

Author: Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker

If there can certainly be no more than one matching inner row for a given
outer row, then the executor can move on to the next outer row as soon as
it's found one match; there's no need to continue scanning the inner
relation for this outer row.  This saves useless scanning in nestloop
and hash joins.  In merge joins, it offers the opportunity to skip
mark/restore processing, because we know we have not advanced past the
first possible match for the next outer row.

Of course, the devil is in the details: the proof of uniqueness must
depend only on joinquals (not otherquals), and if we want to skip
mergejoin mark/restore then it must depend only on merge clauses.
To avoid adding more planning overhead than absolutely necessary,
the present patch errs in the conservative direction: there are cases
where inner_unique or skip_mark_restore processing could be used, but
it will not do so because it's not sure that the uniqueness proof
depended only on "safe" clauses.  This could be improved later.

David Rowley, reviewed and rather heavily editorialized on by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAApHDvqF6Sw-TK98bW48TdtFJ+3a7D2mFyZ7++=D-RyPsL76gw@mail.gmail.com

When the 64bit atomics simulation is in use, we can't necessarily
guarantee the correct alignment of the atomics due to lack of compiler
support for doing so- that's fine from a safety perspective, because
everything is protected by a lock, but we asserted the alignment in
all cases.  Weaken them.  Per complaint from Alvaro Herrera.

My #ifdefery for PG_HAVE_8BYTE_SINGLE_COPY_ATOMICITY wasn't
sufficient. Fix that.  Per complaint from Alexander Korotkov.

This enables the same OpenSP warnings on osx calls that we get from
onsgmls (make check) and formerly from openjade.

Older tool chains apparently have some of these warnings on by
default (see comment at SPFLAGS assignment).  So users of such tool
chains would complain about warnings or errors that users of newer tool
chains would not see, unless they used "make check".

Author: Erik Rijkers <er@xs4all.nl>

Using %ld as we were doing raises compiler warnings on 32 bit platforms.

Reported by Andres Freund.
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20170407214022.fidezl2e6rk3tuiz@alap3.anarazel.de

Instead of allocating memory in brin_deform_tuple and brin_copy_tuple
over and over during a scan, allow reuse of previously allocated memory.
This is said to make for a measurable performance improvement.

Author: Jinyu Zhang, Álvaro Herrera
Reviewed by: Tomas Vondra
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/495deb78.4186.1500dacaa63.Coremail.beijing_pg@163.com

When adding atomics back in b64d92f1, I added 64bit support as
optional; there wasn't yet a direct user in sight.  That turned out to
be a bit short-sighted, it'd already have been useful a number of times.

Add a fallback implementation of 64bit atomics, just like the one we
have for 32bit atomics.

Additionally optimize reads/writes to 64bit on a number of platforms
where aligned writes of that size are atomic. This can now be tested
with PG_HAVE_8BYTE_SINGLE_COPY_ATOMICITY.

Author: Andres Freund
Reviewed-By: Amit Kapila
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20160330230914.GH13305@awork2.anarazel.de

on MSVC 2010

Author: Michael Paquier <michael.paquier@gmail.com>

per cpluspluscheck

The WAL-writing piece was forgetting to set the pages-per-range value.
Also, fix the declared type of struct member heapBlk, which I mistakenly
set as OffsetNumber rather than BlockNumber.

Problem was introduced by commit c655899b (April 1st).  Any system
that tries to replay the new WAL record written before this fix is
likely to die on replay and require pg_resetwal.

Reported by Tom Lane.
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20191.1491524824@sss.pgh.pa.us

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+Tgmobuz2C-YiQ87h8h0gECCV=F+SE=HBNaAU75rR5FEwtEhQ@mail.gmail.com

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/CA+TgmobgWHcXDcChX2+BqJDk2dkPVF85ZrJFhUyHHQmw8diTpA@mail.gmail.com

Noted by Amit Langote.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/aad31672-4983-d95d-d24e-6b42fee9b985@lab.ntt.co.jp

Harmless, but clearly wrong.

Kyotaro Horiguchi

As reported by Sean Johnston in bug #14614, since 9.6 the planner can fail
due to trying to look up the referent of a Var with varno 0.  This happens
because we generate such Vars in generate_append_tlist, for lack of any
better way to describe the output of a SetOp node.  In typical situations
nothing really cares about that, but given nested set-operation queries
we will call estimate_num_groups on the output of the subquery, and that
wants to know what a Var actually refers to.  That logic used to look at
subquery->targetList, but in commit 3fc6e2d7 I'd switched it to look at
subroot->processed_tlist, ie the actual output of the subquery plan not the
parser's idea of the result.  It seemed like a good idea at the time :-(.
As a band-aid fix, change it back.

Really we ought to have an honest way of naming the outputs of SetOp steps,
which suggests that it'd be a good idea for the parser to emit an RTE
corresponding to each one.  But that's a task for another day, and it
certainly wouldn't yield a back-patchable fix.

Report: https://postgr.es/m/20170407115808.25934.51866@wrigleys.postgresql.org

An important step of SASLprep normalization, is to convert the string to
Unicode normalization form NFKC. Unicode normalization requires a fairly
large table of character decompositions, which is generated from data
published by the Unicode consortium. The script to generate the table is
put in src/common/unicode, as well test code for the normalization.
A pre-generated version of the tables is included in src/include/common,
so you don't need the code in src/common/unicode to build PostgreSQL, only
if you wish to modify the normalization tables.

The SASLprep implementation depends on the UTF-8 functions from
src/backend/utils/mb/wchar.c. So to use it, you must also compile and link
that. That doesn't change anything for the current users of these
functions, the backend and libpq, as they both already link with wchar.o.
It would be good to move those functions into a separate file in
src/commmon, but I'll leave that for another day.

No documentation changes included, because there is no details on the
SCRAM mechanism in the docs anyway. An overview on that in the protocol
specification would probably be good, even though SCRAM is documented in
detail in RFC5802. I'll write that as a separate patch. An important thing
to mention there is that we apply SASLprep even on invalid UTF-8 strings,
to support other encodings.

Patch by Michael Paquier and me.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAB7nPqSByyEmAVLtEf1KxTRh=PWNKiWKEKQR=e1yGehz=wbymQ@mail.gmail.com