The Msys shell mangles certain patterns in its command line, so avoid
handing arbitrary SQL to psql on the command line and instead use
IPC::Run's redirection facility for stdin. This pattern is already
mostly whats used, but query_poll_until() was not doing the right thing.

Problem discovered on the buildfarm when a new TAP test failed on msys.

The documented intent is for all columns except subconninfo to be
publicly readable.  However, this has been overlooked twice.
subsynccommit has never been readable since it was introduced,
nor has the oid column (which is important for joining).

Given the lack of previous complaints, it's not clear that it's
worth doing anything about this in the back branches.  But there's
still time to fix it inexpensively for v14.

Per report from Israel Barth (via Euler Taveira).

Patch by Euler Taveira, possibly-vain comment updates by me.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/b8f7c17c-0041-46b6-acfe-2d1f5a985ab4@www.fastmail.com

The internal SQL queries used by REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY
include some aliases for its diff and temporary relations with
rather-generic names: diff, newdata, newdata2 and mv.  Depending on the
queries used for the materialized view, using CONCURRENTLY could lead to
some internal failures if the matview query and those internal aliases
conflict.

Those names have been chosen in 841c29c8.  This commit switches instead
to a naming pattern which is less likely going to cause conflicts, based
on an idea from Thomas Munro, by appending _$ to those aliases.  This is
not perfect as those new names could still conflict, but at least it has
the advantage to keep the code readable and simple while reducing the
likelihood of conflicts to be close to zero.

Reported-by: Mathis Rudolf
Author: Bharath Rupireddy
Reviewed-by: Bernd Helmle, Thomas Munro, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/109c267a-10d2-3c53-b60e-720fcf44d9e8@credativ.de
Backpatch-through: 9.6

The previous arrangement was just one big list, and the internal order
was not all consistent either.  Now arrange the options by group and
sort them, the way it's already done in the --help output and one
other reference pages.  Also fix some ordering in the --help output.

Fix a few places that were using appendStringInfo() when they should have
been using appendStringInfoString().  Also some cases of
appendPQExpBuffer() that would have been better suited to use
appendPQExpBufferChar(), and finally, some places that used
appendPQExpBuffer() when appendPQExpBufferStr() would have suited better.

There are no bugs are being fixed here.  The aim is just to make the code
use the most optimal function for the job.

All the code being changed here is new to PG14.  It makes sense to fix
these before we branch for PG15.  There are a few other places that we
could fix, but those cases are older code so fixing those seems less
worthwhile as it may cause unnecessary back-patching pain in the future.

Author: Hou Zhijie
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/OS0PR01MB5716732158B1C4142C6FE375943D9@OS0PR01MB5716.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com

Various environment variables were not getting reset in the TAP tests,
which would cause failures depending on the tests or the environment
variables involved.  For example, PGSSL{MAX,MIN}PROTOCOLVERSION could
cause failures in the SSL tests.  Even worse, a junk value of
PGCLIENTENCODING makes a server startup fail.  The list of variables
reset is adjusted in each stable branch depending on what is supported.

While on it, simplify a bit the code per a suggestion from Andrew
Dunstan, using a list of variables instead of doing single deletions.

Reviewed-by: Andrew Dunstan, Daniel Gustafsson
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/YLbjjRpucIeZ78VQ@paquier.xyz
Backpatch-through: 9.6

Commit 3db826bd disallowed this case, but it turns out that some
people are depending on it.  Since the core grammar has allowed
it since 3dc37cd8, it seems like this code should fall in line.

Per bug #17045 from Robert Sosinski.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17045-6a4a9f0d1513f72b@postgresql.org

Reverts most of commit 39b66a91, which was found to cause significant
regression for REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW. This means only rows inserted
by heap_multi_insert will benefit from the optimization, implemented in
commit 7db0cd21.

Reported-by: Masahiko Sawada
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAD21AoA%3D%3Df2VSw3c-Cp_y%3DWLKHMKc1D6s7g3YWsCOvgaYPpJcg%40mail.gmail.com

Commit 428b260f broke planning of cases where row marks are needed
(SELECT FOR UPDATE, etc) and one of the query's tables is a foreign
table that has regular table(s) as inheritance children.  We got the
reverse case right, but apparently were thinking that foreign tables
couldn't be inheritance parents.  Not so; so we need to be able to
add a CTID junk column while adding a new child, not only a wholerow
junk column.

Back-patch to v12 where the faulty code came in.

Amit Langote

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+HiwqEmo3FV1LAQ4TVyS2h1WM=kMkZUmbNuZSCnfHvMcUcPeA@mail.gmail.com

The reference here to different physical column numbers in inherited
UPDATE/DELETE plans is obsolete as of 86dc9005; remove it.  Also
rework the text about inheritance cases to make it clearer.

Commit c7aba7c1 missed adding SUBSCRIPT here,
and commit 6df7a969 missed adding MULTIRANGE_TYPE_NAME.

Haiying Tang and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/OS0PR01MB6113F9EDA46FA53BAA5445BDFB3D9@OS0PR01MB6113.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com

The regression test 013_crash_restart.pl included "use Time::HiRes qw(usleep)",
but the usleep was not used there.

Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/63ad1368-18e2-8900-8443-524bdfb1bef5@oss.nttdata.com

Previously there was no regression test for recovery pause feature.
This commit adds the test that checks

- recovery can be paused or resumed expectedly
- pg_get_wal_replay_pause_state() reports the correct pause state
- the paused state ends and promotion continues if a promotion
   is triggered while recovery is paused

Suggested-by: Michael Paquier
Author: Fujii Masao
Reviewed-by: Kyotaro Horiguchi, Dilip Kumar
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/YKNirzqM1HYyk5h4@paquier.xyz

This avoids a warning under MinGW versions having gettimeofday(), per
buildfarm member walleye.

This case should be disallowed, just as FOR UPDATE with a plain
GROUP BY is disallowed; FOR UPDATE only makes sense when each row
of the query result can be identified with a single table row.
However, we missed teaching CheckSelectLocking() to check
groupingSets as well as groupClause, so that it would allow
degenerate grouping sets.  That resulted in a bad plan and
a null-pointer dereference in the executor.

Looking around for other instances of the same bug, the only one
I found was in examine_simple_variable().  That'd just lead to
silly estimates, but it should be fixed too.

Per private report from Yaoguang Chen.
Back-patch to all supported branches.

Release memory allocated when creating the tuple-conversion map and its
component TupleDescs when its owning sync entry is invalidated.
TupleDescs must also be freed when no map is deemed necessary, to begin
with.

Reported-by: Andres Freund
Author: Amit Langote
Reviewed-by: Takamichi Osumi, Amit Kapila
Backpatch-through: 13, where it was introduced
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/MEYP282MB166933B1AB02B4FE56E82453B64D9@MEYP282MB1669.AUSP282.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM

Commit 44bf3d50 incorrectly used an errno-style interface when supplying
missing pthread functionality (i.e. on macOS), but it should check for
and return error numbers directly.

The RADIUS-related checks in parse_hba_line() did not respect elevel
and did not fill in *err_msg.  Also, verify_option_list_length()
pasted together error messages in an untranslatable way.  To fix the
latter, remove the function and do the error checking inline.  It's a
bit more verbose but only minimally longer, and it makes fixing the
first two issues straightforward.
Reviewed-by: Magnus Hagander <magnus@hagander.net>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/8381e425-8c23-99b3-15ec-3115001db1b2%40enterprisedb.com

create_projection_plan contains a hidden assumption (here made
explicit by an Assert) that a projection-capable Path will yield a
projection-capable Plan.  Unfortunately, that assumption is violated
only a few lines away, by create_projection_plan itself.  This means
that two stacked ProjectionPaths can yield an outcome where we try to
jam the upper path's tlist into a non-projection-capable child node,
resulting in an invalid plan.

There isn't any good reason to have stacked ProjectionPaths; indeed the
whole concept is faulty, since the set of Vars/Aggs/etc needed by the
upper one wouldn't necessarily be available in the output of the lower
one, nor could the lower one create such values if they weren't
available from its input.  Hence, we can fix this by adjusting
create_projection_path to strip any top-level ProjectionPath from the
subpath it's given.  (This amounts to saying "oh, we changed our
minds about what we need to project here".)

The test case added here only fails in v13 and HEAD; before that, we
don't attempt to shove the Sort into the parallel part of the plan,
for reasons that aren't entirely clear to me.  However, all the
directly-related code looks generally the same as far back as v11,
where the hazard was introduced (by d7c19e62).  So I've got no faith
that the same type of bug doesn't exist in v11 and v12, given the
right test case.  Hence, back-patch the code changes, but not the
irrelevant test case, into those branches.

Per report from Bas Poot.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/534fca83789c4a378c7de379e9067d4f@politie.nl

Per buildfarm member hornet.  Also, update Pod documentation showing the
lower value.  Back-patch to v10, where the test first appeared.

Braces were referred in some error messages as only brackets (not curly
brackets or curly braces), which can be confusing as other types of
brackets could be used.

While on it, add one test to check after the case of junk characters
detected after a right brace.

Author: Kyotaro Horiguchi
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20210514.153153.1814935914483287479.horikyota.ntt@gmail.com

Clarify libpq.sgml's description of service file locations and
semantics.  Avoid use of backtick'ed pg_config calls to describe
paths; that doesn't work on Windows, and even on Unix it's an
idiom that not all readers may be instantly familiar with.

Don't overspecify the locations of include files, instead writing
only as much as you'd use in #include directives.  The previous text
in these places was incorrect for some installations, depending on
where "postgresql" is in the install path.

Our convention for referencing the user's home directory seems
to be "~", so change the one place that spelled it "$HOME".

install-windows.sgml follows the platform convention of spelling
file paths with "\", so change the one place that used "/".

Haiying Tang and Tom Lane

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/162149020918.26174.7150424047314144297@wrigleys.postgresql.org

Parallel query processes that called BlessTupleDesc() for identical
tuple descriptors at the same moment could crash.  There was code to
handle that rare case, but it dereferenced a bogus DSA pointer.  Repair.

Back-patch to 11, where commit cc5f8136 added support for sharing tuple
descriptors in parallel queries.
Reported-by: Eric Thinnes <e.thinnes@gmx.de>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/99aaa2eb-e194-bf07-c29a-1a76b4f2bcf9%40gmx.de

This is a long standing omission, discovered when trying to write code
that relied on it.

Backpatch to all live branches.

Oversight in commit 5100010e.

Commit ab596105 increased FirstBootstrapObjectId from 12000 to 13000,
but we've had some push-back about that.  It's worrisome to reduce the
daylight between there and FirstNormalObjectId, because the number of
OIDs consumed during initdb for collation objects is hard to predict.

We can improve the situation by abandoning the assumption that these
OIDs must be globally unique.  It should be sufficient for them to be
unique per-catalog.  (Any code that's unhappy about that is broken
anyway, since no more than per-catalog uniqueness can be guaranteed
once the OID counter wraps around.)  With that change, the largest OID
assigned during genbki.pl (starting from a base of 10000) is a bit
under 11000.  This allows reverting FirstBootstrapObjectId to 12000
with reasonable confidence that that will be sufficient for many years
to come.

We are not, at this time, abandoning the expectation that
hand-assigned OIDs (below 10000) are globally unique.  Someday that'll
likely be necessary, but the need seems years away still.

This is late for v14, but it seems worth doing it now so that
downstream software doesn't have to deal with the consequences of
a change in FirstBootstrapObjectId.  In any case, we already
bought into forcing an initdb for beta2, so another catversion
bump won't hurt.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/1665197.1622065382@sss.pgh.pa.us

Redefine '\0' (InvalidCompressionMethod) as meaning "if we need to
compress, use the current setting of default_toast_compression".
This allows '\0' to be a suitable default choice regardless of
datatype, greatly simplifying code paths that initialize tupledescs
and the like.  It seems like a more user-friendly approach as well,
because now the default compression choice doesn't migrate into table
definitions, meaning that changing default_toast_compression is
usually sufficient to flip an installation's behavior; one needn't
tediously issue per-column ALTER SET COMPRESSION commands.

Along the way, fix a few minor bugs and documentation issues
with the per-column-compression feature.  Adopt more robust
APIs for SetIndexStorageProperties and GetAttributeCompression.

Bump catversion because typical contents of attcompression will now
be different.  We could get away without doing that, but it seems
better to ensure v14 installations all agree on this.  (We already
forced initdb for beta2, anyway.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/626613.1621787110@sss.pgh.pa.us

The path needs to be set to refer to the build directory, not the
current directory, because that's actually the source directory at
that point.

fix for 6abc8c25

Apply in libpq_pipeline test makefile, so that the test file is not
installed into tmp_install.
Reviewed-by: Alvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/cb9d16a6-760f-cd44-28d6-b091d5fb6ca7%40enterprisedb.com

The deliverables of upstream Kerberos on Windows are installed with
paths that do not match our MSVC scripts.  First, the include folder was
named "inc/" in our scripts, but the upstream MSIs use "include/".
Second, the build would fail with 64-bit environments as the libraries
are named differently.

This commit adjusts the MSVC scripts to be compatible with the latest
installations of upstream, and I have checked that the compilation was
able to work with the 32-bit and 64-bit installations.

Special thanks to Kondo Yuta for the help in investigating the situation
in hamerkop, which had an incorrect configuration for the GSS
compilation.

Reported-by: Brian Ye
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/162128202219.27274.12616756784952017465@wrigleys.postgresql.org
Backpatch-through: 9.6

The error message was checking that the structures returned from the
parser matched expectations.  That's something we usually use
assertions for, not a full user-facing error message.  So replace that
with an assertion (hidden inside lfirst_node()).
Reviewed-by: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/452e9df8-ec89-e01b-b64a-8cc6ce830458%40enterprisedb.com

The following parameters have been imprecise, or incorrect, about their
description (PGC_POSTMASTER or PGC_SIGHUP):
- autovacuum_work_mem (docs, as of 9.6~)
- huge_page_size (docs, as of 14~)
- max_logical_replication_workers (docs, as of 10~)
- max_sync_workers_per_subscription (docs, as of 10~)
- min_dynamic_shared_memory (docs, as of 14~)
- recovery_init_sync_method (postgresql.conf.sample, as of 14~)
- remove_temp_files_after_crash (docs, as of 14~)
- restart_after_crash (docs, as of 9.6~)
- ssl_min_protocol_version (docs, as of 12~)
- ssl_max_protocol_version (docs, as of 12~)

This commit adjusts the description of all these parameters to be more
consistent with the practice used for the others.

Revewed-by: Justin Pryzby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/YK2ltuLpe+FbRXzA@paquier.xyz
Backpatch-through: 9.6

While decoding the multi-insert WAL we can't clean the toast untill we get
the last insert of that WAL record. Now if we stream the changes before we
get the last change, the memory for toast chunks won't be released and we
expect the txn to have streamed all changes after streaming.  This
restriction is mainly to ensure the correctness of streamed transactions
and it doesn't seem worth uplifting such a restriction just to allow this
case because anyway we will stream the transaction once such an insert is
complete.

Previously we were using two different flags (one for toast tuples and
another for speculative inserts) to indicate partial changes. Now instead
we replaced both of them with a single flag to indicate partial changes.

Reported-by: Pavan Deolasee
Author: Dilip Kumar
Reviewed-by: Pavan Deolasee, Amit Kapila
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CABOikdN-_858zojYN-2tNcHiVTw-nhxPwoQS4quExeweQfG1Ug@mail.gmail.com

Author: Hou Zhijie
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/OS0PR01MB571612191738540B27A8DE5894249@OS0PR01MB5716.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com

Same as 5e0b1aeb, for the companion test file.

This one seems lower probability (only two failures in a month of runs);
I was hardly able to reproduce a failure without a patch, so the fact
that I was also unable to reproduce one with it doesn't say anything.
We'll have to wait for further buildfarm results to see if we need any
further adjustments.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20210524090712.GA3771394@rfd.leadboat.com

Commit e717a9a1 introduced a code path that bypassed the call of
get_expr_result_type, which is not good because we need its rettupdesc
result to pass to check_sql_fn_retval.  We'd failed to notice right
away because the code path in which check_sql_fn_retval uses that
argument is fairly hard to reach in this context.  It's not impossible
though, and in any case inline_function would have no business
assuming that check_sql_fn_retval doesn't need that value.

To fix, move get_expr_result_type out of the if-block, which in
turn requires moving the construction of the dummy FuncExpr
out of it.

Per report from Ranier Vilela.  (I'm bemused by the lack of any
compiler complaints...)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAEudQAqBqQpQ3HruWAGU_7WaMJ7tntpk0T8k_dVtNB46DqdBgw@mail.gmail.com

This recently added test has shown to be too sensitive to timing when
sending a cancel to a session waiting for a lock.

We fix this by running a no-op query in the blocked session immediately
after the cancel; this avoids the session that sent the cancel sending
another query immediately before the cancel has been reported.
Idea by Noah Misch.

With that fix, we sometimes see that the cancel error report is shown
only relative to the step that is cancelled, instead of together with
the step that sends the cancel.  To increase the probability that both
steps are shown togeter, add a 0.1s sleep to the cancel.  In normal
conditions this appears sufficient to silence most failures, but we'll
see that the slower buildfarm members say about it.
Reported-by: Takamichi Osumi <osumi.takamichi@fujitsu.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/OSBPR01MB4888C4ABA361C7E81094AC66ED269@OSBPR01MB4888.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com